Turkey

<p>Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire by reformer and national hero Mustafa KEMAL, known as Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." One-party rule ended in 1950, and periods of instability and military coups have since fractured the multiparty democracy, in 1960, 1971, 1980, 1997, and 2016. </p> <p>Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and NATO in 1952. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession talks with the EU in 2005. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a US-designated terrorist organization, began a separatist insurgency in Turkey in 1984, and the struggle has long dominated the attention of Turkish security forces. In 2013, the Turkish Government and the PKK conducted negotiations aimed at ending the violence, but intense fighting resumed in 2015. </p> <p>The Turkish Government conducted a referendum in 2017 in which voters approved constitutional amendments changing Turkey from a parliamentary to a presidential system. </p>

Land

769,632 sq km

Total

783,562 sq km

Water

13,930 sq km

slightly larger than Texas

temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior

7,200 km

Europe, Asia

Highest point

Mount Ararat 5,137 m

Lowest point

Mediterranean Sea 0 m

Mean elevation

1,132 m

39 00 N, 35 00 E

strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link the Black and Aegean Seas; the 3% of Turkish territory north of the Straits lies in Europe and goes by the names of European Turkey, Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace; the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia; Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus, is the only metropolis in the world located on two continents; Mount Ararat, reputed to be the landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far-eastern part of the country

52,150 sq km (2022)

Border countries

Armenia 311 km; Azerbaijan 17 km; Bulgaria 223 km; Georgia 273 km; Greece 192 km; Iran 534 km; Iraq 367 km; Syria 899 km

number of neighbors

8

Total

2,816 km

Agricultural land

50.1% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 26.3% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 4.8% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 19% (2023 est.)

arable land

26.35%

Forest

29.3% (2023 est.)

Other

20.5% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

4.8%

No

Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria

Fresh water lake(s)

Lake Beysehir - 650 sq km; Lake Egridir - 520 sq km

Salt water lake(s)

Lake Van - 3,740 sq km; Lake Tuz - 1,640 sq km;

Euphrates river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 3,596 km; Tigris river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 1,950 km<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Indian Ocean drainage

<em>(Persian Gulf)</em> Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/dXFFraiUDfcB6Quk6

OpenStreetMap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/174737

Middle East

Exclusive economic zone

in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed on with the former USSR

Note

<strong>note: </strong>12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea

Territorial sea

6 nm in the Aegean Sea

severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van; landslides; flooding <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> limited volcanic activity; the three historically active volcanoes (Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi) have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier

coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower

the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest, where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast

Western Asia

high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges

UTC+03:00

number of time zones

1

0-14 years

21.7% (male 9,358,711/female 8,933,673)

15-64 years

68.6% (male 29,219,389/female 28,494,315)

65 years and over

9.6% (2024 est.) (male 3,669,330/female 4,444,113)

Beer

0.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

1.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

13.56 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Women married by age 15

2% (2018)

Women married by age 18

14.7% (2018)

1.5% (2018 est.)

59.6% (2021 est.)

6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

65 per 1,000

adult male

111 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

14.6 (2025 est.)

Potential support ratio

6.9 (2025 est.)

Total dependency ratio

45.7 (2025 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

31.2 (2025 est.)

Improved: rural

rural: 96% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 97% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 97.3% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 4% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 3% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 2.7% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% GDP)

3.1% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

11.3% national budget (2022 est.)

3 % of GDP

Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 6-11% (2016 est.)

0.92 (2025 est.)

4 % of GDP

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

4.6% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

10% of national budget (2022 est.)

3 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Female

16.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

19.9 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

5 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

17.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages

Major-language sample(s)

<br>The World Factbook, temel bilgi edinmek için vazgeçilmez bir kaynak. (Turkish)<br> <p>ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish)</p> <p>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.</p>

number of languages

1

Female

79.2 years

Male

74.4 years

Total population

76.7 years (2024 est.)

Female

95.3% (2021 est.)

Male

99.3% (2021 est.)

Total population

97.3% (2021 est.)

15.848 million Istanbul, 5.397 million ANKARA (capital), 3.088 million Izmir, 2.086 million Bursa, 1.836 million Adana, 1.805 million Gaziantep (2023)

15 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

34.6 years

Male

33.4 years

Total

34.4 years (2025 est.)

26.6 years (2020 est.)

Adjective

Turkish

Noun

Turk(s)

-1.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

32.1% (2016)

2.24 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Female

42,136,308

Male

42,489,277

Total

84,625,585 (2025 est.)

0.59% (2025 est.)

Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)

improved total

78.86%

Improved: rural

rural: 98.7% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 1.3% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)

Female

20 years (2022 est.)

Male

20 years (2022 est.)

Total

20 years (2022 est.)

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.83 male(s)/female

At birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Total population

1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Female

20.1% (2025 est.)

Male

40.1% (2025 est.)

Total

30.1% (2025 est.)

1.88 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

77.5% of total population (2023)

measles

95%

81 provinces (<em>iller</em>, singular - <em>ili</em>); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak

Etymology

the name probably derives from the Indo-European root word <em>ang</em>, meaning "bend" and relating to the settlement's original location in a winding gorge; the city was referred to as Angora by the 13th century; the name was officially modified to Ankara in 1923 when the Republic of Turkey was founded

Geographic coordinates

39 56 N, 32 52 E

Name

Ankara

Time difference

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship by birth

no

Citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey

Dual citizenship recognized

yes, but requires prior permission from the government

Residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/tr.svg

Amendment process

proposed by written consent of at least one third of Grand National Assembly (GNA) of Turkey (TBMM) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary TBMM session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request TBMM reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority TBMM vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote

History

several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982

alternative spellings

TR, Turkiye, Republic of Turkey, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti

Conventional long form

Republic of Turkey

Conventional short form

Turkey

Etymology

the name means "Land of the Turks"

FIFA code

TUR

Local long form

Turkey Cumhuriyeti

local long form (tur)

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti

Local short form

Turkey

Note

<strong>note:</strong> Turkiye is an approved English short-form name for Turkey

Chief of mission

Ambassador Thomas J. BARRACK (since 14 May 2025)

Consulate(s)

Adana

Consulate(s) general

Istanbul

Email address and website

<br>Ankara-ACS@state.gov<br><br>https://tr.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

1480 Sokak No. 1, Cukurambar Mahallesi, 06530 Cankaya, Ankara

FAX

[90] (312) 467-0019

Mailing address

7000 Ankara Place, Washington, DC 20512-7000

Telephone

[90] (312) 294-0000

Chancery

2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

Chief of mission

Ambassador Sedat &Ouml;NAL (since 17 June 2024)

Consulate(s) general

Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco

Email address and website

<br>embassy.washingtondc@mfa.gov.tr<br><br>T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı - Turkish Embassy In Washington, D.C. (mfa.gov.tr)

FAX

[1] (202) 612-6744

Telephone

[1] (202) 612-6700

Cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

Chief of state

President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 28 August 2014)

Election results

<em><br>2023: </em>Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8%<em><br><br>2018:</em> Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%

Election/appointment process

president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)

Expected date of next election

2028

Head of government

President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 9 July 2018)

Most recent election date

14 May 2023, with a runoff on 28 May 2023

<strong>description:</strong> red with a vertical white crescent moon and five-pointed white star centered just outside the crescent's opening<br><br><strong>meaning: </strong>the flag colors and designs closely resemble the Ottoman Empire's flag; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples; according to one interpretation, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors

The flag of Turkey has a red field bearing a large fly-side facing white crescent and a smaller five-pointed white star placed just outside the crescent opening. The white crescent and star are offset slightly towards the hoist side of center.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/tr.svg

presidential republic

29 October 1923 (republic proclaimed, succeeding the Ottoman Empire)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

note

<strong>note</strong>: Turkey is an EU candidate country and must complete accession criteria before being granted full membership

Highest court(s)

Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of the president, 2 vice presidents, and 12 judges); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and is organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions -- 14 judicial and 1 consultative -- each with a division head and at least 5 members)

Judge selection and term of office

Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy court presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges serve 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges serve until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members serve renewable, 4-year terms

Subordinate courts

regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit

civil law system based on various European systems, notably the Swiss civil code

Electoral system

proportional representation

Expected date of next election

May 2028

Legislative structure

unicameral

Legislature name

Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (T.B.M.M))

Most recent election date

5/14/2023

Number of seats

600 (all directly elected)

Parties elected and seats per party

Justice and Development Party (Ak Party) (267); Republican People's Party (CHP) (130); Green and the Left Party of the Future (YSGP) (57); Nationalist Action Party (MHP) (50); Good Party (İyi Party) (44); Other (52)

Percentage of women in chamber

19.9%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

5 years

red, white

Selected World Heritage Site locales

Archaeological Site of Troy (c); Ephesus (c); Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (c); Hierapolis-Pamukkale (m); Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (m); Göbekli Tepe (c); Historic Areas of Istanbul (c); Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex (c); Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük (c); Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire (c); Gordion (c); Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği (c); Hattusha: the Hittite Capital (c); Nemrut Dağ (c);  Xanthos-Letoon (c); City of Safranbolu (c); Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape (c); Archaeological Site of Ani (c); Aphrodisias (c); Arslantepe Mound (c); Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia (c); Turkmenistan (c); Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe (c)

Total World Heritage Sites

22 (20 cultural, 2 mixed)

Republic Day, 29 October (1923)

vertical crescent moon with adjacent five-pointed star

Democracy and Progress Party or DEVA<br>Democrat Party or DP<br>Democratic Regions Party or DBP<br>Felicity Party (Saadet Party) or SP<br>Free Cause Party or HUDA PAR<br>Future Party (Gelecek Partisi) or GP<br>Good Party or IYI<br>Grand Unity Party or BBP <br>Justice and Development Party or AKP <br>Labor and Freedom Alliance (electoral alliance includes YSGP, HDP, TIP)<br>Nationalist Movement Party or MHP <br>New Welfare Party or YRP <br>Party of Greens and the Left Future or YSGP <br>People's Alliance (electoral alliance includes AKP, BBP, MHP, YRP)<br>Peoples' Democratic Party or HDP<br>Republican People's Party or CHP <br>Workers' Party of Turkey or TIP

Monday

18 years of age; universal

Yes

sugar beets, wheat, milk, tomatoes, barley, maize, potatoes, apples, grapes, watermelons (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

On alcohol and tobacco

2.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

On food

22.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Expenditures

$382.998 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Revenues

$330.21 billion (2023 est.)

code

TRY

name

Turkish lira (TRY) [₺]

$-10,193,000,000

Current account balance 2022

-$46.283 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$39.877 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

-$9.973 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$514.99 billion

Debt - external 2023

$149.654 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars

<p>upper-middle-income, diversified Middle Eastern economy; industrializing economy that maintains large agricultural base; key energy, tourism, and construction sectors; high inflation, interest rates, and foreign debt pose risk to financial stability</p>

Currency

Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

7.009 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

8.85 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

16.549 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

23.739 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

32.806 (2024 est.)

$374.69 billion

Exports 2022

$346.602 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$357.588 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$372.756 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

garments, cars, gold, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 9%, USA 6%, UK 6%, UAE 5%, Iraq 5% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$11.7 billion

Exports of goods and services

28% (2024 est.)

Government consumption

14.7% (2024 est.)

Household consumption

59.4% (2024 est.)

Imports of goods and services

-27.8% (2024 est.)

Investment in fixed capital

31% (2024 est.)

Investment in inventories

-5.5% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agriculture

5.6% (2024 est.)

Industry

25.9% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

56.8% (2024 est.)

$1.323 trillion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$15,893

41.9 (2019)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

44.5 (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

$1.34 trillion

$13,460

31 % of GDP

Highest 10%

35.2% (2022 est.)

Lowest 10%

2.1% (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$367.38 billion

Imports 2022

$383.7 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$386.602 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$367.022 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

gold, refined petroleum, cars, plastics, natural gas (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

China 13%, Russia 9%, Germany 9%, Switzerland 6%, USA 5% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

2.2% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

58.51%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

72.3% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

53.9% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

58.5% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices

36.081 million (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

36.82 million persons

agriculture

14.22%

industry

27.29%

services

58.49%

13.9% (2022 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line

27 % of GDP

Note

<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP

Public debt 2023

33.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

$3.9 trillion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$2.783 trillion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$2.925 trillion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$3.018 trillion (2024 est.)

3.33%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

5.5% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

5.1% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

3.2% (2024 est.)

$45,639

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$32,700 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$34,300 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$35,300 (2024 est.)

$982 million

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2022

0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

$154.77 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$128.735 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$140.868 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$154.774 billion (2024 est.)

31 % of GDP

18 % of GDP

18.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

8.52%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

10.5% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

9.4% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

8.5% (2024 est.)

Female

21.2% (2024 est.)

Male

12.4% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

15.6% (2024 est.)

Consumption

124.183 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports

685,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Imports

41.119 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Production

82.534 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

10.975 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

285.177 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

3,581 kWh

Exports

1.993 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Imports

5.892 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Installed generating capacity

106.281 million kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

28.964 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Biomass and waste

2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Fossil fuels

57.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Geothermal

2.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

19.33%

Hydroelectricity

19.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear

0%

renewable

35.42%

Solar

6.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind

10.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

1,850 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

70.521 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Consumption

50.211 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Exports

896.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Imports

50.484 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Production

807.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

3.794 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Number of nuclear reactors under construction

4 (2025)

Crude oil estimated reserves

366 million barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

1.107 million bbl/day (2024 est.)

Total petroleum production

83,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

12%

per 100 inhabitants

22 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

22 (2023 est.)

Total

19.6 million (2023 est.)

Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national TV stations and 567 private regional and local TV stations; multi-channel cable TV available; 1,007 private radio stations (2019)

.tr

Percent of population

87% (2024 est.)

#####

+90

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

11 (2023 est.)

Total subscriptions

9.926 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100

106 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

108 (2024 est.)

Total subscriptions

94.3 million (2024 est.)

passengers carried

125.94 million passengers

registered carrier departures

810,474 departures

116 (2025)

TC

Right

240 (2025)

By type

bulk carrier 43, container ship 43, general cargo 223, oil tanker 134, other 727

Total

1,170 (2023)

Key ports

Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Izmir, Mersin, Nemrut Limani Bay, Samsun

Large

3

Medium

3

Ports with oil terminals

28

Small

6

Total ports

54 (2024)

Very small

42

Standard gauge

11,497 km (2018) 1.435-m gauge (1.435 km high speed train)

Total

11,497 km (2018)

TR

armored vehicles

tanks

the responsibilities of the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) include protecting the country's territory and sovereignty, participating in international peacekeeping operations, fulfilling Türkiye’s military commitments to NATO, providing disaster/humanitarian relief and assistance to domestic law enforcement if requested by civil authorities, and supporting the country's overall national security interests; it also has overall responsibility for the security of Türkiye’s borders<br><br>Türkiye is active in international peacekeeping and other military/security operations under NATO and the UN, as well as under bilateral agreements with some countries, such as Azerbaijan, Libya, Somalia, and Qatar; Türkiye has been a member of NATO since 1952 and hosts the headquarters for a NATO Land Command and a Rapid Deployment Corps, multiple airbases for NATO and US aircraft, NATO air/missile defense systems, and training centers; the TAF is the second-largest military in NATO behind the US<br><br>the military traces its history back to 200 B.C., although the modern TAF was formed following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923); the TAF traditionally has been viewed as the “guardian” of Turkish politics, but its political role was diminished after the failed 2016 coup attempt; the military has a stake in Türkiye's economy through a holding company that is involved in the automotive, defense, energy, finance, and logistics sectors, as well as iron and steel production (2025)

Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Türk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Türk Hava Kuvvetleri)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie General Command (aka Gendarmerie of the Turkish Republic), Turkish Coast Guard Command, General Directorate of Security (National Police) (2025)

active duty personnel

512,000

note

<strong>note:</strong> the Gendarmerie (Jandarma) is responsible for the maintenance of the public order in areas that fall outside the jurisdiction of police forces (generally in rural areas); in wartime, the Gendarmerie and Coast Guard would be placed under the operational control of the Land Forces and Naval Forces, respectively

percent of total labor force

1.61 %

approximately 495,000 active military personnel; approximately 150,000 Gendarmerie (2025)

approximately 250 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR); approximately 30,000 Cyprus; 730 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); Turkiye also has several thousand military personnel deployed to other countries under bilateral agreements, including Azerbaijan, Libya, Qatar, and Somalia  (2025)

note

<strong>note:</strong> Turkey estimated to maintain several thousand military forces in both Iraq and Syria

the military's inventory is comprised of domestically produced and mostly European (such as Germany, Italy, and Spain) or US armaments; other suppliers have included Russia and South Korea; T&uuml;rkiye's defense industry produces a range of weapons systems for both export and internal use, including armored vehicles, naval vessels, and unmanned aerial vehicles/drones; some of its domestically produced armaments are produced jointly with foreign partners or based on imported weapons systems and produced under license (2025)

2 % of GDP

current USD

$24,978,735,535

Military Expenditures 2021

1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2025

2.3% of GDP (2025 est.)

percent of GDP

1.92 % of GDP

military service is compulsory for Turkish men 20-41 for a period of 6-12 months; men and women may volunteer (2025)

note

<strong>note:</strong> after completing 1 month of basic training, conscripts have the option to opt out of the last 5 months by paying a fee<strong><br><br></strong>

PowerIndex score

0.1975

IDPs

538,105 (2024 est.)

Refugees

3,094,818 (2024 est.)

Stateless persons

420 (2024 est.)

1994 - first commercial communications satellite built jointly with and launched by France<br><br>2003 - first domestically built experimental remote sensing (RS) satellite (BILSAT) launched by Russia<br><br>2018 - launched first domestically produced solid-fuel sounding rocket to an altitude of 135 km (84 mi)<br> <br>2024 - first Turkish astronaut in space on the International Space Station; first domestically produced communications satellite launched by US<br><br>2025 - successfully launched 2-stage hybrid rocket more than 200 km (124 mi) in altitude

Turkish Space Agency (TUA; established 2018) (2025)

rocket test launch site on the Black Sea in Sinop Province; constructing a rocket launch facility in Somalia (2025)

has an ambitious national space program with a focus on satellites, satellite components, satellite launch capabilities, software development, ground station technologies, and building up the country&rsquo;s space industries; manufactures and operates remote sensing and telecommunications satellites; in recent years has initiated a satellite/space launch vehicle (SLV) program with the goal of independently placing satellites into orbit and a probe on the Moon; works with more than 25 foreign space agencies and corporations, including those of Azerbaijan, China, France, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, and the US, as well as the ESA; has state-owned rocket and satellite development companies, including some under the Ministry of Defense; has a growing private space-industry sector, and the Turkish Government has pledged to increase the country's share of the global space market (2025)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK); al-Qa'ida; Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C)

note

<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

From coal and metallurgical coke

155.26 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas

96.703 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

147.211 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

399.173 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; land degradation; conservation of biodiversity

Global geoparks and regional networks

Kula-Salihli (2023)

Total global geoparks and regional networks

1

Party to

Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

Signed, but not ratified

Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Environmental Modification

23.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

6 % of total land area

19 % of total

211.6 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

28 % of internal resources

Agricultural

56.127 billion cubic meters (2022)

Industrial

1.297 billion cubic meters (2022)

Municipal

7.144 billion cubic meters (2022)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

35.374 million tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled

32% (2022 est.)