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Uzbekistan

2025 Edition · 428 data fields

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Introduction

Background

Uzbekistan is the geographic and population center of Central Asia, with a diverse economy and a relatively young population. Russia conquered and united the disparate territories of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to the overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, leaving the land degraded and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half-dry. Independent since the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) dissolved in 1991, the country has diversified agricultural production while developing its mineral and petroleum export capacity and increasing its manufacturing base, although cotton remains a major part of its economy. Uzbekistan’s first president, Islom KARIMOV, led Uzbekistan for 25 years until his death in 2016. His successor, former Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV, has improved relations with Uzbekistan’s neighbors and introduced wide-ranging economic, judicial, and social reforms. MIRZIYOYEV was reelected in 2021 with 80% of the vote and again following a 2023 constitutional referendum with 87% of the vote.

Geography

Area

Land: 425,400 sq km
Total: 447,400 sq km
Water: 22,000 sq km

Area - comparative

about four times the size of Virginia; slightly larger than California

Climate

mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east

Coastline

0 km (doubly landlocked)
note: note: Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline

Continent

Asia

Elevation

Highest point: Xazrat Sulton Tog' 4,643 m
Lowest point: Sariqamish Kuli -12 m

Geographic coordinates

41 00 N, 64 00 E

Geography - note

along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world

Irrigated land

37,305 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

Border countries: Afghanistan 144 km; Kazakhstan 2,330 km; Kyrgyzstan 1,314 km; Tajikistan 1,312 km; Turkmenistan 1,793 km
number of neighbors: 5
Total: 6,893 km

Land use

Agricultural land: 58.1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 9.1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 47.9% (2023 est.)
arable land: 9.14%
Forest: 8.7% (2023 est.)
Other: 31.8% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 1%

Landlocked

Yes

Location

Central Asia, north of Turkmenistan, south of Kazakhstan

Major lakes (area sq km)

Fresh water lake(s): Aral Sea (shared with Kazakhstan) - largely dried up

Major rivers (by length in km)

Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; Amu Darya river mouth (shared with Tajikistan [s], Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan) - 2,620 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)

Map links

Google Maps: https://goo.gl/maps/AJpo6MjMx23qSWCz8
OpenStreetMap: https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/196240

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

none (doubly landlocked)

Natural hazards

earthquakes; floods; landslides or mudslides; avalanches; droughts

Natural resources

natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum

Population distribution

most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, but the central and western deserts are sparsely populated

Subregion

Central Asia

Terrain

mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zaravshan; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west

Time zone

UTC+05:00
number of time zones: 1

People and Society

Age structure

0-14 years: 29.6% (male 5,597,947/female 5,213,403)
15-64 years: 63.7% (male 11,649,017/female 11,617,411)
65 years and over: 6.7% (2024 est.) (male 1,077,849/female 1,364,966)

Alcohol consumption per capita

Beer: 0.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 2.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 2.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

18.93 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Child marriage

Women married by age 15: 0.2% (2022)
Women married by age 18: 3.4% (2022)

Children under 5 years underweight

6.5%

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

1.8% (2021 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

74.7% (2022 est.)

Death rate

5 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
adult female: 114 per 1,000
adult male: 197 per 1,000

Dependency ratios

Elderly dependency ratio: 11.1 (2025 est.)
Potential support ratio: 9 (2025 est.)
Total dependency ratio: 57.3 (2025 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 46.3 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved total: 81.93%
Improved: rural: rural: 95.2% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 96.6% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 98% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 4.8% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 3.4% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 2% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 5.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 22.1% national budget (2024 est.)

Education expenditures

5 % of GDP

Ethnic groups

Uzbek 83.8%, Tajik 4.8%, Kazakh 2.5%, Russian 2.3%, Karakalpak 2.2%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.9% (2017 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

1.25 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

7 % of GDP
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 7.7% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 7.1% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

4.9 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

Female: 15.1 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 21.1 deaths/1,000 live births
neonatal: 8 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 17.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages: Uzbek (official) 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Major-language sample(s): Jahon faktlari kitobi, asosiy ma'lumotlar uchun zaruriy manba. (Uzbek) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Note: note: in the semi-autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan, both the Karakalpak language and Uzbek have official status
number of languages: 2

Life expectancy at birth

Female: 79 years
Male: 73.6 years
Total population: 76.2 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

Female: 100% (2022 est.)
Male: 100% (2022 est.)
Total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Major urban areas - population

2.603 million TASHKENT (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

26 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

Female: 29.8 years
Male: 28.1 years
Total: 29.2 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

23.7 years (2019 est.)

Nationality

Adjective: Uzbekistani
Noun: Uzbekistani

Net migration rate

-1.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

16.6% (2016)

Physician density

2.81 physicians/1,000 population (2021)

Population

Female: 18,439,103
Male: 18,576,048
Total: 37,015,151 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

1.26% (2025 est.)

Religions

Muslim 88% (mostly Sunni), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%

Sanitation facility access

improved total: 74.6%
Improved: rural: rural: 98.7% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 98.4% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 98.1% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 1.3% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 1.6% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 1.9% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Female: 13 years (2024 est.)
Male: 13 years (2024 est.)
Total: 13 years (2024 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
At birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

Female: 1% (2025 est.)
Male: 30.2% (2025 est.)
Total: 15.4% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.6 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Rate of urbanization: 1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Urban population: 50.5% of total population (2023)

Vaccination rate

measles: 99%

Government

Administrative divisions

12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonom respublikasi), and 3 cities** (shahar); Andijon Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati [Bukhara Province], Farg'ona Viloyati [Fergana Province], Jizzax Viloyati, Namangan Shahri, Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi), Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi [Karakalpakstan Republic]* (Nukus), Samarqand Shahri [Samarkand City], Samarqand Viloyati [Samarkand Province], Sirdaryo Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri [Tashkent City]**, Toshkent Viloyati [Nurafshon], Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch)
note: note: administrative divisions show the same names as their administrative centers; exceptions show the administrative center name in parentheses

Capital

Etymology: the current name of the ancient city was first used in the 11th century and comes from the Sogdian (Turkic) words tash (stone) and kent (town); the city was first recorded in the 5th or 4th century B.C. with the name of Chach or Shash
Geographic coordinates: 41 19 N, 69 15 E
Name: Tashkent (Toshkent)
Time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Uzbekistan
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Coat of arms

svg: https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/uz.svg

Constitution

Amendment process: proposed by the Supreme Assembly or by referendum; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of both houses of the Assembly or passage in a referendum
History: several previous; latest adopted 8 December 1992

Country name

alternative spellings: UZ, Republic of Uzbekistan, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси
Conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan
Conventional short form: Uzbekistan
Etymology: the name comes from the local people, the Uzbeks, whose name is said to have originated with Mongol leader Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad UZBEK; the Persian suffix -stan means "country"
FIFA code: UZB
Former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Local long form: O'zbekiston Respublikasi
local long form (rus): Республика Узбекистан
Local short form: O'zbekiston

Diplomatic representation from the US

Chief of mission: Ambassador Jonathan HENICK (since 14 October 2022)
Email address and website: ACSTashkent@state.gov https://uz.usembassy.gov/
Embassy: 3 Moyqorghon, 5th Block, Yunusobod District, 100093 Tashkent
FAX: [998] 78-120-6335
Mailing address: 7110 Tashkent Place, Washington DC  20521-7110
Telephone: [998] 78-120-5450

Diplomatic representation in the US

Chancery: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
Chief of mission: Ambassador Furqat SIDIKOV (since 19 April 2023)
Consulate(s) general: New York
Email address and website: info.washington@mfa.uz https://www.uzbekistan.org/
FAX: [1] (202) 293-6804
Telephone: [1] (202) 887-5300

Executive branch

Cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with most requiring approval of the Senate chamber of the Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis)
Chief of state: President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 14 December 2016)
Election results: 2023: Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV reelected president in snap election; percent of vote - Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (LDPU) 87.7%, Robaxon Maxmudova (Adolat) 4.5%, Ulugbek Inoyatov (PDP) 4%, Abdushukur Xamzayev (Ecological Party) 3.8% 2021: Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (LDPU) 80.3%, Maqsuda VORISOVA (PDP) 6.7%, Alisher QODIROV (National Revival Democratic Party) 5.5%, Narzullo OBLOMURODOV (Ecological Party) 4.1%, Bahrom ABDUHALIMOV (Adolat) 3.4%
Election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister nominated by majority party in the Supreme Assembly but appointed along with the ministers and deputy ministers by the president
Expected date of next election: 2030
Head of government: Prime Minister Abdulla ARIPOV (since 14 December 2016)
Most recent election date: 9 July 2023

Flag

description: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by narrow red stripes with a vertical white crescent moon and 12 five-pointed white stars in the left corner of the top band meaning: blue stands for the Turkic peoples and the sky, white for peace and the striving for purity in thoughts and deeds, and green for nature and Islam; the red stripes represent the vital force of all living organisms; the crescent stands for Islam, and the 12 stars for the months and constellations of the Uzbek calendar

Flag description

The flag of Uzbekistan is composed of three equal horizontal bands of turquoise, white with red top and bottom edges, and green. On the hoist side of the turquoise band is a fly-side facing white crescent and twelve five-pointed white stars arranged just outside the crescent opening in three rows comprising three, four and five stars.

Flag image

svg: https://flagcdn.com/uz.svg

Government type

presidential republic; highly authoritarian

Independence

1 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ADB, CICA, CIS, EAEU (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EEU (observer), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Judicial branch

Highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 67 judges organized into administrative, civil, criminal, and economic sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: judges of the highest courts nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate of the Oliy Majlis; judges appointed for a single 10-year term; the court chairman and deputies appointed for 10-year terms without the right to reelection. (Article 132 of the constitution)
Subordinate courts: regional, district, city, and town courts

Legal system

civil law system
note: note: in 2020, the criminal code, criminal procedure code, and code of administrative responsibility were reformed; a constitutional referendum in 2023 included additional criminal code reforms

Legislative branch

Legislative structure: bicameral
Legislature name: Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis)

Legislative branch - lower chamber

Chamber name: Legislative Chamber (Qonunchilik palatasi)
Electoral system: mixed system
Expected date of next election: October 2029
Most recent election date: 11/7/2024 to 11/12/2024
Number of seats: 150 (all directly elected)
Parties elected and seats per party: Movement of Entrepreneurs and Businesspeople - Liberal Democratic Party (UzLiDeP) (64); Milliy Tiklanish Democratic Party (O'zMTDP) (29); Social Democratic Party ("Adolat" SDP) (21); People's Democratic Party (XDP) (20); Ecological Party (O'EP) (16)
Percentage of women in chamber: 38%
Scope of elections: full renewal
Term in office: 5 years

Legislative branch - upper chamber

Chamber name: Senate (Senat)
Expected date of next election: November 2029
Most recent election date: 10/27/2024
Number of seats: 65 (56 indirectly elected; 9 appointed)
Percentage of women in chamber: 24.6%
Scope of elections: full renewal
Term in office: 5 years

National color(s)

blue, white, red, green

National heritage

Selected World Heritage Site locales: Itchan Kala (c); Historic Bukhara (c); Historic Shakhrisyabz (c); Samarkand - Crossroad of Cultures (c); Western Tien Shan (n); Cold Winter Deserts of Turan (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c)
Total World Heritage Sites: 7 (5 cultural, 2 natural)

National holiday

Independence Day, 1 September (1991)

National symbol(s)

khumo (mythical bird)

Political parties

Ecological Party of Uzbekistan or EPU Justice Social Democratic Party or ASDP People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan or PDP Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party or UzLiDep Uzbekistan National Revival Democratic Party or UzMTDP

Start of week

Monday

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

UN Member

Yes

Economy

Agricultural products

milk, wheat, cotton, potatoes, carrots/turnips, tomatoes, grapes, watermelons, vegetables, apples (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Average household expenditures

On alcohol and tobacco: 3.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
On food: 46.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget

Expenditures: $25.953 billion (2023 est.)
Note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues: $21.565 billion (2023 est.)

Currency

code: UZS
name: Uzbekistani soʻm (UZS) [so'm]

Current account balance

$-5,714,281,672
Current account balance 2022: -$2.847 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$7.799 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024: -$5.738 billion (2024 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

$70.26 billion
Debt - external 2023: $25.714 billion (2023 est.)
Note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Economic overview

lower-middle income Central Asian economy; key exporter of natural gas, cotton, and gold; ongoing reform efforts to reduce state-owned sector dominance, attract foreign investment, and improve sustainability of cotton production

Exchange rates

Currency: Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 10,054.261 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 10,609.464 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 11,050.145 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 11,734.833 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 12,652.287 (2024 est.)

Exports

$26.17 billion
Exports 2022: $20.966 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $25.05 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024: $26.173 billion (2024 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

gold, cotton yarn, garments, fertilizers, fabric (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

Switzerland 34%, Russia 12%, UK 11%, China 7%, Turkey 6% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Foreign direct investment

net inflows: $2.99 billion

GDP - composition, by end use

Exports of goods and services: 22.8% (2024 est.)
Government consumption: 13.9% (2024 est.)
Household consumption: 68% (2024 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -38% (2024 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 37.1% (2024 est.)
Investment in inventories: -3.8% (2024 est.)
Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

Agriculture: 18.3% (2024 est.)
Industry: 31.8% (2024 est.)
Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Services: 45.2% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$114.965 billion (2024 est.)
note: note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP per capita (nominal)

$3,162

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

35.3 (2003)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023: 34.5 (2023 est.)
Note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

GNI (gross national income)

$116.1 billion

GNI per capita

$3,020

Gross domestic investment

33 % of GDP

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Highest 10%: 25.3% (2023 est.)
Lowest 10%: 2.1% (2023 est.)
Note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports

$43.64 billion
Imports 2022: $35.643 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $42.646 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024: $43.624 billion (2024 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

cars, vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, refined petroleum, aircraft (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

China 32%, Russia 17%, Kazakhstan 8%, S. Korea 6%, Turkey 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

7.2% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, chemicals

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

9.63%
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 11.4% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 10% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 9.6% (2024 est.)
Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

13.974 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
total: 14.64 million persons

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 25.2%
industry: 24.61%
services: 50.19%

Population below poverty line

11% (2023 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt

Public debt 2016: 10.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$431.93 billion
Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $335.678 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $356.797 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $379.989 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

6.5%
Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 6% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 6.3% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: 6.5% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

$11,879
Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $9,600 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $10,000 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $10,500 (2024 est.)

Remittances

$16.58 billion
Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2022: 17.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 13.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024: 14.4% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$41.24 billion
Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $35.774 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $34.558 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $41.237 billion (2024 est.)

Revenue (excl grants)

20 % of GDP

Tax revenue

12 % of GDP

Taxes and other revenues

11.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Unemployment rate

4.62%
Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022: 4.5% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 4.5% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024: 4.5% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

Female: 18.1% (2024 est.)
Male: 7.2% (2024 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 10.9% (2024 est.)

Energy

Coal

Consumption: 8.941 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Exports: 4,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports: 3.521 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Production: 6.379 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.375 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

Consumption: 75.753 billion kWh (2023 est.)
consumption per capita: 2,094 kWh
Exports: 2.043 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 4.977 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 17.901 million kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 3.433 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

Electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

Fossil fuels: 90.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectric: 8.73%
Hydroelectricity: 8.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear: 0%
renewable: 7.08%
Solar: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

1,382 kg of oil equivalent
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 55.305 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

Consumption: 44.455 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Exports: 1.308 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Imports: 2.514 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Production: 43.249 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.841 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

Crude oil estimated reserves: 594 million barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 111,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Total petroleum production: 64,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Renewable energy consumption

Communications

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

per 100 inhabitants: 30 per 100
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2023 est.)
Total: 10.8 million (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

state-controlled media; 17 state-owned broadcasters, including 13 TV and 4 radio, with national service; about 20 privately owned TV stations, overseen by local officials, broadcast locally; privately owned TV stations required to lease transmitters from state-owned Republic TV and Radio Industry Corporation (2019)

Internet country code

.uz

Internet users

Percent of population: 89% (2023 est.)

Postal code format

######

Telephone calling code

+998

Telephones - fixed lines

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2023 est.)
Total subscriptions: 6.147 million (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100: 107 per 100
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1,110 (2024 est.)
Total subscriptions: 40.2 million (2024 est.)

Transportation

Air transport

passengers carried: 4.85 million passengers
registered carrier departures: 29,916 departures

Airports

74 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Driving side

Right

Heliports

3 (2025)

Railways

Broad gauge: 4,642 km (2018) 1.520-m gauge (1,684 km electrified)
Total: 4,642 km (2018)

Vehicle registration code

Military and Security

Land forces

armored vehicles
tanks

Military - note

the military’s responsibilities include ensuring the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, securing its borders, and assisting with internal security; regional security and international terrorism are areas of concern; Uzbekistan joined the Russian-sponsored Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in the 1990s but withdrew in 1999; it returned in 2006 but left again in 2012; although not part of CSTO, Uzbekistan continues to maintain defense ties with Russia, including joint military exercises and defense industrial cooperation; it also has defense ties with other regional countries, including Azerbaijan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and Turkey; it is part of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and participates in SCO training exercises (2025)

Military and security forces

Armed Forces of Uzbekistan: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces; National Guard Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Security Troops, Border Guards, police (2024)
active duty personnel: 68,000
note: note 1: the National Guard is under the Defense Ministry, but is independent of the other military services; it is responsible for ensuring public order and the security of diplomatic missions, radio and television broadcasting, and other state entities note 2: the State Security Service, whose chairperson reports directly to the president, is responsible for national security and intelligence matters, including terrorism, corruption, organized crime, border control, and narcotics
percent of total labor force: 0.52 %

Military and security service personnel strengths

limited available information; estimated 50,000 active Armed Forces (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the Uzbek Armed Forces use mainly Russian or Soviet-era armaments with smaller quantities of items from suppliers such as China, Türkiye, and the US; Uzbekistan has a small defense industry, which is involved in repairing and maintaining aircraft and armored vehicles, as well as producing light armored vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, and other military items (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2015: 2.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
Military Expenditures 2016: 2.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
Military Expenditures 2017: 2.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
Military Expenditures 2018: 2.9% of GDP (2018 est.)
Military Expenditures 2019: 2.8% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-30 for voluntary/contract service for men and women; 18-27 years of age for compulsory military service for men with a 12-month service obligation (2025)
note: note: those conscripted have the option of paying for a shorter service of one month while remaining in the reserves until the age of 27; Uzbek citizens who have completed their service terms in the armed forces have privileges in employment and admission to higher educational institutions

Military strength ranking

PowerIndex score: 0.9908

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Refugees: 8,505 (2024 est.)
Stateless persons: 20,000 (2024 est.)

Space

Key space-program milestones

2018 - signed space cooperation agreements with France and India 2022 - signed space cooperation agreement with Kazakhstan 2025 - Uzbek engineers began two-year satellite development training program in Japan with goal of building country's first satellite; signed space cooperation agreement with South Korea; announced development of 10-year national space program

Space agency/agencies

Space Research and Technology Agency (UzCosmos or UzSpace; established 2019) (2025)
note: note: Uzcosmos operates under the Ministry of Digital Technologies

Space program overview

has a small but growing space effort focused on acquiring satellites and developing the country’s space industries and technologies in key sectors, including cartography, data processing, environmental and disaster monitoring, land use, resource management, and telecommunications; recognized for its astronomy program; member of international space organizations; cooperates with foreign space agencies or commercial companies from a variety of countries, including those of Canada, China, France, India, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Turkey, and the UAE (2025)

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic Jihad Union (IJU); Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Khorasan (ISIS-K)
note: note 1: these groups have typically been active in the area where the Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Tajik borders converge and ill-defined and porous borders allow for the relatively free movement of people and illicit goods note 2: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Environment

Carbon dioxide emissions

From coal and metallurgical coke: 12.845 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 84.71 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 13.437 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Total emissions: 110.992 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts in the shrinking Aral Sea; desertification; water pollution and soil salination from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals

International environmental agreements

Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Methane emissions

Agriculture: 868.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Energy: 848.1 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Other: 4.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste: 261.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

46.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Protected areas

10 % of total land area

Renewable electricity output

0 % of total

Total renewable water resources

48.87 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

263 % of internal resources
Agricultural: 41 billion cubic meters (2022)
Industrial: 1.2 billion cubic meters (2022)
Municipal: 2.3 billion cubic meters (2022)

Waste and recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 4 million tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 31.6% (2022 est.)