Turkmenistan

Present-day Turkmenistan has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. Various Persian empires ruled the area in antiquity, and Alexander the Great, Muslim armies, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians conquered it. In medieval times, Merv (located in present-day Mary province) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmen territories later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik resistance in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence when the USSR dissolved in 1991. <br><br>President for Life Saparmurat NIYAZOV died in 2006, and Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV, a deputy chairman under NIYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president. BERDIMUHAMEDOV won Turkmenistan's first multi-candidate presidential election in 2007, and again in 2012 and 2017 with over 97% of the vote in elections widely regarded as undemocratic. In 2022, BERDIMUHAMEDOV announced that he would step down from the presidency and called for an election to replace him. His son, Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV, won the ensuing election with 73% of the vote. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV, although no longer head of state, maintains an influential political position as head of the Halk Maslahaty (People’s Council) and as National Leader of the Turkmen People, a title that provides additional privileges and immunity for him and his family. Since Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV stepped down from the presidency, state-controlled media upgraded his honorific from Arkadag (protector) to Hero-Arkadag, and began referring to Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV as Arkadagly Serdar, which can be translated as "Serdar who has a protector to support him."<br><br>Turkmenistan has sought new export markets for its extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited. Turkmenistan's reliance on gas exports has made the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in the global energy market, and economic hardships since the drop in energy prices in 2014 have led many citizens of Turkmenistan to emigrate, mostly to Turkey.

Land

469,930 sq km

Total

488,100 sq km

Water

18,170 sq km

slightly more than three times the size of Georgia; slightly larger than California

subtropical desert

0 km (landlocked)

note

<strong>note:</strong> Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)

Asia

Highest point

Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m

Lowest point

Vpadina Akchanaya (Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya, the lake has dropped as low as -110 m) -81 m

Mean elevation

230 m

40 00 N, 60 00 E

landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau

16,459 sq km (2012)

Border countries

Afghanistan 804 km; Iran 1,148 km; Kazakhstan 413 km; Uzbekistan 1,793 km

number of neighbors

4

Total

4,158 km

Agricultural land

84.2% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 3.4% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 80.8% (2023 est.)

arable land

3.39%

Forest

5% (2023 est.)

Other

10.7% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

0.08%

Yes

Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan

Salt water lake(s)

Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km

Amu Darya (shared with Tajikistan [s], Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan [m]) - 2,620 km<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Internal (endorheic basin) drainage

<em>(Aral Sea basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/cgfUcaQHSWKuqeKk9

OpenStreetMap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/223026

Asia

none (landlocked)

earthquakes; mudslides; droughts; dust storms; floods

petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt

the most densely populated areas are the southern, eastern, and northeastern oases; approximately 50% of the population lives in and around the capital of Ashgabat

Central Asia

flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west

UTC+05:00

number of time zones

1

0-14 years

24.5% (male 711,784/female 692,967)

15-64 years

68.6% (male 1,956,740/female 1,984,333)

65 years and over

6.9% (2024 est.) (male 174,346/female 223,981)

Beer

0.65 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

0.98 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

2.88 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

1.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

16.43 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Women married by age 15

0.2% (2019)

Women married by age 18

6.1% (2019)

3.1% (2019 est.)

65% (2019 est.)

5.99 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

108 per 1,000

adult male

202 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

10.1 (2024 est.)

Potential support ratio

9.9 (2024 est.)

Total dependency ratio

45.8 (2024 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

35.6 (2024 est.)

improved total

94.85%

Improved: rural

rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% GDP)

2.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

29.6% national budget (2024 est.)

3 % of GDP

Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003 est.)

0.99 (2025 est.)

5 % of GDP

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

5.6% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

8.5% of national budget (2022 est.)

4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Female

27.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

43.6 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

23 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

35 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Turkmen (official) 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%

Major-language sample(s)

<br>Dünýä Faktlar Kitaby – esasy maglumatlaryň wajyp çeşmesidir (Turkmen)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

number of languages

2

Female

75.5 years

Male

69.4 years

Total population

72.4 years (2024 est.)

Female

99.9% (2022 est.)

Male

99.9% (2022 est.)

Total population

99.9% (2022 est.)

902,000 ASHGABAT (capital) (2023)

5 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

31.7 years

Male

30.7 years

Total

31.6 years (2025 est.)

24.2 years (2019)

Adjective

Turkmenistani

Noun

Turkmenistani(s)

-1.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

18.6% (2016)

1.93 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Female

2,901,281

Male

2,842,870

Total

5,744,151 (2024 est.)

0.88% (2025 est.)

Muslim 93%, Christian 6.4%, Buddhist &lt;1%, folk religion &lt;1%, Jewish &lt;1%, other &lt;1%, unspecified &lt;1% (2020 est.)

Improved: rural

rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)

Female

12 years (2022 est.)

Male

12 years (2022 est.)

Total

13 years (2023 est.)

0-14 years

1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.78 male(s)/female

At birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Total population

0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Female

0.5% (2025 est.)

Male

9.4% (2025 est.)

Total

4.8% (2025 est.)

2.02 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

2.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

54% of total population (2023)

measles

99%

5 provinces (<em>velayatlar</em>, singular - <em>velayat</em>) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Velayat (Arkadag), Ashgabat*, Balkan Velayat (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Velayat, Lebap Velayat (Turkmenabat), Mary Velayat

note

<strong>note:</strong> administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; exceptions show the administrative center name in parentheses

Etymology

derived from the Turkmen words <em>ushq</em>, meaning "love," and <em>abad</em>, meaning "inhabited place" or "town;"  the city was originally a military outpost built in 1881 that took its name from an ancient settlement on the site

Geographic coordinates

37 57 N, 58 23 E

Name

Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)

Time difference

UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship by birth

no

Citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkmenistan

Dual citizenship recognized

yes

Residency requirement for naturalization

7 years

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/tm.svg

Amendment process

proposed by the Assembly or Mejlis; passage requires two-thirds majority vote or absolute majority approval in a referendum

History

several previous; latest adopted 14 September 2016

alternative spellings

TM

Conventional long form

none

Conventional short form

Turkmenistan

Etymology

the suffix -<em>stan </em>means "land," so the country name means the "Land of the Turkmen [people];" the people's name means "Turk-like," from the Persian words <em>tork </em>and <em>mandan</em>, referring to their formerly nomadic lifestyle that differed from the settled Turks of Turkey

FIFA code

TKM

Former

Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

Local long form

none

local long form (rus)

Туркменистан

Local short form

Turkmenistan

Chief of mission

Ambassador Elizabeth ROOD (since 31 July 2024)

Email address and website

<br>ConsularAshgab@state.gov<br><br>https://tm.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

9 1984 Street (formerly Pushkin Street), Ashgabat 744000

FAX

[993] (12) 94-26-14

Mailing address

7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, DC 20521-7070

Telephone

[993] (12) 94-00-45

Chancery

2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

Chief of mission

Ambassador Meret ORAZOV (since 14 February 2001)

Email address and website

<br>turkmenembassyus@verizon.net<br><br>https://usa.tmembassy.gov.tm/en

FAX

[1] (202) 588-1500

Telephone

[1] (202) 588-1500

Cabinet

Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president

Chief of state

President Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV (since 19 March 2022)

Election results

<em><br>2022:</em> Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV elected president; percent of vote - Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV (DPT) 73%, Khydyr NUNNAYEV (independent) 11.1%, Agadzhan BEKMYRADOV (IAP) 7.2%, other 8.7%<br><br><em>2017:</em> Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV (DPT) 97.7%, other 2.3%

Election/appointment process

president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 7-year term (no term limits)

Expected date of next election

2029

Head of government

President Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV (since 19 March 2022)

Most recent election date

12 March 2022

Note

<strong>note:</strong> the president is both chief of state and head of government

<strong>description:</strong> green field with a vertical red stripe near the left side; the stripe has five tribal <em>guls </em>(designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five five-pointed white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper left corner of the main field<br><br><strong>meaning:</strong> the green color and crescent moon stand for Islam, the five stars for the country's regions, and the guls for national identity

The flag of Turkmenistan has a green field. It features a red vertical band, bearing five carpet guls stacked above two crossed olive branches, near the hoist end of the field. Just to the fly side of the vertical band near the top edge of the field is a hoist-side facing white crescent and five small five-pointed white stars placed just outside the crescent opening.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/tm.svg

presidential republic; authoritarian

27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

ADB, CIS (associate member, has not ratified the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings and held the chairmanship of the CIS in 2012), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO

Highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Turkmenistan (consists of the court president and 21 associate judges and organized into civil, criminal, and military chambers)

Judge selection and term of office

judges appointed by the president for 5-year terms

Subordinate courts

High Commercial Court; appellate courts; provincial, district, and city courts; military courts

civil law system with Islamic (sharia) law influences

Electoral system

plurality/majority

Expected date of next election

March 2028

Legislative structure

unicameral

Legislature name

Assembly (Mejlis)

Most recent election date

3/28/2021

Number of seats

56 (48 indirectly elected; 8 appointed)

Parties elected and seats per party

Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (DPT) (65); Groups of citizens of Turkmenistan (28); Agrarian Party (24); Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (8)

Percentage of women in chamber

25.5%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

5 years

green, white

Selected World Heritage Site locales

Ancient Merv (c); Kunya-Urgench (c); Parthian Fortresses of Nisa (c); Cold Winter Deserts of Turan (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c)

Total World Heritage Sites

5 (4 cultural, 1 natural)

Independence Day, 27 October (1991)

Akhal-Teke horse

Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan or TAP<br>Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan or TSTP<br>The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or TDP

note

<strong>note:</strong> all parties support President BERDIMUHAMEDOV; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad

Monday

18 years of age; universal

Yes

milk, wheat, potatoes, cotton, watermelons, tomatoes, grapes, barley, beef, lamb/mutton (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

On alcohol and tobacco

2.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

On food

36.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Expenditures

$6.134 billion (2019 est.)

Revenues

$5.954 billion (2019 est.)

code

TMT

name

Turkmenistan manat (TMT) [m]

$3.32 billion

Debt - external 2023

$3.696 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars

<p>upper-middle-income Central Asian economy; houses fourth-largest natural gas reserves and rich in natural resources; authoritarian and dominated by state-owned enterprises; challenges include overvalued currency, high inflation risks, lack of economic diversification due to heavy state control and bureaucracy</p>

Currency

Turkmenistani manat (TMM) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2014

3.5 (2014 est.)

Exchange rates 2015

3.5 (2015 est.)

Exchange rates 2016

3.5 (2016 est.)

Exchange rates 2017

4.125 (2017 est.)

$9.03 billion

Exports 2021

$10.282 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$14.67 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$13.111 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<strong>note: </strong>GDP expenditure basis - exports of goods and services in current dollars

natural gas, refined petroleum, fertilizers, crude petroleum, electricity (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

China 63%, Turkey 11%, Greece 7%, Uzbekistan 6%, Azerbaijan 4% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$1.64 billion

Agriculture

11.3% (2023 est.)

Industry

39.3% (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

49.4% (2023 est.)

$64.24 billion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$6,857

40.8 (1998)

$50.92 billion

$6,510

$5.74 billion

Imports 2021

$6.25 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$7.362 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$7.563 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<strong>note: </strong>GDP expenditure basis - imports of goods and services in current dollars

broadcasting equipment, cars, wheat, computers, iron pipes (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Turkey 21%, UAE 21%, China 20%, Kazakhstan 8%, Germany 5% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020

6.1% (2020 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

19.5% (2021 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

11.5% (2022 est.)

Note

<strong>note:</strong> annual % change based on consumer prices

2.445 million (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

2.2 million persons

agriculture

21.93%

industry

28.57%

services

49.5%

Public debt 2016

24.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

$158.98 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2017 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$123.778 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$131.576 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$134.555 billion (2024 est.)

6.3%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

6.2% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

6.3% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

2.3% (2024 est.)

$21,213

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2017 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$17,100 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$17,900 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$18,000 (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

0% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

0% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

0% of GDP (2023 est.)

4.27%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

4.2% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

4.1% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

4.4% (2024 est.)

Female

6% (2024 est.)

Male

14.7% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

9.6% (2024 est.)

Imports

200 metric tons (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

799.999 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

21.526 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

2,829 kWh

Exports

9 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Installed generating capacity

6.512 million kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

3.258 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Fossil fuels

100% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

0.02%

nuclear

0%

renewable

0.01%

5,626 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

261.142 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Consumption

44.936 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Exports

41.334 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Production

84.277 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

11.327 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves

600 million barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

152,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Total petroleum production

272,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

0.1%

per 100 inhabitants

5 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

5 (2022 est.)

Total

377,000 (2022 est.)

state-controlled broadcast media; 7 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes available for other broadcasts; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by removing satellite dishes

.tm

Percent of population

21% (2017 est.)

######

+993

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

10 (2022 est.)

Total subscriptions

802,000 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100

88 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

99 (2021 est.)

Total subscriptions

6.25 million (2021 est.)

passengers carried

1.08 million passengers

registered carrier departures

10,676 departures

23 (2025)

EZ

Right

25 (2025)

By type

general cargo 6, oil tanker 8, other 59

Total

73 (2023)

Broad gauge

5,113 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge

Total

5,113 km (2017)

TM

armored vehicles

tanks

the military is responsible for external defense and works closely with the Border Service on protecting the country&rsquo;s borders; areas of emphasis for the military include border security, competition on the Caspian Sea, regional stability, and military modernization; while Turkmenistan has a policy of permanent and "positive" neutrality and has declined to participate in post-Soviet military groupings such as the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, it has participated in multinational exercises and bilateral training with neighboring countries, including Russia and Uzbekistan; Turkmenistan joined NATO's Partnership for Peace program in 1994, but it does not offer any military forces to NATO-led operations (2025)

Armed Forces of Turkmenistan (aka Turkmen National Army): Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy<br><br>Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Troops, Turkmen (National) Police, Federal/State Border Guard Service (2025)

active duty personnel

57,000

percent of total labor force

2.87 %

estimated 35,000 active Armed Forces (2025)

the military's inventory is comprised largely of Russian/Soviet-era armaments with smaller quantities from suppliers such as Brazil, China, Italy, and T&uuml;rkiye (2025)

Military Expenditures 2015

1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)

Military Expenditures 2016

1.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

Military Expenditures 2017

1.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

Military Expenditures 2018

1.8% of GDP (2018 est.)

Military Expenditures 2019

1.9% of GDP (2019 est.)

18-27 years of age for compulsory military service for men and volunteer service for men and women; 24-month conscript service obligation (2025)

PowerIndex score

1.7459

Refugees

3,409 (2024 est.)

Tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List — Turkmenistan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so, therefore Turkmenistan was upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/turkmenistan/

2015 - first commercial telecommunications satellite (Turkmen Sat 52E) built by European company and launched by US<br><br>2024 - announced beginning of program to develop or acquire a second communications satellite

Turkmenistan National Space Agency (established 2011; transferred to the Space Department of the Ministry of Communications in 2019) (2025)

has a small space program focused on acquiring satellites and developing the infrastructure to build and operate satellites; particularly interested in communications and remote sensing satellites; has cooperated with the space agencies and/or space industries of France, Italy, Russia, South Korea, and the US (2025)

From coal and metallurgical coke

100 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas

88.153 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

18.062 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

106.215 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

soil and groundwater pollution from agricultural chemicals and pesticides; salination, waterlogging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; river diversion for irrigation; soil erosion; desertification

Party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

Signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Agriculture

294.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Energy

5,451.4 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Other

1.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste

44.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)

28.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

4 % of total land area

0 % of total

24.765 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

1,868 % of internal resources

Agricultural

16.12 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Industrial

806.765 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal

453.5 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

500,000 tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled

15.3% (2022 est.)