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Vatican City

2025 Edition · 131 data fields

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Introduction

Background

Popes in their secular role ruled portions of the Italian peninsula for more than a thousand years until the mid-19th century, when the newly established Kingdom of Italy seized many of the Papal States. In 1870, the pope's holdings were further circumscribed when Rome itself was annexed. Disputes between Italy and a series of "prisoner" popes were resolved in 1929 by three Lateran Treaties, which established the independent state of Vatican City and granted Roman Catholicism special status in Italy. In 1984, a concordat between the Holy See and Italy modified some of the earlier treaty provisions, including the primacy of Roman Catholicism as the Italian state religion. Present concerns of the Holy See include religious freedom, threats against minority Christian communities in Africa and the Middle East, the plight of refugees and migrants, climate change and the environment, conflict and war, nuclear weapons, artificial intelligence, sexual misconduct by clergy, humanitarian issues, interreligious dialogue and reconciliation, and the application of church doctrine in an era of rapid change and globalization. About 1.3 billion people worldwide profess Catholicism, the world's largest Christian faith.

Geography

Area

Land: 0.44 sq km
Total: 0 sq km
Water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative

about 0.7 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

Climate

temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Continent

Europe

Elevation

Highest point: Vatican Gardens (Vatican Hill) 78 m
Lowest point: Saint Peter's Square 19 m

Geographic coordinates

41 54 N, 12 27 E

Geography - note

landlocked; an enclave in Rome, Italy; world's smallest state

Land boundaries

Border countries: Italy 3.4 km
number of neighbors: 1
Total: 3.4 km

Land use

Agricultural land: 0% (2022 est.)
Forest: 0% (2022 est.)
Other: 100% (2022 est.)

Landlocked

Yes

Location

Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome (Italy)

Map links

Google Maps: https://goo.gl/maps/DTKvw5Bd1QZaDZmE8
OpenStreetMap: https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/36989

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

occasional earthquakes

Natural resources

none

Subregion

Southern Europe

Terrain

urban; low hill

Time zone

UTC+01:00
number of time zones: 1

People and Society

Ethnic groups

Italian, Swiss, Argentinian, and other nationalities from around the world (2017)

Languages

Languages: Italian, Latin, French, various other languages
Major-language sample(s): L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
number of languages: 2

Major urban areas - population

1,000 VATICAN CITY (capital) (2018)

Nationality

Adjective: none
Noun: none

Population

Total: 1,000 (2024)

Population growth rate

0% (2014 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic

Urbanization

Rate of urbanization: 0% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Urban population: 100% of total population (2023)

Government

Capital

Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the name derives from the hill called Mons Vaticanus, on which the Vatican is located and which comes from the Latin vates (prophet), referring to the fortune tellers and soothsayers who frequented the area in Roman times
Geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 27 E
Name: Vatican City
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: no
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Note: note: in the Holy See, citizenship is acquired by law, ex iure, or by adminstrative decision; in the first instance, citizenship is a function of holding office within the Holy See as in the case of cardinals resident in Vatican City or diplomats of the Holy See; in the second instance, citizenship may be requested in a limited set of circumstances for those who reside within Vatican City under papal authorization, as a function of their office or service, or as the spouses and children of current citizens; citizenship is lost once an individual no longer permanently resides in Vatican City, normally reverting to the citizenship previously held
Residency requirement for naturalization: not applicable

Coat of arms

svg: https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/va.svg

Constitution

Amendment process: although the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State makes no mention of amendments, Article Four (drafting laws), states that this legislative responsibility resides with the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State; draft legislation is submitted through the Secretariat of State and considered by the pope
History: previous 1929, 2000; latest issued by Pope FRANCIS 13 May 2023, effective 7 June 2023 (Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, the main governing document of the Vatican's civil entities); the Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus – the departments and ministries – used by the pontiff in governing the church

Country name

alternative spellings: VA, Holy See (Vatican City State), Vatican City State, Stato della Città del Vaticano
Conventional long form: The Holy See (Vatican City State)
Conventional short form: Holy See (Vatican City)
Etymology: "holy" comes from the Greek word hera, meaning "sacred"; "see" comes from the Latin word sedes, meaning "seat," and refers to the episcopal chair; the name Vatican derives from the hill Mons Vaticanus on which the Vatican is located and which comes from the Latin vates (prophet), referring to the fortune tellers and soothsayers who frequented the area in Roman times
Local long form: La Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano)
local long form (ita): Stato della Città del Vaticano
Local short form: Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano)

Diplomatic representation from the US

Chief of mission: Ambassador Brian Francis BURCH II (since 13 September 2025)
Email address and website: https://va.usembassy.gov/
Embassy: Via Sallustiana, 49, 00187 Rome
FAX: [39] (06) 4674-3411
Mailing address: 5660 Holy See Place, Washington DC  20521-5660
Telephone: [39] (06) 4674-1

Diplomatic representation in the US

Chancery: 3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Chief of mission: Apostolic Nuncio Cardinal Christophe PIERRE (since 27 June 2016)
Email address and website: nuntiususa@nuntiususa.org http://www.nuntiususa.org/
FAX: [1] (202) 337-4036
Telephone: [1] (202) 333-7121

Executive branch

Cabinet: Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City appointed by the pope
Chief of state: Pope LEO XIV (since 8 May 2025)
Election results: 2025: Robert PREVOST elected Pope LEO XIV
Election/appointment process: pope elected by the College of Cardinals, usually for life or until voluntary resignation; Secretary of State appointed by the pope
Head of government: President of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City and President of the Governorate of the Vatican City State Fernando VERGEZ ALZAGA (since 1 October 2021)

Flag

description: two vertical bands of yellow (left side) and white, with the arms of the Holy See centered in the white band; the arms show the crossed keys of Saint Peter under the three-tiered papal tiara meaning: yellow stands for the pope's spiritual power, and white for his worldly power

Flag description

The flag of Vatican City is square shaped. It is composed of two equal vertical bands of yellow and white, with national coat of arms centered in the white band. The national coat of arms comprises the Papal Tiara superimposed on two crossed keys.

Flag image

svg: https://flagcdn.com/va.svg

Government type

ecclesiastical elective monarchy; self-described as an "absolute monarchy"

Independence

11 February 1929
note: note: the three treaties signed with Italy on 11 February 1929 acknowledged the full sovereignty of the Holy See and established its territorial extent, but the origin of the Papal States, which over centuries varied considerably in extent, can be traced back to A.D. 754

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

CE (observer), IAEA, Interpol, IOM, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNWTO (observer), UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer)

Judicial branch

Highest court(s): Supreme Court or Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (consists of the cardinal prefect, who serves as ex-officio president of the court, and 2 other cardinals of the Prefect Signatura)
Judge selection and term of office: cardinal prefect appointed by the pope; the other 2 cardinals of the court appointed by the cardinal prefect on a yearly basis
Note: note: the Motu Proprio (papal directive) of Pope PIUS XII established judicial duties on 1 May 1946; most Vatican City criminal matters are handled by the Republic of Italy courts
Subordinate courts: Appellate Court of Vatican City; Tribunal of Vatican City

Legal system

religious system based on canon (religious) law

Legislative branch

Legislative structure: unicameral
Legislature name: Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City (Pontificia Commissione per lo Stato della Citta del Vaticano)
Most recent election date: 22 September 2018
Number of seats: 7
Percentage of women in chamber: 0%
Term in office: 5 years

National color(s)

yellow, white

National heritage

Selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Center of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura; Vatican City
Total World Heritage Sites: 2 (both cultural)

National symbol(s)

crossed keys under a papal tiara

Political parties

none

Start of week

Monday

Suffrage

election of the pope is limited to cardinals under 80 years old

UN Member

Economy

Currency

code: EUR
name: euro (EUR) [€]

Economic overview

limited, tourism-based economy; euro user with own minted coins; produces commemorative stamps, coins, and publications to support museums and religious needs; residents pay no direct taxes; “zero deficit” plan to address budget shortfall

Exchange rates

Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Note: note: while not an EU member state, the Holy See has a 2000 monetary agreement with Italy and the EU to produce limited euro coinage—but not banknotes—that began enforcement in January 2002

Industries

printing; production of coins, medals, postage stamps; mosaics, staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities

Energy

Electricity access

Electrification - total population: 100% (2021)

Communications

Broadcast media

the Vatican Television Center (CTV) transmits live broadcasts of the Pope's weekly audiences, as well as his public celebrations; CTV also produces documentaries; Vatican Radio is the official broadcasting service via shortwave, AM, and FM frequencies, as well as satellite and web; Vatican News website partners with Vatican Radio and provides Catholic news from the Vatican (2021)

Internet country code

.va

Internet users

Percent of population: 87% (2023 est.)

Telephone calling code

Transportation

Driving side

Right

Heliports

1 (2025)

Vehicle registration code

Military and Security

Military - note

defense is the responsibility of Italy

Military and security forces

the Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia) serves as the de facto military force of Vatican City; the Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City (Corpo della Gendarmeriais) is a police force that helps augment the Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps during the Pope’s appearances, as well as providing general security, traffic direction, and investigative duties for the Vatican City State (2025)
note: note: the Swiss Guard Corps has protected the Pope and his residence since 1506

Military service age and obligation

Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps: 19-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; must be a single Roman Catholic male with Swiss citizenship who has completed basic training with the Swiss military and can obtain a certificate of good conduct; qualified candidates must apply to serve; the service contract is between 2 and 25 years (2025)