2019 Edition

Background

Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. Spain remained neutral in World War I and II, but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39). A peaceful transition to democracy following the death of dictator Francisco FRANCO in 1975, and rapid economic modernization (Spain joined the EU in 1986) gave Spain a dynamic and rapidly growing economy, and made it a global champion of freedom and human rights. More recently, Spain has emerged from a severe economic recession that began in mid-2008, posting four straight years of GDP growth above the EU average. Unemployment has fallen, but remains high, especially among youth. Spain is the Eurozone's fourth largest economy. The country has faced increased domestic turmoil in recent years due to the independence movement in its restive Catalonia region.

Area

Land

498,980 sq km

Total

505,370 sq km

Water

6,390 sq km

Area Comparative

almost five times the size of Kentucky; slightly more than twice the size of Oregon

Climate

temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Coastline

4,964 km

Elevation

Highest Point

Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m

Lowest Point

Atlantic Ocean 0 m

Mean Elevation

660 m

Environment Current Issues

pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification

Environment International Agreements

Party To

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

Signed But Not Ratified

Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geographic Coordinates

40 00 N, 4 00 W

Geography Note

strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar; Spain controls a number of territories in northern Morocco including the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas

Irrigated Land

38,000 sq km (2012)

Land Boundaries

Border Countries

Andorra 63 km, France 646 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1224 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 8 km, Morocco (Melilla) 10.5 km

Total

1,952.7 km

Land Use

Agricultural Land

54.1% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Arable Land

24.9% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Crops

9.1% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Pasture

20.1% (2011 est.)

Forest

36.8% (2011 est.)

Other

9.1% (2011 est.)

Location

Southwestern Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Bay of Biscay, and Pyrenees Mountains; southwest of France

Map References

Europe

Maritime Claims

Contiguous Zone

24 nm

Exclusive Economic Zone

200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean)

Territorial Sea

12 nm

Natural Hazards

periodic droughts, occasional floodingvolcanism: volcanic activity in the Canary Islands, located off Africa's northwest coast; Teide (3,715 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; La Palma (2,426 m), which last erupted in 1971, is the most active of the Canary Islands volcanoes; Lanzarote is the only other historically active volcano

Natural Resources

coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land

Population Distribution

with the notable exception of Madrid, Sevilla, and Zaragoza, the largest urban agglomerations are found along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts; numerous smaller cities are spread throughout the interior reflecting Spain's agrarian heritage; very dense settlement around the capital of Madrid, as well as the port city of Barcelona

Terrain

large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees Mountains in north

Age Structure

0 14 Years

15.29% (male 3,879,229 /female 3,664,016)

15 24 Years

9.65% (male 2,458,486 /female 2,299,523)

25 54 Years

44.54% (male 11,208,598 /female 10,762,651)

55 64 Years

12.38% (male 2,980,206 /female 3,125,949)

65 Years And Over

18.15% (male 3,833,601 /female 5,118,817) (2018 est.)

Birth Rate

9 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

70.9% (2016)

Current Health Expenditure

9% (2016)

Death Rate

9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Dependency Ratios

Elderly Dependency Ratio

28.5 (2015 est.)

Potential Support Ratio

3.5 (2015 est.)

Total Dependency Ratio

51 (2015 est.)

Youth Dependency Ratio

22.5 (2015 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved Rural

100% of population

Improved Total

100% of population

Improved Urban

100% of population

Unimproved Rural

0% of population

Unimproved Total

0% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Urban

0% of population

Education Expenditures

4.2% of GDP (2016)

Ethnic Groups

Spanish 86.4%, Morocco 1.8%, Romania 1.3%, other 10.5% (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS Adult Prevalence Rate

0.3% (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS People Living With HIV/AIDS

150,000 (2018 est.)

Hospital Bed Density

3 beds/1,000 population (2013)

Infant Mortality Rate

Female

2.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

3.6 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

3.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages

Castilian Spanish (official nationwide) 74%, Catalan (official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian)) 17%, Galician (official in Galicia) 7%, Basque (official in the Basque Country and in the Basque-speaking area of Navarre) 2%, Aranese (official in the northwest corner of Catalonia (Vall d'Aran) along with Catalan, <5,000 speakers)

Life Expectancy at Birth

Female

85 years

Male

78.8 years

Total Population

81.8 years (2018 est.)

Literacy

Definition

age 15 and over can read and write

Female

97.7% (2016)

Male

98.8%

Total Population

98.3%

Major Urban Areas Population

6.559 million MADRID (capital), 5.541 million Barcelona, 832,000 Valencia (2019)

Maternal Mortality Rate

4 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median Age

Female

44.3 years

Male

41.9 years

Total

43.1 years (2018 est.)

Mother's Mean Age at First Birth

30.7 years (2015 est.)

Nationality

Adjective

Spanish

Noun

Spaniard(s)

Net Migration Rate

7.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Obesity Adult Prevalence Rate

23.8% (2016)

Physicians Density

4.07 physicians/1,000 population (2016)

Population

49,331,076 (July 2018 est.)

Population Growth Rate

0.73% (2018 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 68.9%, atheist 11.3%, agnostic 7.6%, other 2.8%, non-believer 8.2%, unspecified 1.1% (2019 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved Rural

100% of population (2015 est.)

Improved Total

99.9% of population (2015 est.)

Improved Urban

99.8% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Rural

0% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Total

0.1% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Urban

0.2% of population (2015 est.)

School Life Expectancy Primary To Tertiary Education

Female

18 years (2016)

Male

18 years

Total

18 years

Sex Ratio

0 14 Years

1.06 male(s)/female

15 24 Years

1.07 male(s)/female

25 54 Years

1.04 male(s)/female

55 64 Years

0.95 male(s)/female

65 Years And Over

0.75 male(s)/female

At Birth

1.07 male(s)/female

Total Population

0.98 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Total Fertility Rate

1.5 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Unemployment Youth Ages 15 24

Female

37.4% (2017 est.)

Male

39.5%

Total

38.6%

Urbanization

Rate Of Urbanization

0.33% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Urban Population

80.6% of total population (2019)

Administrative Divisions

17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma) and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia; Aragon; Asturias; Canarias (Canary Islands); Cantabria; Castilla-La Mancha; Castilla-Leon; Cataluna (Castilian), Catalunya (Catalan), Catalonha (Aranese) [Catalonia]; Ceuta*; Comunidad Valenciana (Castilian), Comunitat Valenciana (Valencian) [Valencian Community]; Extremadura; Galicia; Illes Baleares (Balearic Islands); La Rioja; Madrid; Melilla*; Murcia; Navarra (Castilian), Nafarroa (Basque) [Navarre]; Pais Vasco (Castilian), Euskadi (Basque) [Basque Country]

Capital

Daylight Saving Time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Geographic Coordinates

40 24 N, 3 41 W

Name

Madrid

Time Difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship By Birth

no

Citizenship By Descent Only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Spain

Dual Citizenship Recognized

only with select Latin American countries

Residency Requirement For Naturalization

10 years for persons with no ties to Spain

Constitution

Amendments

proposed by the government, by the General Courts (the Congress or the Senate), or by the self-governing communities submitted through the government; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by both houses and passage by referendum if requested by one tenth of the members of either house; proposals disapproved by both houses are submitted to a joint committee, which submits an agreed upon text for another vote; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in Congress and simple majority vote in the Senate; amended 1992, 2007, 2011 (2016)

History

previous 1812; latest approved by the General Courts 31 October 1978, passed by referendum 6 December 1978, signed by the king 27 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978

Country Name

Conventional Long Form

Kingdom of Spain

Conventional Short Form

Spain

Etymology

derivation of the name "Espana" is uncertain, but may come from the Phoenician term "span," related to the word "spy," meaning "to forge metals," so, "i-spn-ya" would mean "place where metals are forged"; the ancient Phoenicians long exploited the Iberian Peninsula for its mineral wealth

Local Long Form

Reino de Espana

Local Short Form

Espana

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador Richard Duke BUCHAN III (since 18 January 2018) note - also accredited to Andorra

Consulate's General

Barcelona

Embassy

Calle de Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid

Fax

[34] (91) 587-2303

Mailing Address

PSC 61, APO AE 09642

Telephone

[34] (91) 587-2200

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

Chancery

2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador Santiago CABANAS Ansorena (since 17 September 2018)

Consulate S

Kansas City (MO)

Consulate's General

Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Fax

[1] (202) 833-5670

Telephone

[1] (202) 452-0100, 728-2340

Executive Branch

Cabinet

Council of Ministers designated by the president

Chief Of State

King FELIPE VI (since 19 June 2014); Heir Apparent Princess LEONOR, Princess of Asturias (daughter of the monarch, born 31 October 2005)

Election Results

percent of National Assembly vote - NA

Elections Appointments

the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the monarch usually proposes as president the leader of the party or coalition with the largest majority of seats, who is then indirectly elected by the Congress of Deputies; election last held on 28 April 2019 (next to be held on April 2022); vice president and Council of Ministers appointed by the president

Head Of Government

President of the Government (Prime Minister-equivalent) Pedro SANCHEZ Perez-Castejon (since 2 June 2018); Vice President (and Minister of the President's Office) Maria del Carmen CALVO Poyato (since 7 June 2018)

Flag Description

three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the two columns bears the imperial motto of "Plus Ultra" (further beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe; the triband arrangement with the center stripe twice the width of the outer dates to the 18th century

Government Type

parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Independence

1492; the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Muslim occupation that began in the early 8th century A.D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain

International Law Organization Participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International Organization Participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial Branch

Highest Courts

Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo (consists of the court president and organized into the Civil Room, with a president and 9 judges; the Penal Room, with a president and 14 judges; the Administrative Room, with a president and 32 judges; the Social Room, with a president and 12 judges; and the Military Room, with a president and 7 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (consists of 12 judges)

Judge Selection And Term Of Office

Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judiciary Power, a 20-member governing board chaired by the monarch that includes presidential appointees, lawyers, and jurists confirmed by the National Assembly; judges can serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Assembly, executive branch, and the General Council of the Judiciary, and appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms

Subordinate Courts

National High Court; High Courts of Justice (in each of the autonomous communities); provincial courts; courts of first instance

Legal System

civil law system with regional variations

Legislative Branch

Description

bicameral General Courts or Las Cortes Generales consists of: Senate or Senado (266 seats; 208 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 58 members indirectly elected by the legislatures of the autonomous communities; members serve 4-year terms) Congress of Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; 348 members directly elected in 50 multi-seat constituencies by closed-list proportional representation vote, with a 3% threshold needed to gain a seat, and 2 directly elected from the North African Ceuta and Melilla enclaves by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms or until the government is dissolved)

Election Results

Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PSOE 121, PP 56, EKC 11, EAJ/PNV 9, C's 4, other 7; composition - men 169, women 97 Congress of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSOE 28.7%, PP 16.7%, C's 15.9%, Unidos Podemos 14.3%, Vox 10.3%, ERC 3.9%, other 26.1%; seats by party - PSOE 123, PP 66, C's 57, Unidos Podemos 42, Vox 24, ERC 15, other 23; composition - men 184, women 166; percent of women 47.5%; note - total General Courts percent of women 42.7%

Elections

Senate - last held on 28 April 2019 (next to be held no later than April 2023) Congress of Deputies - last held on 28 April 2019 (next to be held no later than April 2023)

National Anthem

Lyrics Music

no lyrics/unknown

Name

"Himno Nacional Espanol" (National Anthem of Spain)

National Holiday

National Day (Hispanic Day), 12 October (1492); note - commemorates the arrival of COLUMBUS in the Americas

National Symbol S

Pillars of Hercules; national colors: red, yellow

Political Parties And Leaders

Asturias Forum or FAC [Carmen MORIYON] Basque Country Unite (Euskal Herria Bildu) or EH Bildu (coalition of 4 Basque pro-independence parties) Basque Nationalist Party or PNV or EAJ [Andoni ORTUZAR] Canarian Coalition or CC [Ana ORAMAS] (coalition of 5 parties) Junts per Catalunia or JxCat [Carles PUIDGEMONT] Ciudadanos Party or C's [Albert RIVERA] Compromis - Communist Coalition [Joan BALDOVI] New Canary or NCa [Pedro QUEVEDOS] Unidas Podemos [Pablo IGLESIAS Turrion] (formerly Podemos IU; electoral coalition formed for May 2016 election) People's Party or PP [Pablo CASADO] Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC [Oriol JUNQUERAS i Vies] Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [Pedro SANCHEZ] JxCat-Junts Together for Catalonia [Jordi SANCHEZ] Union of People of Navarra or UPN [Javier ESPARZA] Navarra Suma (electoral Coaltion formed by Navarrese People's Union (UPN), Ciudadanos (C's), and the Popular Partty (PP) ahead of the 2019 election) Vox or Vox [Santiago ABASCAL]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture Products

grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish

Budget

Expenditures

539 billion (2017 est.)

Revenues

498.1 billion (2017 est.)

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

-3.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Central Bank Discount Rate

10 September 2014

0.05%

13 November 2013

0.25%

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

31 December 2016

2.19%

31 December 2017

2.03%

Current Account Balance

2016

$23.77 billion

2017

$24.74 billion

Debt External

31 December 2017

$2.094 trillion

31 March 2015

$1.963 trillion

Distribution Of Family Income Gini Index

2005

32

2012

35.9

Economy Overview

After a prolonged recession that began in 2008 in the wake of the global financial crisis, Spain marked the fourth full year of positive economic growth in 2017, with economic activity surpassing its pre-crisis peak, largely because of increased private consumption. The financial crisis of 2008 broke 16 consecutive years of economic growth for Spain, leading to an economic contraction that lasted until late 2013. In that year, the government successfully shored up its struggling banking sector - heavily exposed to the collapse of Spain’s real estate boom - with the help of an EU-funded restructuring and recapitalization program.Until 2014, contraction in bank lending, fiscal austerity, and high unemployment constrained domestic consumption and investment. The unemployment rate rose from a low of about 8% in 2007 to more than 26% in 2013, but labor reforms prompted a modest reduction to 16.4% in 2017. High unemployment strained Spain's public finances, as spending on social benefits increased while tax revenues fell. Spain’s budget deficit peaked at 11.4% of GDP in 2010, but Spain gradually reduced the deficit to about 3.3% of GDP in 2017. Public debt has increased substantially – from 60.1% of GDP in 2010 to nearly 96.7% in 2017.Strong export growth helped bring Spain's current account into surplus in 2013 for the first time since 1986 and sustain Spain’s economic growth. Increasing labor productivity and an internal devaluation resulting from moderating labor costs and lower inflation have improved Spain’s export competitiveness and generated foreign investor interest in the economy, restoring FDI flows.In 2017, the Spanish Government’s minority status constrained its ability to implement controversial labor, pension, health care, tax, and education reforms. The European Commission expects the government to meet its 2017 budget deficit target and anticipates that expected economic growth in 2018 will help the government meet its deficit target. Spain’s borrowing costs are dramatically lower since their peak in mid-2012, and increased economic activity has generated a modest level of inflation, at 2% in 2017.

Exchange Rates

2013

0.7634

2014

0.7525

2015

0.9214

2016

0.903

2017

0.885

Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exports

2016

$280.5 billion

2017

$313.7 billion

Exports Commodities

machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, medicines, other consumer goods

Exports Partners

France 15.1%, Germany 11.3%, Italy 7.8%, Portugal 7.1%, UK 6.9%, US 4.4% (2017)

Fiscal Year

calendar year

GDP Composition By End Use

Exports Of Goods And Services

34.1% (2017 est.)

Government Consumption

18.5% (2017 est.)

Household Consumption

57.7% (2017 est.)

Imports Of Goods And Services

-31.4% (2017 est.)

Investment In Fixed Capital

20.6% (2017 est.)

Investment In Inventories

0.6% (2017 est.)

GDP Composition By Sector Of Origin

Agriculture

2.6% (2017 est.)

Industry

23.2% (2017 est.)

Services

74.2% (2017 est.)

GDP Official Exchange Rate

$1.314 trillion (2017 est.)

GDP Per Capita Ppp

2015

$36,100

2016

$37,200

2017

$38,400

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

2015

$1.674 trillion

2016

$1.727 trillion

2017

$1.778 trillion

GDP Real Growth Rate

2015

3.6%

2016

3.2%

2017

3%

Gross National Saving

2015

21.5% of GDP

2016

22.4% of GDP

2017

23% of GDP

Household Income Or Consumption By Percentage Share

Highest 10

24% (2011)

Lowest 10

2.5%

Imports

2016

$300.2 billion

2017

$338.6 billion

Imports Commodities

machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semi-finished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments

Imports Partners

Germany 14.2%, France 11.9%, China 6.9%, Italy 6.8%, Netherlands 5.1%, UK 4% (2017)

Industrial Production Growth Rate

4% (2017 est.)

Industries

textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

2016

-0.2%

2017

2%

Labor Force

22.75 million (2017 est.)

Labor Force By Occupation

Agriculture

4.2%

Industry

24%

Services

71.7% (2009)

Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares

31 December 2013

$1.117 trillion

31 December 2014

$992.9 billion

31 December 2015

$787.2 billion

Population Below Poverty Line

21.1% (2012 est.)

Public Debt

2016

99% of GDP

2017

98.4% of GDP

Reserves Of Foreign Exchange And Gold

31 December 2016

$63.14 billion

31 December 2017

$69.41 billion

Stock Of Broad Money

31 December 2016

$841.6 billion

31 December 2017

$1.088 trillion

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment Abroad

31 December 2016

$696.9 billion

31 December 2017

$776.8 billion

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment at Home

31 December 2016

$739.7 billion

31 December 2017

$824.8 billion

Stock Of Domestic Credit

31 December 2016

$2.21 trillion

31 December 2017

$2.491 trillion

Stock Of Narrow Money

31 December 2016

$841.6 billion

31 December 2017

$1.088 trillion

Taxes And Other Revenues

37.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment Rate

2016

19.6%

2017

17.2%

Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption Of Energy

286.7 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Exports

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Imports

1.325 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Production

1,700 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude Oil Proved Reserves

150 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity Access

100% (2016)

Electricity Consumption

239.5 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Exports

14.18 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity From Fossil Fuels

47% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity From Hydroelectric Plants

14% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Nuclear Fuels

7% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Other Renewable Sources

32% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity Imports

21.85 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Installed Generating Capacity

105.9 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity Production

258.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Natural Gas Consumption

31.27 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Exports

2.888 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Imports

34.63 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Production

36.81 million cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Proved Reserves

2.548 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Consumption

1.296 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Exports

562,400 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Imports

464,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Production

1.361 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

30 (2017 est.)

Total

14,473,888

Broadcast Media

a mixture of both publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; overall, hundreds of TV channels are available including national, regional, local, public, and international channels; satellite and cable TV systems available; multiple national radio networks, a large number of regional radio networks, and a larger number of local radio stations; overall, hundreds of radio stations (2019)

Internet Country Code

.es

Internet Users

Percent Of Population

80.6% (July 2016 est.)

Total

39,123,384

Telephone System

Domestic

fixed-line 42 per 100 and mobile-cellular 113 telephones per 100 persons (2018)

General Assessment

well-developed, modern facilities; one of the largest in Europe, average mobile penetration for Europe; effective competition with encouraging regulation; investment in 5G technologies and services; more than 60 percent of households have access to fiber to the home broadband connections (2018)

International

country code - 34; landing points for the MAREA, Tata TGN-Western Europe, Pencan-9, SAT-3/WASC, Canalink, Atlantis-2, Columbus -111, Estepona-Tetouan, FEA, Balalink, ORVAL and PENBAL-5 submarine cables providing connectivity to Europe, the Middle East, Africa, South America, Asia, Southeast Asia and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries (2019)

Telephones Fixed Lines

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

40 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

19,680,973

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

107 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

52,484,655

Airports

150 (2013)

Airports With Paved Runways

1 524 To 2 437 M

19 (2013)

2 438 To 3 047 M

14 (2013)

914 To 1 523 M

24 (2013)

Over 3 047 M

18 (2013)

Total

99 (2013)

Under 914 M

24 (2013)

Airports With Unpaved Runways

1 524 To 2 437 M

2 (2013)

914 To 1 523 M

13 (2013)

Total

51 (2013)

Under 914 M

36 (2013)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

EC (2016)

Heliports

10 (2013)

Merchant Marine

By Type

container ship 2, general cargo 17, oil tanker 12, other 88 (2019)

Total

119

National Air Transport System

Annual Freight Traffic On Registered Air Carriers

1,040,913,279 mt-km (2015)

Annual Passenger Traffic On Registered Air Carriers

60,809,228 (2015)

Inventory Of Registered Aircraft Operated By Air Carriers

414 (2015)

Number Of Registered Air Carriers

20 (2015)

Pipelines

10481 km gas, 358 km oil, 4378 km refined products (2017)

Ports And Terminals

Container Port's Teus

Algeciras (4,389,836), Barcelona (2,968,757), Valencia (4,832,156) (2017)

Lng Terminal's Import

Barcelona, Bilbao, Cartagena, Huelva, Mugardos, Sagunto

Major Seaport S

Algeciras, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cartagena, Huelva, Tarragona, Valencia (all in Spain); Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (in the Canary Islands)

Railways

Broad Gauge

11,333 km 1.668-m gauge (6,538 km electrified) (2017)

Narrow Gauge

1,207 km 1.000-m gauge (400 km electrified) (2017)

Standard Gauge

2,571 km 1.435-m gauge (2,571 km electrified) (2017)

Total

15,333 km (9,699 km electrified) (2017)

Roadways

Paved

683,175 km (includes 16,205 km of expressways) (2011)

Total

683,175 km (2011)

Waterways

1,000 km (2012)

Military And Security Forces

Spanish Armed Forces: Army (Ejercito de Tierra), Spanish Navy (Armada Espanola, AE, includes Marine Corps), Spanish Air Force (Ejercito del Aire Espanola, EdA) the Civil Guard (Guardia Civil) is a military force with police duties (including coast guard) under both the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence; it also responds to the needs of the Ministry of Finance (2019)

Military Expenditures

2015

0.92% of GDP

2016

0.81% of GDP

2017

0.9% of GDP

2018

0.92% of GDP

2019

0.92% of GDP

Military Service Age And Obligation

18-26 years of age for voluntary military service by a Spanish citizen or legal immigrant, 2-3 year obligation; women allowed to serve in all SAF branches, including combat units; no conscription, but Spanish Government retains right to mobilize citizens 19-25 years of age in a national emergency; mandatory retirement of non-NCO enlisted personnel at age 45 or 58, depending on service length (2013)

Disputes International

in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; after voters in the UK chose to leave the EU in a June 2016 referendum, Spain again proposed shared sovereignty of Gibraltar; UK officials rejected Spain’s joint sovereignty proposal; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; both countries claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island); Morocco serves as the primary launching site of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz

Illicit Drugs

despite rigorous law enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and other European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land large shipments of cocaine and hashish for distribution to the European market; consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish; destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin; money-laundering site for Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations and organized crime

Refugees And Internally Displaced Persons

Refugees Country Of Origin

13,765 (Syria), 10,555 (Ukraine) (2018) note - estimate represents asylum applicants since the beginning of the Ukraine crisis in 2014 to November 2018; 58,597 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay), 6,873 (Morocco) (2019)

Stateless Persons

2,455 (2018)

Terrorist Groups Home Based

aim(s): establish an independent Basque homeland in northern Spain and southwestern France based on Marxist principles area(s) of operation: headquartered in northern Spain, reportedly disarmed in 2017 (2018)