Czechia

At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia, a parliamentarian democracy. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks, the Sudeten Germans, and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the territory that today comprises Czechia, and Slovakia became an independent state allied with Germany. After the war, a reunited but truncated Czechoslovakia (less Ruthenia) fell within the Soviet sphere of influence when the pro-Soviet Communist party staged a coup in February 1948. In 1968, an invasion by fellow Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create "socialism with a human face," ushering in a period of repression known as "normalization." The peaceful "Velvet Revolution" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. The country formally added the short-form name Czechia in 2016, while also continuing to use the full form name, the Czech Republic.

Land

77,247 sq km

Total

78,867 sq km

Water

1,620 sq km

about two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than South Carolina

temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

0 km (landlocked)

Europe

Highest point

Snezka 1,602 m

Lowest point

Labe (Elbe) River 115 m

Mean elevation

433 m

49 45 N, 15 30 E

<strong>note 1:</strong> landlocked; strategically located on some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Hranice Abyss in Czechia is the world's deepest surveyed freshwater cave at 519 m (1,703 ft); its survey is not complete, and it may be up to 800-1,200 m (2,625-3,937 ft) deep

220 sq km (2022)

Border countries

Austria 402 km; Germany 704 km; Poland 699 km; Slovakia 241 km

number of neighbors

4

Total

2,046 km

Agricultural land

45.8% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 32.7% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.5% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 12.5% (2023 est.)

arable land

32.71%

Forest

38.2% (2023 est.)

Other

16% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

0.54%

Yes

Central Europe, between Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Austria

Labe (Elbe) river source (shared with Germany [m]) - 1,252 km<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Atlantic Ocean drainage

<em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/47dmgeXMZyhDHyQW8

OpenStreetMap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/51684

Europe

none (landlocked)

flooding

hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber, arable land

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations

Central Europe

Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country

UTC+01:00

number of time zones

1

0-14 years

15.7% (male 871,303/female 826,896)

15-64 years

63.8% (male 3,542,298/female 3,373,127)

65 years and over

20.5% (2024 est.) (male 922,136/female 1,302,130)

Beer

6.77 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

3.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

12.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

2.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

9.56 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

53.7% (2021 est.)

11.82 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

61 per 1,000

adult male

127 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

32.2 (2025 est.)

Potential support ratio

3.1 (2025 est.)

Total dependency ratio

56.5 (2025 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

24.3 (2025 est.)

improved total

98.14%

Improved: rural

rural: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% GDP)

4.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

10% national budget (2022 est.)

4 % of GDP

Czech 57.3%, Moravian 3.4%, other 7.7%, unspecified 31.6% (2021 est.)

note

<strong>note:</strong> includes only persons with one ethnicity

0.84 (2025 est.)

9 % of GDP

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

9.5% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

16.7% of national budget (2022 est.)

6.6 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Female

2.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

2.7 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

1 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

2.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Czech (official) 88.4%, Slovak 1.5%, other 2.6%, unspecified 7.2% (2021 est.)

Major-language sample(s)

<br>World Factbook, nepostradatelný zdroj základních informací. (Czech)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Note

<strong>note:</strong> includes only persons with one mother tongue

number of languages

2

Female

81.8 years

Male

75.6 years

Total population

78.6 years (2024 est.)

1.323 million PRAGUE (capital) (2023)

3 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

45.7 years

Male

42.7 years

Total

44.4 years (2025 est.)

28.5 years (2020 est.)

Adjective

Czech

Noun

Czech(s)

2.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

26% (2016)

4.35 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Female

5,501,575

Male

5,337,128

Total

10,838,703 (2025 est.)

-0.02% (2025 est.)

Roman Catholic 7%, other believers belonging to a church or religious society 6% (includes Evangelical United Brethren Church and Czechoslovak Hussite Church), believers unaffiliated with a religious society 9.1%, none 47.8%, unspecified 30.1% (2021 est.)

improved total

91.38%

Improved: rural

rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Female

18 years (2022 est.)

Male

16 years (2022 est.)

Total

17 years (2022 est.)

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.71 male(s)/female

At birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Total population

0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Female

23% (2025 est.)

Male

30.8% (2025 est.)

Total

26.8% (2025 est.)

1.73 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

74.6% of total population (2023)

measles

89%

13 regions (<em>kraje</em>, singular - <em>kraj</em>) and 1 capital city* (<em>hlavni mesto</em>); Jihocesky (South Bohemia), Jihomoravsky (South Moravia), Karlovarsky (Karlovy Vary), Kralovehradecky (Hradec Kralove), Liberecky (Liberec), Moravskoslezsky (Moravia-Silesia), Olomoucky (Olomouc), Pardubicky (Pardubice), Plzensky (Pilsen), Praha (Prague)*, Stredocesky (Central Bohemia), Ustecky (Usti), Vysocina (Highlands), Zlinsky (Zlin)

Daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Etymology

the name may derive from the old Slavic word "praga" or "prah," meaning "threshold;" it could also be related to the same Slavic root word as the modern Czech "pražiti," a term for woodland cleared by burning

Geographic coordinates

50 05 N, 14 28 E

Name

Prague

Time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship by birth

no

Citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Czechia

Dual citizenship recognized

no

Residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/cz.svg

Amendment process

passage requires at least three-fifths concurrence of members present in both houses of Parliament

History

previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993

alternative spellings

CZ, Česká republika, Česko

Conventional long form

Czech Republic

Conventional short form

Czechia

Etymology

name derives from the Czechs, a West Slavic tribe who rose to prominence in the late 9th century A.D.; the tribal name is said to come from an ancestral chief

FIFA code

CZE

Local long form

Ceska republika

local long form (ces)

Česká republika

Local short form

Cesko

Chief of mission

Ambassador Nicholas MERRICK (since 23 October 2025)

Email address and website

<br>ACSPrg@state.gov<br><br>https://cz.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

Trziste 15, 118 01 Praha 1 - Mala Strana

FAX

[420] 257-022-809

Mailing address

5630 Prague Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-5630

Telephone

[420] 257-022-000

Chancery

3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008-3803

Chief of mission

Ambassador Miloslav STA&Scaron;EK (since 16 September 2022)

Consulate(s) general

Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

Email address and website

<br>washington@embassy.mzv.cz<br><br>https://www.mzv.cz/washington/

FAX

[1] (202) 966-8540

Telephone

[1] (202) 274-9100

Cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

Chief of state

President Petr PAVEL (since 9 March 2023)

Election results

<em><br>2023: </em>Petr PAVEL elected in the second round; percent of vote in the first round - Petr PAVEL (independent) 35.4%, Andrej BABIS (ANO) 35<em>%</em>, Danuse NERUDOVA (Mayors and Independents) 13.9%, Pavel FISCHER (independent) 6.8%; percent of vote in the second round - Petr PAVEL 58.3%, Andrej BABIS 41.6%<em><br><br>2018:</em> Milos ZEMAN reelected president in the second round; percent of vote - Milos ZEMAN (SPO) 51.4%, Jiri DRAHOS (independent) 48.6%

Election/appointment process

president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); prime minister appointed by the president for a 4-year term

Expected date of next election

by January 2028

Head of government

Prime Minister Andrej BABIS (since 9 December 2025)

Most recent election date

13-14 January 2023, with a second round on 27-28 January 2023

<strong>description:</strong> two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the left side

note

<strong>note:</strong> combines the white and red of Bohemia with blue from the arms of Moravia; identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia

The flag of Czechia is composed of two equal horizontal bands of white and red, with a blue isosceles triangle superimposed on the hoist side of the field. The triangle has its base on the hoist end and spans about two-fifth the width of the field.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/cz.svg

parliamentary republic

1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)

note

<strong>note:</strong> although 1 January is the day the Czech Republic came into being, the Czechs commemorate 28 October 1918, the day the former Czechoslovakia declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as their independence day

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Highest court(s)

Supreme Court (organized into Civil Law and Commercial Division, and Criminal Division each with a court chief justice, vice justice, and several judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 justices); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 36 judges, including the court president and vice president, and organized into 6-, 7-, and 9-member chambers)

Judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges proposed by the Chamber of Deputies and appointed by the president; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed for 10-year, renewable terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the president of the Court; unlimited terms

Subordinate courts

High Court; regional and district courts

new civil code enacted in 2014, replacing civil code of 1964 based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes and socialist theory&nbsp;

Legislative structure

bicameral

Legislature name

Parliament (Parlament)

Chamber name

Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecka Snemovna)

Electoral system

proportional representation

Expected date of next election

October 2029

Most recent election date

10/3/2025 to 10/4/2025

Number of seats

200 (all directly elected)

Parties elected and seats per party

ANO (80); SPOLU (52); Mayors and independents (STAN) (22); Czech Pirate Party (18); Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD) (15); Motoristé sobě (AUTO) (13)

Percentage of women in chamber

33.5%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

4 years

Chamber name

Senate (Senat)

Electoral system

plurality/majority

Expected date of next election

September 2026

Most recent election date

9/20/2024 to 9/28/2024

Number of seats

81 (all directly elected)

Parties elected and seats per party

Civic Democratic Party (ODS) (8); Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party (KDU - CSL) (7); TOP 09 (3); ANO 2011 (3); Independents (2); Other (4)

Percentage of women in chamber

21.3%

Scope of elections

partial renewal

Term in office

6 years

white, red, blue

Selected World Heritage Site locales

Historic Prague (c); Historic Telč (c); Historic Český Krumlov (c); Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape (c); Historic Kutná Hora (c); Holy Trinity Column, Olomouc (c); Karlovy Vary Spa (c); Zatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops; Žatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops (n)

Total World Heritage Sites

17 (16 cultural, 1 natural)

Czechoslovak Founding Day, 28 October (1918)

silver (or white) double-tailed rampant lion

Action of Dissatisfied Citizens or ANO (<em lang="cs">Akce nespokojených občanů)<br></em>Christian and Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party or<em lang="cs"> KDU-ČSL</em><br>Civic Democratic Party or ODS<br>Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSČM<br>Czech Pirate Party or Piráti<br>ForMOST or ProMOST<br>Freedom and Direct Democracy or SPD<br>Independents or NEZ<br>Mayors and Independents or STAN<br>Mayors for the Liberec Region or SLK<br>Přísaha<br>Senator 21 or SEN 21<br>Social Democracy SOCDEM<br>Svobodni<br>Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09 or TOP 09<br>Tábor 2020 or T2020<br>United Democrats - Association of Independents or SD-SN

Monday

18 years of age; universal

Yes

wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, maize, triticale, pork, chicken (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

On alcohol and tobacco

7.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

On food

15.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Expenditures

$106.07 billion (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Revenues

$94.01 billion (2022 est.)

code

CZK

name

Czech koruna (CZK) [Kč]

$6.05 billion

Current account balance 2022

-$13.644 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$432.727 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

$6.047 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

<p>high-income, diversified EU economy; manufacturing-oriented exporter led by automotive industry; moderate growth driven by household consumption and investments, despite negative contribution from net exports; tight labor market with low unemployment; gained energy independence from Russian oil in April 2025</p>

Currency

koruny (CZK) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

23.21 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

21.678 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

23.357 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

22.198 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

23.217 (2024 est.)

$239 billion

Exports 2022

$219.419 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$236.103 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$239.259 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

cars, vehicle parts/accessories, broadcasting equipment, computers, plastic products (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 29%, Slovakia 7%, Poland 6%, France 5%, UK 5% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$13.05 billion

Exports of goods and services

69% (2023 est.)

Government consumption

19.7% (2023 est.)

Household consumption

44% (2023 est.)

Imports of goods and services

-64% (2023 est.)

Investment in fixed capital

27.3% (2023 est.)

Investment in inventories

0.7% (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agriculture

1.5% (2024 est.)

Industry

30.2% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

59.5% (2024 est.)

$345.037 billion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$31,823

25 (2018)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

25.9 (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

$335.94 billion

$29,560

26 % of GDP

Highest 10%

21.8% (2022 est.)

Lowest 10%

3.8% (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$217.3 billion

Imports 2022

$216.042 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$219.09 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$216.741 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

broadcasting equipment, vehicle parts/accessories, cars, plastic products, computers (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 22%, China 17%, Poland 8%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 4% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

-1% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

motor vehicles, metallurgy, machinery and equipment, glass, armaments

2.44%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

15.1% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

10.7% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

2.4% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices

5.541 million (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

5.51 million persons

agriculture

2.71%

industry

34.89%

services

62.4%

10.2% (2021 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt 2016

36.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

$624.7 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$516.431 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$516.145 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$521.928 billion (2024 est.)

1.23%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

2.8% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

-0.1% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

1.1% (2024 est.)

$57,285

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$48,400 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$47,500 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$48,000 (2024 est.)

$4.25 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2022

1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

1.2% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)

$146.28 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$139.981 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$148.379 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$146.281 billion (2024 est.)

30 % of GDP

13 % of GDP

12.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

2.83%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

2.3% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

2.6% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

2.6% (2024 est.)

Female

8.6% (2024 est.)

Male

8.2% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

8.4% (2024 est.)

Consumption

33.239 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports

2.128 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Imports

4.09 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Production

31.946 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

3.595 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

63.628 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

5,965 kWh

Exports

22.648 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Imports

13.465 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Installed generating capacity

21.802 million kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

3.012 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Biomass and waste

7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Fossil fuels

45.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

4.45%

Hydroelectricity

2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Nuclear

40.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

renewable

14.02%

Solar

4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind

0.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

3,509 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

136.306 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Consumption

6.499 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Imports

6.812 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Production

163.333 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

3.964 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

3.96GW (2025 est.)

Number of operational nuclear reactors

6 (2025)

Percent of total electricity production

40% (2023 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves

15 million barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

219,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Total petroleum production

4,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

17.2%

per 100 inhabitants

38 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

38 (2023 est.)

Total

4.1 million (2023 est.)

22 national TV stations, with 17 privately owned; publicly operated Czech Television has 5 national channels; over 350 TV channels, many through cable, satellite, and IPTV subscription services; 63 radio broadcasters operate over 80 radio stations, including 7 multiregional radio stations or networks; publicly owned broadcaster Czech Radio operates 4 national, 14 regional, and 4 Internet stations; both Czech Radio and Czech Television are partly financed through a license fee (2019)

.cz

Percent of population

86% (2023 est.)

### ##

+420

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

11 (2024 est.)

Total subscriptions

1.16 million (2024 est.)

subscriptions per 100

126 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

127 (2024 est.)

Total subscriptions

13.6 million (2024 est.)

passengers carried

2.18 million passengers

registered carrier departures

14,545 departures

252 (2025)

OK

Right

107 (2025)

Total

9,548 km (2020) 3,242 km electrified

CZ

the Czech military is responsible for national and territorial defense, assisting civil authorities during natural disasters or other emergencies, boosting border security alongside the police, participating in international peacekeeping operations, and supporting its collective security commitments to the EU and NATO, both of which Czechia considers pillars of its national security strategy; Czechia is a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, contributes to UN peacekeeping operations, and actively participates in EU military and security missions under the EU Common Security and Defense Policy; the Czech military has been an active member of NATO since the country joined in 2009 and participates in a variety of NATO’s collective defense missions, including contributing to the Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe, Baltic Air Policing operations, rapid response forces, and operations in Kosovo; it also exercises regularly with NATO partners and maintains close bilateral ties to a number of militaries particularly partner members of the Visegrad Group (Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia) and Germany<br><br>the military has commands for its land, air, cyber/information operations, and territorial forces, as well as a joint operations command and a separate special forces directorate; the Territorial Command is responsible for the active reserves and regional military commands that align with each of Czechia’s 13 regions and the capital, Prague (2025)

Czech Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air Force, Special Forces (2025)

active duty personnel

27,000

percent of total labor force

0.51 %

approximately 28,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

up to 130 Lithuania (NATO); 130 Slovakia (NATO) (2024)

the Czech military has a mix of domestically produced, Soviet-era, and more recently acquired modern weapons and equipment from such suppliers as France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the US; its domestic defense industry produces such items as armored combat vehicles and light attack aircraft (2025)

note

<strong>note 1:</strong> in 2019, Czechia announced a modernization plan to acquire more Western equipment that was compliant with NATO standards, including armored vehicles, fighter aircraft, and helicopters<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> during the Cold War, Czechoslovakia was a major producer of armored personnel carriers, military trucks, tanks, and trainer aircraft

2 % of GDP

current USD

$6,524,946,704

Military Expenditures 2021

1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2025

2% of GDP (2025 est.)

percent of central government expenditure

4.32 %

percent of GDP

1.92 % of GDP

18-28 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished 2004 (2025)

note

<strong>note: </strong>as of 2023, women comprised nearly 14% of the military's full-time personnel

IDPs

5 (2024 est.)

Refugees

392,198 (2024 est.)

Stateless persons

588 (2024 est.)

From coal and metallurgical coke

41.667 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas

12.527 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

25.707 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

79.901 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

air and water pollution (including acid rain) in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava; pollution from industry, mining, and agriculture

Global geoparks and regional networks

Bohemian Paradise (2023)

Total global geoparks and regional networks

1

Party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

Signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

15 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

22 % of total land area

10 % of total

13.15 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

11 % of internal resources

Agricultural

44 million cubic meters (2022)

Industrial

776 million cubic meters (2022)

Municipal

626 million cubic meters (2022)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

5.335 million tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled

37.3% (2022 est.)