2022 Edition

Background

Long referred to as Nubia, modern-day Sudan was the site of the Kingdom of Kerma (ca. 2500-1500 B.C.) until it was absorbed into the New Kingdom of Egypt. By the 11th century B.C., the Kingdom of Kush gained independence from Egypt; it lasted in various forms until the middle of the 4th century A.D. After the fall of Kush, the Nubians formed three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia. The latter two endured until around 1500. Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads, and between the 16th–19th centuries it underwent extensive Islamization. Following Egyptian occupation early in the 19th century, the British established an Anglo-Egyptian Sudan - nominally a condominium, but in effect a British colony. Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since Sudan gained independence from Anglo-Egyptian co-rule in 1956. The 30-year reign of President Omar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR, following months of nationwide protests, ended with the military forcing him out in April 2019. In July 2019, the country’s Transitional Military Council signed an agreement with the Forces for Freedom and Change (an umbrella group of civilian actors) to form a transitional government under a Constitutional Declaration. Economist and former international civil servant Abdalla HAMDOUK al-Kinani was selected to serve as prime minister of a civilian-led transitional government, which was to have guided the country to credible democratic elections in late 2022. In October 2021, the Sudanese military organized a takeover that ousted Prime Minister HAMDOUK and his government and replaced civilian members of the Sovereign Council (Sudan’s collective Head of State) with individuals selected by the military. HAMDOUK was briefly reinstated in November 2021 but resigned in January 2022. As of March 2022, General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman, the Chair of Sudan’s Sovereign Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces, serves as de facto head of state and government. He presides over a Sovereign Council consisting of military leaders, former armed opposition group representatives, and civilians appointed by the military. A cabinet of acting ministers handles day-to-day administration. These acting ministers are either senior civil servants (some appointed by former Prime Minister HAMDOUK and some selected by the military) or holdover ministers from Prime Minister HAMDOUK’s former cabinet who were appointed by former armed opposition groups that the military allowed to remain in their positions. The UN, the African Union, and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development are currently facilitating a Sudanese-led political process intended to enable Sudanese civilian and military stakeholders to agree on the framework for a new civilian-led transitional government. During most of the second half of the 20th century, Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of the largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern portion of the country. The first civil war ended in 1972, but another broke out in 1983. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04, and the final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on independence for Southern Sudan. South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011, but Sudan and South Sudan have yet to fully implement security and economic agreements relating to the normalization of relations between the two countries. In the 21st century, Sudan faced conflict in Darfur, Southern Kordofan, and Blue Nile starting in 2003. Together, these conflicts displaced more than 3 million people; while some repatriation has taken place, about 3.04 million IDPs remained in Sudan as of February 2022. Sudan also faces refugee influxes from neighboring countries, primarily Central African Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Syria.  

Area

land

1,731,671 sq km

total

1,861,484 sq km

water

129,813 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than one-fifth the size of the US

Climate

hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November)

Coastline

853 km

Elevation

highest point

Jabal Marrah 3,042 m

lowest point

Red Sea 0 m

mean elevation

568 m

Geographic coordinates

15 00 N, 30 00 E

Geography - note

the Nile is Sudan's primary water source; its major tributaries, the White Nile and the Blue Nile, meet at Khartoum to form the River Nile which flows northward through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea

Irrigated land

15,666 sq km (2020)

Land boundaries

border countries

Central African Republic 174 km; Chad 1,403 km; Egypt 1,276 km; Eritrea 682 km; Ethiopia 744 km; Libya 382 km; South Sudan 2,158 km

note

note: Sudan-South Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei region pending negotiations between Sudan and South Sudan

total

6,819 km

Land use

agricultural land

100% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 15.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 84.2% (2018 est.)

forest

0% (2018 est.)

other

0% (2018 est.)

Location

north-eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea

Major aquifers

Nubian Aquifer System, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)

Major rivers (by length in km)

Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km; Blue Nile river mouth (shared with Ethiopia [s]) - 1,600 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

contiguous zone

18 nm

continental shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

dust storms and periodic persistent droughts

Natural resources

petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold; hydropower

Population distribution

with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur as shown on this population distribution map

Terrain

generally flat, featureless plain; desert dominates the north

Age structure

0-14 years

42.01% (male 9,726,937/female 9,414,988)

15-24 years

20.94% (male 4,852,903/female 4,687,664)

25-54 years

29.89% (male 6,633,567/female 6,986,241)

55-64 years

4.13% (male 956,633/female 923,688)

65 years and over

3.03% (male 729,214/female 649,721) (2020 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

1.63 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

0.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

1.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

33.47 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

33% (2014)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

12.2% (2014)

Current health expenditure

4.6% of GDP (2019)

Death rate

6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

6.2

potential support ratio

16.2 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

76.9

youth dependency ratio

74

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 80.7% of population

improved: total

total: 87.1% of population

improved: urban

urban: 99% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 19.3% of population

unimproved: total

total: 12.9% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 1% of population

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Sudanese Arab (approximately 70%), Fur, Beja, Nuba, Ingessana, Uduk, Fallata, Masalit, Dajo, Gimir, Tunjur, Berti; there are over 500 ethnic groups

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.1% (2021 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.7 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Infant mortality rate

female

36.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)

male

47.76 deaths/1,000 live births

total

42.27 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Languages

Arabic (official), English (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, Fur

major-language sample(s)

كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)

Life expectancy at birth

female

69.46 years (2022 est.)

male

64.89 years

total population

67.12 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

56.1% (2018)

male

65.4%

total population

60.7%

Major infectious diseases

animal contact diseases

rabies

degree of risk

very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

respiratory diseases

meningococcal meningitis

vectorborne diseases

malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever

water contact diseases

schistosomiasis

Major urban areas - population

6.344 million KHARTOUM (capital), 1.057 million Nyala (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

295 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median age

female

18.5 years (2020 est.)

male

18.1 years

total

18.3 years

Nationality

adjective

Sudanese

noun

Sudanese (singular and plural)

Net migration rate

-1.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

6.6% (2014)

Physicians density

0.26 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Population

47,958,856 (2022 est.)

Population distribution

with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur as shown on this population distribution map

Population growth rate

2.55% (2022 est.)

Religions

Sunni Muslim, small Christian minority

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 30.6% of population

improved: total

total: 45.3% of population

improved: urban

urban: 72.1% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 69.4% of population

unimproved: total

total: 54.7% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 27.9% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

7 years (2015)

male

8 years

total

8 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.03 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.03 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.94 male(s)/female

55-64 years

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over

1.04 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1.01 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate

4.6 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

36.3% of total population (2023)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

43.5% (2011 est.)

male

27.4%

total

32.6%

Administrative divisions

18 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Blue Nile, Central Darfur, East Darfur, Gedaref, Gezira, Kassala, Khartoum, North Darfur, North Kordofan, Northern, Red Sea, River Nile, Sennar, South Darfur, South Kordofan, West Darfur, West Kordofan, White Nile

note

note: the peace Agreement signed in October 2020 included a provision to establish a system of governance that will likely restructure the country's current 18 provinces/states into regions

Capital

etymology

several explanations of the name exist; two of the more plausible are that it is derived from Arabic "al-jartum" meaning "elephant's trunk" or "hose," and likely referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles; alternatively, the name could derive from the Dinka words "khar-tuom," indicating a "place where rivers meet"

geographic coordinates

15 36 N, 32 32 E

name

Khartoum

time difference

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

the father must be a citizen of Sudan

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

10 years

Constitution

amendments

amended 2020 to incorporate the Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan; the military suspended several provisions of the Constitutional Declaration in October 2021

history

previous 1973, 1998, 2005 (interim constitution, which was suspended in April 2019); latest initial draft completed by Transitional Military Council in May 2019; revised draft known as the "Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period," or “2019 Constitutional Declaration” was signed by the Council and opposition coalition on 4 August 2019

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of the Sudan

conventional short form

Sudan

etymology

the name "Sudan" derives from the Arabic "bilad-as-sudan" meaning "Land of the Black [peoples]"

former

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Sudan

local long form

Jumhuriyat as-Sudan

local short form

As-Sudan

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Lucy TAMLYN  (since 3 February  2022)

email address and website

ACSKhartoum@state.govhttps://sd.usembassy.gov/

embassy

P.O. Box 699, Kilo 10, Soba, Khartoum

mailing address

2200 Khartoum Place, Washington DC  20521-2200

telephone

[249] 187-0-22000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Mohamed Abdalla Idris MOHAMED (since 16 September 2022)

email address and website

consular@sudanembassy.orghttps://www.sudanembassy.org/

FAX

[1] (202) 667-2406

telephone

[1] (202) 338-8565

Executive branch

cabinet

most members of the Council of Ministers were forced from office in October 2021 by the military and subsequently resigned in November 2021; the military allowed a handful of ministers appointed by former armed opposition groups to retain their posts; at present, most of the members of the Council are senior civil servants serving in an acting minister capacity appointed either by Prime Minister HAMDOUK prior to his resignation or by the military

chief of state

Sovereign Council Chair and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman; note – the 2019 Constitutional Declaration established a collective chief of state of the "Sovereign Council," which was chaired by al-BURHAN; on 25 October 2021, al-BURHAN dissolved the Sovereign Council but reinstated it on 11 November 2021, replacing its civilian members (previously selected by the umbrella civilian coalition the Forces for Freedom and Change) with civilians of the military’s choosing; the Sovereign Council currently consists of 5 military-appointed civilians, 5 generals, and 3 representatives selected by former armed opposition groups

election results

NA

elections/appointments

the 2019 Constitutional Declaration originally called for elections to be held in late 2022 at the end of the transitional period; that date was pushed back to late 2023 by the Juba Peace Agreement; the methodology for future elections has not yet been defined; according to the 2019 Constitutional Declaration, civilian members of the Sovereign Council and the prime minister were to have been nominated by an umbrella coalition of civilian actors known as the Forces for Freedom and Change; this methodology was followed in selecting HAMDOUK as prime minister in August 2019; the military purports to have suspended this provision of the 2019 Constitutional Declaration in October 2021; Prime Minister HAMDOUK’s restoration to office in November 2021 was the result of an agreement signed between him and Sovereign Council Chair BURHAN; military members of the Sovereign Council are selected by the leadership of the security forces; representatives of former armed groups to the Sovereign Council are selected by the signatories of the Juba Peace Agreement

head of government

Sovereign Council Chair and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman; Acting Prime Minister Osman HUSSEIN (since 19 January 2022); note - former Prime Minister Abdallah HAMDOUK resigned on 2 January 2022; HAMDOUK served as prime minister from August 2019 to October 2019 before he was kidnapped; he was later freed and reinstated as prime minister on 21 November 2021

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; colors and design based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I, but the meanings of the colors are expressed as follows: red signifies the struggle for freedom, white is the color of peace, light, and love, black represents the people of Sudan (in Arabic 'Sudan' means black), green is the color of Islam, agriculture, and prosperity

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

1 January 1956 (from Egypt and the UK)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; withdrew acceptance of ICCt jurisdiction in 2008

International organization participation

ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

National Supreme Court (consists of 70 judges organized into panels of 3 judges and includes 4 circuits that operate outside the capital); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 justices including the court president); note - the Constitutional Court resides outside the national judiciary and has not been appointed since the signature of the 2019 Constitutional Declaration

judge selection and term of office

National Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges selected by the Supreme Judicial Council, which replaced the National Judicial Service Commission upon enactment of the 2019 Constitutional Declaration

subordinate courts

Court of Appeal; other national courts; public courts; district, town, and rural courts

Legal system

mixed legal system of Islamic law and English common law; note - in mid-July 2020, Sudan amended 15 provisions of its 1991 penal code

Legislative branch

description

according to the August 2019 Constitutional Declaration, which established Sudan's transitional government, the Transitional Legislative Council (TLC) was to have served as the national legislature during the transitional period until elections could be held; as of March 2022, the TLC had not been established

election results

Council of State - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; former composition - men 35, women 19, percent of women 35.2%National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; former seats by party - NCP 323, DUP 25, Democratic Unionist Party 15, other 44, independent 19; former composition - men 296 women 130, percent of women 30.5%; note - formertotal National Legislature percent of women 31%

elections

Council of State - last held 1 June 2015; subsequently dissolved in April 2019National Assembly - last held on 13-15 April 2015; subsequently dissolved in April 2019 note – according to the 2019 Constitutional Declaration, elections for a new legislature are to be held in late 2023

National anthem

lyrics/music

Sayed Ahmad Muhammad SALIH/Ahmad MURJAN

name

"Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan" (We Are the Army of God and of Our Land)

note

note: adopted 1956; originally served as the anthem of the Sudanese military

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region (c); Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe (c); Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay – Mukkawar Island Marine National Park (n)

total World Heritage Sites

3 (2 cultural, 1 natural)

National holiday

Independence Day, 1 January (1956)

National symbol(s)

secretary bird; national colors: red, white, black, green

Political parties and leaders

Major Parties as of April 2019: Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI]Democratic Unionist Party or DUP [Babika BABIKER]Federal Umma Party [Dr. Ahmed Babikir NAHAR]Muslim Brotherhood or MB [Sadig Abdalla ABDELMAJID and Dr. Yousif Al-Hibir Nor-ELDAYIM]National Congress Party or NCP [Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR]National Umma Party or NUP [Fadlallah Baramah NASSER]Popular Congress Party or PCP [Nawal Al-KHIDIR]Reform Movement Now [Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin al-ATABANI]Sudan National Front [Ali Mahmud HASANAYN]Sudanese Communist Party or SCP [Mohammed Moktar Al-KHATEEB]Sudanese Congress Party or SCoP [Omar El DIGAIR]Umma Party for Reform and Development [Mubarak Al-Fadul Al-MAHDI]Unionist Movement Party or UMP [led by DUP Chair Mohammed Osama Al-MERGHANI] note: in November 2019, the transitional government banned the National Congress Party

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

sugar cane, sorghum, milk, groundnuts, onions, sesame seed, goat milk, millet, bananas, wheat

Budget

expenditures

13.36 billion (2017 est.)

revenues

8.48 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-10.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2016

-$4.213 billion (2016 est.)

Current account balance 2017

-$4.811 billion (2017 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 31 December 2016

$51.26 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt - external 31 December 2017

$56.05 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

Economic overview

Sudan has experienced protracted social conflict and the loss of three quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture, keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line. Sudan was subject to comprehensive US sanctions, which were lifted in October 2017. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining and agriculture, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force. Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces high inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012 but fell to about 35% per year in 2017. (2017)

Exchange rates

Currency

Sudanese pounds (SDG) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2013

5.74 (2013 est.)

Exchange rates 2014

6.03 (2014 est.)

Exchange rates 2015

6.14 (2015 est.)

Exchange rates 2016

6.14 (2016 est.)

Exchange rates 2017

6.72 (2017 est.)

Exports

Exports 2018

$5 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2019

$5.11 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - commodities

gold, crude petroleum, sesame seeds, sheep, goats, cotton, ground nuts (2019)

Exports - partners

United Arab Emirates 31%, China 19%, Saudi Arabia 14%, India 12%, Egypt 5% (2019)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

9.7% (2017 est.)

government consumption

5.8% (2017 est.)

household consumption

77.3% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-11.8% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

18.4% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

0.6% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

39.6% (2017 est.)

industry

2.6% (2017 est.)

services

57.8% (2017 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$24.918 billion (2019 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014

34.2 (2014 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

26.7% (2009 est.)

lowest 10%

2.7%

Imports

Imports 2018

$8.24 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2019

$9.79 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - commodities

raw sugar, wheat, packaged medicines, jewelry, tires, cars and vehicle parts (2019)

Imports - partners

China 31%, India 14%, United Arab Emirates 11%, Egypt 6% (2019)

Industrial production growth rate

4.5% (2017 est.)

Industries

oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments, automobile/light truck assembly, milling

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017

32.5% (2017 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018

62.8% (2018 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

50.2% (2019 est.)

Labor force

11.92 million (2007 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

80%

industry

7%

services

13% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line

46.5% (2009 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2016

99.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2017

121.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018

$181.61 billion (2018 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019

$179.2 billion (2019 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$176.4 billion (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2015

1.3% (2015 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2016

3% (2016 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2017

1.4% (2017 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2018

$4,300 (2018 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2019

$4,200 (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2020

$4,000 (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016

$168.3 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017

$198 million (31 December 2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

18.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2016

20.6% (2016 est.)

Unemployment rate 2017

19.6% (2017 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

43.5% (2011 est.)

male

27.4%

total

32.6%

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas

0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

17.319 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

total emissions

17.319 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Coal

consumption

0 metric tons (2020 est.)

exports

0 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports

0 metric tons (2020 est.)

production

0 metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves

0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Electricity

consumption

9,682,060,000 kWh (2019 est.)

exports

0 kWh (2019 est.)

imports

0 kWh (2019 est.)

installed generating capacity

4.354 million kW (2020 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

4.599 billion kWh (2019 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - rural areas

35% (2019)

electrification - total population

47% (2019)

electrification - urban areas

71% (2019)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

0.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

fossil fuels

43.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity

55.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar

0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2019

8.047 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

exports

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

imports

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

production

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

proven reserves

84.95 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

crude oil and lease condensate exports

12,900 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports

9,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves

5 billion barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

137,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)

total petroleum production

66,900 bbl/day (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

8,541 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

24,340 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

94,830 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

0.1 (2020 est.)

total

28,782 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

Following the establishment of Sudan’s civilian-led transitional government in August 2019, government-owned broadcasters became increasingly independent from government and military control. Following the October 2021 military takeover, additional restrictions were imposed on these government-owned broadcasters, which now practice a heightened degree of self-censorship but still operate more independently than in the pre-2019 environment. (2022)

Internet country code

.sd

Internet users

percent of population

28% (2020 est.)

total

12,277,795 (2020 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

consists of microwave radio relay, cable, fiber optic, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations; teledensity fixed-line less than 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular over 80 telephones per 100 persons (2020)

general assessment

Sudan emerged as a poorer country when South Sudan separated from it in 2011; although Sudan has about four times the population of South Sudan, the latter benefits from its control of the majority of known oil reserves; the Sudanese economy has been affected by hyperinflation in recent years, partly the result of the loss of oil revenue but also due to domestic volatility and social unrest; the difficult economic conditions have meant that for several years telcos have reported revenue under hyper inflationary reporting standards; pressure on revenue has made it difficult for operators to invest in infrastructure upgrades, and so provide improved services to customers; despite this, the number of mobile subscribers increased 7.% in 20201, year-on-year; this level of growth is expected to have been maintained in 2022, though could slow from 2023 as the acute influences resulting the pandemic begin to wane; the country’s poor fixed-line infrastructure has helped the development of mobile broadband services (2022)

international

country code - 249; landing points for the EASSy, FALCON and SAS-1,-2, fiber-optic submarine cable systems linking Africa, the Middle East, Indian Ocean Islands and Asia; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)

note

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

(2020 est.) less than 1

total subscriptions

129,408 (2020 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

77.11 (2019)

total subscriptions

33,014,200 (2019)

Airports

total

67 (2021)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

2

2,438 to 3,047 m

11

914 to 1,523 m

1

over 3,047 m

2

total

17

under 914 m

1 (2021)

Airports - with unpaved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

17

914 to 1,523 m

24

total

50

under 914 m

9 (2021)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

ST

Heliports

7 (2021)

Merchant marine

by type

other 15 (2021)

total

15

National air transport system

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

269,958 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

42

number of registered air carriers

9 (2020)

Pipelines

156 km gas, 4,070 km oil, 1,613 km refined products (2013)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s)

Port Sudan

Railways

narrow gauge

5,851 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge

note

1,400 km 0.600-m gauge for cotton plantations

total

7,251 km (2014)

Roadways

paved

8,000 km (2019)

total

31,000 km (2019)

unpaved

23,000 km (2019)

urban

1,000 km (2019)

Waterways

4,068 km (2011) (1,723 km open year-round on White and Blue Nile Rivers)

Military - note

the Sudanese military has been a dominant force in the ruling of the country since its independence in 1956; in addition, the Sudanese military and security forces have a large role in the country's economy, reportedly controlling over 200 commercial companies, including businesses involved in gold mining, rubber production, agriculture, and meat exports the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; UNISFA had about 2,000 personnel deployed as of mid-2022in addition, the United Nations African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) operated in the war-torn Darfur region between 2007 and the end of its mandate in July 2021; UNAMID was a joint African Union-UN peacekeeping force with the mission of bringing stability to Darfur, including protecting civilians, facilitating humanitarian assistance, and promoting mediation efforts, while peace talks on a final settlement continued; UNAMID withdrew the last of its personnel in December 2021; note - the October 2020 peace agreement provided for the establishment of a Joint Security Keeping Forces (JSKF) comprised of 12,000 personnel tasked with securing the Darfur region in the place of UNAMID; in June 2021, Sudan's transitional government announced it would increase the size of this force to 20,000 and expand its mission scope to include the capital and other parts of the country suffering from violence; the force would include the SAF, RSF, police, intelligence, and representatives from armed groups involved in peace negotiations; in Sep 2022, the first 2,000 members of the JSKF completed training (2022)

Military and security forces

Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF): Ground Force, Navy, Sudanese Air Force; Rapid Support Forces (RSF), Border Guards Ministry of Interior: security police, special forces police, traffic police, Central Reserve Police (2022)

note

note 1: the RSF is a semi-autonomous paramilitary force formed in 2013 to fight armed rebel groups in Sudan, with Mohammed Hamdan DAGALO (aka Hemeti) as its commander (he is also a member of the Sovereign Council); it was initially placed under the National Intelligence and Security Service, then came under the direct command of former president Omar al-BASHIR, who boosted the RSF as his own personal security force; as a result, the RSF was better funded and equipped than the regular armed forces; the RSF has since recruited from all parts of Sudan beyond its original Darfuri Arab groups but remains under the personal patronage and control of DAGALO; the RSF has been accused of committing human rights abuses against civilians; it is also reportedly involved in business enterprises, such as gold mining; in late 2019, Sovereign Council Chairman and SAF Commander-in-Chief General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN said the RSF would be fully integrated into the SAF, but did not give a timelinenote 2: the Central Reserve Police is a combat-trained paramilitary force that has been used against demonstrators and sanctioned by the US for human rights abuses

Military and security service personnel strengths

information varies widely; estimated 100-125,000 active duty armed forces personnel; approximately 30-40,000 Rapid Support Forces (2022)

Military deployments

Sudan joined the Saudi-led coalition that intervened in Yemen in 2015, reportedly providing as many as 40,000 troops during the peak of the war in 2016-17, mostly from the Rapid Support Forces; by 2021, Sudan had reduced the size of the force to about a brigade (approximately 2-3,000 troops) (2022)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the SAF's inventory includes a mix of Chinese, Russian, Soviet-era, Ukrainian, and domestically-produced weapons systems; since 2010, the leading arms providers to the SAF have been Belarus, China, Russia, and Ukraine; North Korea has also provided arms; Sudan has a domestic arms industry that manufactures ammunition, small arms, and armored vehicles, largely based on older Chinese and Russian systems (2022)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2017

3.6% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $2.75 billion)

Military Expenditures 2018

2% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $2.08 billion)

Military Expenditures 2019

2.4% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $2.08 billion)

Military Expenditures 2020

1% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

1% of GDP (2021 est.)

note

note: many defense expenditures are probably off-budget

Military service age and obligation

18-33 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service for men and women; 1-2 year service obligation (2022)

note

note: implementation of conscription is reportedly uneven

Disputes - international

Sudan-Central African Republic: periodic violent skirmishes persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic over water and grazing rights; Sudan closed its border with the Central African Republic in January 2022 due to security concerns Sudan-Chad: Chad wants to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; however, since the August 2020 Juba Peace Agreement between the Sudanese Government and the Sudanese Revolutionary Front and the termination of the UN’s peacekeeping mission, UNAMID, at the end of 2020, violence continues to break out over land and water access Sudan-Egypt: Sudan claims, but Egypt de facto administers, security and economic development of the Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary Sudan-Eritrea: none identified Sudan-Ethiopia: civil unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia; clashes continue between Sudan and Ethiopia over al-Fashaga, a fertile piece of land inhabited by Ethiopian farmers for years until the Sudanese army expelled them in December 2020, claiming the land belonged to Sudan based on colonial-era maps from over 100 years ago; in February, 2022, the two countries were discussing resuming talks over the border conflict Sudan-Libya: none identified Sudan-South Sudan: the South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment, final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan; clashes continue in the oil-rich Abyei region; the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has been deployed since 2011, when South Sudan became independent; the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has condemned renewed clashes on 23 September 2022 between the Twik and Ngok Dinka communities taking place in Agok, 28 kilometres from Abyei town  

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

3.71 million (civil war 1983-2005; ongoing conflict in Darfur region; government and rebel fighting along South Sudan border; inter-tribal clashes) (2022)

refugees (country of origin)

807,411 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 133,918 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 93,478 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 71,281 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 24,369 (Central African Republic) (2022)

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa’ida; Harakat Sawa’d Misr

note

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

20 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

75.1 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

47.92 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

Climate

hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November)

Environment - current issues

water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; water scarcity and periodic drought; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; deforestation; loss of biodiversity  

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Food insecurity

severe localized food insecurity

due to conflict, civil insecurity, and soaring food prices - according to the results of the latest analysis, about 11.7 million people (24% of the analyzed population) are estimated to be severely food insecure during June to September 2022; the main drivers are macroeconomic challenges resulting in rampant food and non‑food inflation, tight supplies due to a poor 2021 harvest and the escalation of intercommunal violence (2022)

Land use

agricultural land

100% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 15.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 84.2% (2018 est.)

forest

0% (2018 est.)

other

0% (2018 est.)

Major aquifers

Nubian Aquifer System, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)

Major infectious diseases

animal contact diseases

rabies

degree of risk

very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

respiratory diseases

meningococcal meningitis

vectorborne diseases

malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever

water contact diseases

schistosomiasis

Major rivers (by length in km)

Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km; Blue Nile river mouth (shared with Ethiopia [s]) - 1,600 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)

Revenue from coal

coal revenues

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

forest revenues

3.01% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

37.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

25.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial

75 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

municipal

950 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

36.3% of total population (2023)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

2,831,291 tons (2015 est.)