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Ukraine

2025 Edition · 447 data fields

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Introduction

Background

Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which was the largest and most powerful state in Europe during the 10th and 11th centuries. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, the Russian Empire absorbed most Ukrainian territory. After czarist Russia collapsed in 1917, Ukraine -- which has long been known as the region's "bread basket" for its agricultural production -- achieved a short-lived period of independence (1917-20), but the country was reconquered and endured a Soviet rule that engineered two famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over eight million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for seven to eight million more deaths. In 1986, a sudden power surge during a reactor-systems test at Ukraine's Chernobyl power station triggered the worst nuclear disaster in history, releasing massive amounts of radioactive material. Although Ukraine overwhelmingly voted for independence in 1991 as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) dissolved, democracy and prosperity remained elusive, with the legacy of state control, patronage politics, and endemic corruption stalling efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties. In 2004 and 2005, a mass protest dubbed the "Orange Revolution" forced the authorities to overturn a presidential election and allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. Rival Viktor YANUKOVYCH became prime minister in 2006 and was elected president in 2010. In 2012, Ukraine held legislative elections that Western observers widely criticized as corrupt. In 2013, YANUKOVYCH backtracked on a trade and cooperation agreement with the EU -- in favor of closer economic ties with Russia -- and then used force against protestors who supported the agreement, leading to a three-month protestor occupation of Kyiv's central square. The government's use of violence to break up the protest camp in 2014 led to multiple deaths, international condemnation, a failed political deal, and the president's abrupt departure for Russia. Pro-West President Petro POROSHENKO took office later that year; Volodymyr ZELENSKYY succeeded him in 2019. Shortly after YANUKOVYCH's departure in 2014, Russian President Vladimir PUTIN ordered the invasion of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula. In response, the UN passed a resolution confirming Ukraine's sovereignty and independence. In mid-2014, Russia began an armed conflict in two of Ukraine's eastern provinces. International efforts to end the conflict failed, and by 2022, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded. On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated the conflict by invading the country on several fronts, in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. Russia made substantial gains in the early weeks of the invasion but underestimated Ukrainian resolve and combat capabilities. Despite Ukrainian resistance, Russia has laid claim to four Ukrainian oblasts -- Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia -- although none is fully under Russian control. The international community has not recognized the annexations. The invasion has also created Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II, with over six million Ukrainian refugees recorded globally. It remains one of the two largest displacement crises worldwide (the other is the conflict in Syria). President ZELENSKYY has focused on boosting Ukrainian identity to unite the country behind the goals of ending the war through reclaiming territory and advancing Ukraine’s candidacy for EU membership.

Geography

Area

Land: 579,330 sq km
Note: note: Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, an area of approximately 27,000 sq km (10,400 sq miles)
Total: 603,550 sq km
Water: 24,220 sq km

Area - comparative

almost four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas

Climate

temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; warm summers across the greater part of the country, hot in the south

Coastline

2,782 km

Continent

Europe

Elevation

Highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m
Lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 175 m

Geographic coordinates

49 00 N, 32 00 E

Geography - note

strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe after Russia

Irrigated land

1,000 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

Border countries: Belarus 1,111 km; Hungary 128 km; Moldova 1,202 km; Poland 498 km; Romania 601 km; Russia 1,944 km, Slovakia 97 km
number of neighbors: 7
Total: 5,581 km

Land use

Agricultural land: 71.3% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 56.8% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 13% (2023 est.)
arable land: 56.82%
Forest: 17.3% (2023 est.)
Other: 10.4% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 1.47%

Landlocked

Location

Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland, Belarus, Romania, and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east

Major rivers (by length in km)

Dunay (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Dnipro (Dnieper) river mouth (shared with Russia [s] and Belarus) - 2,287 km; Dnister (Dniester) river source and mouth (shared with Moldova) - 1,411 km; Vistula (shared with Poland [s/m] and Belarus) - 1,213 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)

Map links

Google Maps: https://goo.gl/maps/DvgJMiPJ7aozKFZv7
OpenStreetMap: https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/60199

Map references

AsiaEurope

Maritime claims

Continental shelf: 200 m or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural hazards

occasional floods; occasional droughts

Natural resources

iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land

Population distribution

densest settlement in the eastern (Donbas) and western regions; notable concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k, and Odesa
note: note: the ongoing war with Russia has shifted significant portions of the population, particularly in the east

Subregion

Eastern Europe

Terrain

mostly fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, with mountains found only in the west (the Carpathians) or in the extreme south of the Crimean Peninsula

Time zone

UTC+02:00
number of time zones: 1

People and Society

Age structure

0-14 years: 12.3% (male 2,278,116/female 2,122,500)
15-64 years: 67.8% (male 12,784,928/female 11,376,460)
65 years and over: 19.9% (2024 est.) (male 2,447,105/female 4,652,717)

Alcohol consumption per capita

Beer: 2.44 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 2.88 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 5.69 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 0.32 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

6.24 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

17.61 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
adult female: 88 per 1,000
adult male: 300 per 1,000

Dependency ratios

Elderly dependency ratio: 29.4 (2024 est.)
Note: note: data include Crimea
Potential support ratio: 3.4 (2024 est.)
Total dependency ratio: 47.6 (2024 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 18.2 (2024 est.)

Drinking water source

improved total: 87.87%
Improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 93.6% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 90.8% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 6.4% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 9.2% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 5.1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 12.7% national budget (2021 est.)

Education expenditures

5 % of GDP

Ethnic groups

Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.59 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

8 % of GDP
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 10.6% of national budget (2021 est.)

Hospital bed density

6.3 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

Female: 7.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 9.7 deaths/1,000 live births
neonatal: 5 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages: Ukrainian (official) 67.5%, Russian (regional language) 29.6%, other (includes Crimean Tatar, Moldovan/Romanian, and Hungarian) 2.9% (2001 est.)
Major-language sample(s): Свiтова Книга Фактiв – найкраще джерело базової інформації. (Ukrainian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
number of languages: 1

Life expectancy at birth

Female: 75.8 years
Male: 65.4 years
Total population: 70.5 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

Female: 100% (2021)
Male: 100%
Total population: 100%

Major urban areas - population

3.017 million KYIV (capital), 1.421 million Kharkiv, 1.008 million Odesa, 942,000 Dnipropetrovsk, 888,000 Donetsk (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

15 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

Female: 49.2 years
Male: 41.4 years
Total: 44.6 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.2 years (2019 est.)

Nationality

Adjective: Ukrainian
Noun: Ukrainian(s)

Net migration rate

35.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

24.1% (2016)

Physician density

3.53 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Population

Female: 18,151,677
Male: 17,510,149
Total: 35,661,826 (2024 est.)

Population growth rate

2.42% (2025 est.)

Religions

Orthodox (includes the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU), Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC), and the Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP)), Ukrainian Greek Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Jewish (2013 est.)
note: note: Ukraine's population is overwhelmingly Christian; the vast majority - up to two thirds - identify themselves as Orthodox, but many do not specify a particular branch; the OCU and the UOC-MP each represent less than a quarter of the country's population, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church accounts for 8-10%, and the UAOC accounts for 1-2%; Muslim and Jewish adherents each compose less than 1% of the total population

Sanitation facility access

improved total: 92.39%
Improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Female: 14 years (2021 est.)
Male: 13 years (2021 est.)
Total: 13 years (2021 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.12 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.53 male(s)/female
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

Female: 8% (2025 est.)
Male: 35.5% (2025 est.)
Total: 20.4% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.22 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Rate of urbanization: -0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Urban population: 70.1% of total population (2023)

Vaccination rate

measles: 91%

Government

Administrative divisions

24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities** (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol), Dnipropetrovsk (Dnipro), Donetsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmelnytskyi, Kirovohrad (Kropyvnytskyi), Kyiv**, Kyiv, Luhansk, Lviv, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol**, Sumy, Ternopil, Vinnytsia, Volyn (Lutsk), Zakarpattia (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhia, Zhytomyr
note: note 1: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; exceptions show the administrative center name in parentheses note 2: the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation or renaming of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol; it similarly does not recognize the annexation of the Ukrainian oblasts Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson

Capital

Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the origin of the name is unclear; traditionally, the name comes from a Prince Kiy, who is said to have founded the city in the 9th century
Geographic coordinates: 50 26 N, 30 31 E
Name: Kyiv (Kiev is the transliteration from Russian)
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Ukraine
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Coat of arms

svg: https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/ua.svg

Constitution

Amendment process: proposed by the president of Ukraine or by at least one third of the Supreme Council members; adoption requires simple majority vote by the Council and at least two-thirds majority vote in its next regular session; adoption of proposals relating to general constitutional principles, elections, and amendment procedures requires two-thirds majority vote by the Council and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on personal rights and freedoms, national independence, and territorial integrity cannot be amended
History: several previous; latest adopted and ratified 28 June 1996

Country name

alternative spellings: UA, Ukrayina
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Ukraine
Etymology: the name derives from the Old East Slavic or Old Russian word ukraina, meaning "borderland," which was used to describe the area on medieval Russia's border at the time of the Tatar invasion in the 13th century
FIFA code: UKR
Former: Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Local long form: none
local long form (ukr): Україна
Local short form: Ukraina

Diplomatic representation from the US

Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Ambassador Julie S. DAVIS (since 5 May 2025)
Email address and website: kyivacs@state.gov https://ua.usembassy.gov/
Embassy: 4 A. I. Igor Sikorsky Street, 04112 Kyiv
FAX: [380] (44) 521-5544
Mailing address: 5850 Kyiv Place, Washington, DC 20521-5850
Telephone: [380] (44) 521-5000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
Chief of mission: Ambassador Olha STEFANISHYNA (since 19 September 2025)
Consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York, San Francisco
Email address and website: emb_us@mfa.gov.ua https://usa.mfa.gov.ua/en
FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817
Telephone: [1] (202) 349-2963

Executive branch

Cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, approved by the Verkhovna Rada
Chief of state: President Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (since 20 May 2019)
Election results: 2019: Volodymyr ZELENSKYY elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (Servant of the People) 30.2%, Petro POROSHENKO (BPP-Solidarity) 15.6%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (Fatherland) 13.4%, Yuriy BOYKO (Opposition Platform-For Life) 11.7%, 35 other candidates 29.1%; percent of vote in the second round - Volodymyr ZELENSKYY 73.2%, Petro POROSHENKO 24.5%, other 2.3%; Denys SHMYHAL (independent) elected prime minister; Verkhovna Rada vote - 291-59 2014: Petro POROSHENKO elected president in first round; percent of vote - Petro POROSHENKO (independent) 54.5%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (Fatherland) 12.9%, Oleh LYASHKO (Radical Party) 8.4%, other 24.2%; Volodymyr HROYSMAN (BPP) elected prime minister; Verkhovna Rada vote - 257-50
Election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister selected by the Verkhovna Rada
Expected date of next election: scheduled for March/April 2024, but not held because Ukraine has been under martial law since February 2022
Head of government: Prime Minister Yulia SVYRYDENKO (since 17 July 2025)
Most recent election date: 31 March and 21 April 2019
Note: note: a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC was created in 1992 and tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president; a presidential administration helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president

Flag

description: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and yellow meaning: the colors date back to medieval heraldry, but they are sometimes said to represent grain fields under a blue sky

Flag description

The flag of Ukraine is composed of two equal horizontal bands of blue and yellow.

Flag image

svg: https://flagcdn.com/ua.svg

Government type

semi-presidential republic

Independence

24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: ca. 982 (VOLODYMYR I consolidates Kyivan Rus); 1199 (Principality (later Kingdom) of Ruthenia formed); 1648 (establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate); 22 January 1918 (from Soviet Russia)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

Australia Group, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CICA (observer), CIS (participating member, has not signed the 1993 CIS charter), EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
note: note: Ukraine is an EU candidate country and must complete accession criteria before being granted full membership

Judicial branch

Highest court(s): Supreme Court of Ukraine or SCU (consists of 100 judges, organized into civil, criminal, commercial and administrative chambers, and a grand chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of 18 justices); High Anti-Corruption Court (consists of 39 judges, including 12 in the Appeals Chamber)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges recommended by the High Qualification Commission of Judges (a 16-member state body responsible for judicial candidate testing and assessment and judicial administration), submitted to the High Council of Justice, a 21-member independent body of judicial officials; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; High Anti-Corruption Court judges are selected by the same process, with one addition – a majority of a combined High Qualification Commission of Judges and a 6-member Public Council of International Experts must vote in favor of potential judges in order to recommend their nomination to the High Council of Justice; Constitutional Court justices appointed - 6 each by the president, the Congress of Judges, and the Verkhovna Rada; judges serve 9-year nonrenewable terms
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; district courts

Legal system

civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

Electoral system: mixed system
Expected date of next election: May 2025
Legislative structure: unicameral
Legislature name: Parliament (Verkhovna Rada)
Most recent election date: 7/21/2019
Note: note 1: the next legislative election is expected to take place after the Russian-Ukrainian War ends note 2: voting not held in Crimea and parts of two Russian-occupied eastern oblasts leaving 26 seats vacant; although this brings the total to 424 elected members (of 450 potential), article 83 of the constitution mandates that a parliamentary majority consists of 226 seats
Number of seats: 450 (all directly elected)
Parties elected and seats per party: Servant of the People (254); Opposition Platform - For Life (43); Fatherland (26); European Solidarity (25); Independents (46); Other (30)
Percentage of women in chamber: 21.2%
Scope of elections: full renewal
Term in office: 5 years

National color(s)

blue, yellow

National heritage

Selected World Heritage Site locales: Kyiv: Saint Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (c); Lviv Historic Center (c); Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans, Chernivtsi (c); Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese, Sevastopol (c); Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (n); Struve Geodetic Arc (c); The Historic Centre of Odesa (c)
Total World Heritage Sites: 8 (7 cultural, 1 natural)

National holiday

Independence Day, 24 August (1991)
note: note: 22 January 1918, the day Ukraine first declared its independence from Soviet Russia, is now celebrated as Unity Day

National symbol(s)

tryzub (trident), sunflower

Political parties

European Solidarity or YeS Fatherland or VOB Holos Servant of the People or SN

Start of week

Monday

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

UN Member

Yes

Economy

Agricultural products

maize, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, milk, barley, soybeans, rapeseed, tomatoes (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Average household expenditures

On alcohol and tobacco: 6.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
On food: 41.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget

Expenditures: $121.657 billion (2023 est.)
Note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues: $86.185 billion (2023 est.)

Currency

code: UAH
name: Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH) [₴]

Current account balance

$-15,142,000,000
Current account balance 2022: $7.976 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$9.564 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024: -$13.749 billion (2024 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

$193.49 billion
Debt - external 2023: $90.003 billion (2023 est.)
Note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Economic overview

lower-middle-income, non-EU, Eastern European economy; key wheat and corn exporter; gradual recovery after 30% GDP contraction at start of war; damage to infrastructure and agriculture balanced by consumer and business resilience in western Ukraine; international aid has stabilized foreign exchange reserves, allowing managed currency float; continued progress on anti-corruption reforms

Exchange rates

Currency: hryvnia (UAH) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 26.958 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 27.286 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 32.342 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 36.574 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 40.152 (2024 est.)

Exports

$56.1 billion
Exports 2022: $57.517 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $51.28 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024: $56.114 billion (2024 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

corn, seed oils, wheat, iron ore, soybeans (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

Poland 12%, Romania 9%, Turkey 7%, China 6%, Spain 6% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Foreign direct investment

net inflows: $4.02 billion

GDP - composition, by end use

Exports of goods and services: 29.4% (2024 est.)
Government consumption: 37.9% (2024 est.)
Household consumption: 62.4% (2024 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -48.3% (2024 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 18.9% (2024 est.)
Investment in inventories: -0.3% (2024 est.)
Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

Agriculture: 7.1% (2024 est.)
Industry: 19% (2024 est.)
Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Services: 60.6% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$190.741 billion (2024 est.)
note: note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP per capita (nominal)

$5,389

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

26.6 (2019)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020: 25.6 (2020 est.)
Note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

GNI (gross national income)

$190.82 billion

GNI per capita

$5,210

Gross domestic investment

19 % of GDP

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Highest 10%: 21.7% (2020 est.)
Lowest 10%: 4.3% (2020 est.)
Note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports

$92.21 billion
Imports 2022: $83.254 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $89.159 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024: $92.025 billion (2024 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, cars, natural gas, packaged medicine, plastic products (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

China 16%, Poland 14%, Germany 8%, Turkey 6%, USA 4% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

4.1% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

industrial machinery, ferrous and nonferrous metals, automotive and aircraft components, electronics, chemicals, textiles, mining, construction

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

6.5%
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 20.2% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 12.8% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 6.5% (2024 est.)
Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

20.539 million (2021 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
total: 20.54 million persons

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 14.12%
industry: 25.22%
services: 60.67%

Population below poverty line

1.6% (2020 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt

Note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Public debt 2020: 58.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$656.53 billion
Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $531.796 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $561.23 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $577.583 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

2.91%
Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: -28.8% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 5.5% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: 2.9% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

$18,550
Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $13,800 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $15,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $16,300 (2024 est.)

Remittances

$12 billion
Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2022: 10.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 8.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024: 6.3% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$43.78 billion
Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $28.506 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $40.51 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $43.781 billion (2024 est.)

Revenue (excl grants)

34 % of GDP

Tax revenue

21 % of GDP

Taxes and other revenues

17.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Unemployment rate

9.83%
Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2019: 8.2% (2019 est.)
Unemployment rate 2020: 9.5% (2020 est.)
Unemployment rate 2021: 9.9% (2021 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

Female: 20.4% (2021 est.)
Male: 18.1% (2021 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 19.1% (2021 est.)

Energy

Coal

Consumption: 25.012 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Exports: 32,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports: 5.442 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Production: 19.603 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 34.375 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

Consumption: 89.402 billion kWh (2023 est.)
consumption per capita: 2,516 kWh
Exports: 6.1 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 3.28 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 60.297 million kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 10.347 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

Electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

Biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Fossil fuels: 32.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectric: 11.74%
Hydroelectricity: 9.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear: 50.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
renewable: 12.01%
Solar: 4.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Wind: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

1,508 kg of oil equivalent
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 57.856 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

Consumption: 19.705 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Exports: 95.994 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Imports: 2.028 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Production: 17.681 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.104 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Nuclear energy

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 13.11GW (2025 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 4 (2025)
Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 2 (2025)
Number of operational nuclear reactors: 15 (2025)
Percent of total electricity production: 55% (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Crude oil estimated reserves: 395 million barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 192,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Total petroleum production: 3,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Renewable energy consumption

8.9%

Communications

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

per 100 inhabitants: 20 per 100
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2023 est.)
Total: 8.07 million (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

media landscape dominated by oligarch-owned news outlets; United News created for 24-hour news about the war with Russia, a joint effort from the Ukrainian public broadcaster and top commercial TV channels; Ukraine Radio's Suspilne and privately owned Radio NV are the national talk radio networks (2021)

Internet country code

.ua

Internet users

Percent of population: 82% (2023 est.)

Postal code format

#####

Telephone calling code

+380

Telephones - fixed lines

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2023 est.)
Total subscriptions: 1.434 million (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100: 123 per 100
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 135 (2021 est.)
Total subscriptions: 50.3 million (2023 est.)

Transportation

Air transport

passengers carried: 452,344 passengers
registered carrier departures: 4,910 departures

Airports

152 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Driving side

Right

Heliports

44 (2025)

Merchant marine

By type: container ship 1, general cargo 83, oil tanker 14, other 312
Total: 410 (2023)

Ports

Key ports: Berdyansk, Dnipro-Buzkyy, Feodosiya, Illichivsk, Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol, Mykolayiv, Odesa, Sevastopol, Yuzhnyy
Large: 3
Medium: 0
Ports with oil terminals: 8
Small: 8
Total ports: 26 (2024)
Very small: 15

Railways

Broad gauge: 21,684 km (2014) 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified)
Standard gauge: 49 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (49 km electrified)
Total: 21,733 km (2014)

Vehicle registration code

Military and Security

Land forces

armored vehicles
tanks

Military - note

the primary focus of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (UAF) is defense against Russian aggression; in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in what is the largest conflict in Europe since the end of World War II in 1945; as of 2025, the front line of the fighting stretched about 1,000 kilometers (some 600 miles) north and south in eastern and southern Ukraine; Russia’s forces have also launched missile and armed drone strikes throughout Ukraine, hitting critical infrastructure, including power, water, and heating facilities, as well as other civilian targets; Russia first invaded Ukraine in 2014, occupying Ukraine’s province of Crimea and backing separatist forces in the Donbas region with arms, equipment, and training, as well as military personnel, although Moscow denied their presence prior to 2022; the UAF has received outside military assistance since the Russian invasion, including equipment and training, chiefly from Europe and the US Ukraine has a relationship with NATO dating back to the early 1990s, when Ukraine joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (1991) and the Partnership for Peace program (1994); the relationship intensified in the wake of the 2014 Russia-Ukraine conflict and Russian seizure of Crimea to include NATO support for Ukrainian military capabilities development and capacity-building; NATO and individual NATO countries further increased support to the Ukrainian military following Russia’s 2022 invasion (2025)

Military and security forces

Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU; Zbroyni Syly Ukrayiny or ZSU): Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces, Air Assault Forces, Marine Corps, Special Operations Forces, Unmanned Systems Forces, Territorial Defense Forces (Reserves) Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Guard of Ukraine, State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (includes Maritime Border Guard or Sea Guard), National Police of Ukraine (2025)
active duty personnel: 298,000
note: note 1: combat units of the National Guard, National Police, and Border Guards come under the control of the Armed Forces in wartime. note 2: the Territorial Defense Forces (TDF) were formally established in July 2021; the TDF evolved from former Territorial Defense Battalions and other volunteer militia and paramilitary units that were organized in 2014-2015 to fight Russian-backed separatists in the Donbas; in January 2022, the TDF was activated as a separate military branch note 3: collectively, the AFU and the forces under the Ministry of Interior are known as the Defense Forces of Ukraine (DFU)
percent of total labor force: 1.43 %

Military and security service personnel strengths

estimated 850,000-1 million active Defense Forces (2025)
note: note: following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, President ZELENSKY announced a general mobilization of the country; prior to the invasion, Ukraine had approximately 200,000 active Armed Forces troops, approximately 50,000 National Guard, and approximately 40,000 State Border Guard

Military deployments

note: prior to the Russian invasion in 2022, Ukraine had committed about 500 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Poland and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units; units affiliated with the multinational brigade remain within the structures of the armed forces of their respective countries until the brigade is activated for participation in an international operation

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

prior to the full-scale Russian invasion in February 2022, the Ukrainian military was equipped largely with Russian-origin and Soviet-era weapons systems; since the invasion, it has received considerable quantities of weapons, including Soviet-era and more modern Western systems, from European countries and the US; Ukraine also has a growing inventory of domestically produced armaments (2025)

Military expenditures

34 % of GDP
current USD: $64,704,990,025
Military Expenditures 2017: 3.1% of GDP (2017 est.)
Military Expenditures 2018: 3.1% of GDP (2018 est.)
Military Expenditures 2019: 3.4% of GDP (2019 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 4.4% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Note: note: since Russia's invasion of the country in early 2022, annual defense spending has increased to more than 30% of GDP according to some estimates
percent of central government expenditure: 54.01 %
percent of GDP: 34.48 % of GDP

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; 25 years of age for conscription for men; 18-24 months service obligation (2025)
note: note 1: conscription was abolished in 2012, but reintroduced in 2014; following the Russian invasion in 2022, all non-exempt men ages 18-60 were required to register with their local recruitment offices and undergo medical screening for possible service; the Territorial Defense Forces accept volunteers, 18-60 years of age note 2: in February 2025, the military implemented a new option for volunteers age 18-24 to sign one-year contracts in return for higher wages, a signing bonus, exemption from mobilization for 12 months, and other social benefits note 3: women have been able to volunteer for military service since 1993; as of 2024, nearly 70,000 women were serving in the armed forces in both uniformed and civilian positions note 4: since 2015, the Ukrainian military has allowed foreigners and stateless persons, 18-45 (in special cases up to 60), to join on 3-5-year contracts, based on qualifications; following the 2022 Russian invasion, the military began accepting medically fit foreign volunteers on a larger scale into an International Legion

Military strength ranking

PowerIndex score: 0.3691

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs: 3,665,165 (2024 est.)
Refugees: 2,876 (2024 est.)
Stateless persons: 10,910 (2024 est.)

Space

Key space-program milestones

1995 - first domestically produced remote sensing (RS) satellite (Sich-1) launched on Ukrainian Tsyklon-3 rocket 1997 - first Ukrainian astronaut in space on US Space Shuttle 1999 - first launch of Dnipro-1, a domestically produced satellite launch vehicle (SLV) 2008 - first launch of Zenit-3SLB, a domestically produced SLV 2014 - launched first domestically produced microsatellite (PolyITAN-1) 2020 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for space and lunar exploration 2021 - first successful launch of joint Ukrainian-US commercial light SLV (Alpha) 2022 - domestically produced RS microsatellite (Sich 2-30) launched by US 2024 - first Ukrainian woman to suborbital space on US commercial spacecraft

Space agency/agencies

State Space Agency of Ukraine (SSAU; established 1992 as the National Space Agency of Ukraine or NSAU and renamed in 2010) (2025)

Space program overview

the country inherited a large, well-developed space program when it gained independence in 1991, taking over all the former Soviet defense/space industry that was located on its territory; the modern program includes the production of satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs)/rocket carriers, satellites, and related components; prior to the Russian invasion in 2022, the country was producing more than 100 SLVs, SLV stages, or SLV engines annually; has worked with numerous foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Brazil, Canada, China, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia (curtailed after 2014), Turkey, and the US, as well as the ESA, the EU, and their member states (particularly Italy and Poland); has about 20 state-run space industries; in 2019, the Ukrainian Parliament began allowing private companies to engage in space activities (2025)
note: note: Dnipro, known as Ukraine's “Rocket City,” was one of the Soviet Union’s main centers for space, nuclear, and military industries and played a crucial role in the development and manufacture of both civilian and military rockets

Environment

Carbon dioxide emissions

From coal and metallurgical coke: 45.512 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 36.847 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 24.488 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Total emissions: 106.847 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

air and water pollution; land degradation; solid waste management; biodiversity loss; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 nuclear accident in Chornobyl' 

International environmental agreements

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

Methane emissions

Agriculture: 341.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Energy: 1,003.4 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Other: 70.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste: 409.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

15.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Protected areas

18 % of total land area

Renewable electricity output

5 % of total

Total renewable water resources

175.28 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

9 % of internal resources
Agricultural: 1.031 billion cubic meters (2022)
Industrial: 2.188 billion cubic meters (2022)
Municipal: 1.66 billion cubic meters (2022)

Waste and recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 15.242 million tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 4.5% (2022 est.)