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San Marino

2025 Edition · 289 data fields

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Introduction

Background

Geographically the third-smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco), San Marino also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named MARINUS in A.D. 301. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of the EU, although it is not a member.  San Marino is negotiating an Association Agreement that is expected to allow participation in the EU’s internal market and cooperation in other policy areas by late 2024. Social and political trends in the republic track closely with those of its larger neighbor, Italy.

Geography

Area

Land: 61 sq km
Total: 61 sq km
Water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative

about one-third the size of Washington, D.C.

Climate

Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Continent

Europe

Elevation

Highest point: Monte Titano 739 m
Lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m

Geographic coordinates

43 46 N, 12 25 E

Geography - note

landlocked; an enclave of (completely surrounded by) Italy; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennine Mountains

Irrigated land

0 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

Border countries: Italy 37 km
number of neighbors: 1
Total: 37 km

Land use

Agricultural land: 38.3% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 33.1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 5.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
arable land: 33.08%
Forest: 16.7% (2023 est.)
Other: 45% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 5.25%

Landlocked

Yes

Location

Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy

Map links

Google Maps: https://goo.gl/maps/rxCVJjm8dVY93RPY8
OpenStreetMap: https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/54624

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

occasional earthquakes

Natural resources

building stone

Subregion

Southern Europe

Terrain

rugged mountains

Time zone

UTC+01:00
number of time zones: 1

People and Society

Age structure

0-14 years: 14.2% (male 2,614/female 2,387)
15-64 years: 64.3% (male 10,916/female 11,648)
65 years and over: 21.5% (2024 est.) (male 3,414/female 4,116)

Birth rate

9.04 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

8.9 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
adult female: 30 per 1,000
adult male: 37 per 1,000

Dependency ratios

Elderly dependency ratio: 34.3 (2025 est.)
Potential support ratio: 2.9 (2025 est.)
Total dependency ratio: 56.5 (2025 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 22.2 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved total: 100%
Improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 2.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 13% national budget (2023 est.)

Education expenditures

3 % of GDP

Ethnic groups

Sammarinese, Italian

Gross reproduction rate

0.74 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

7 % of GDP
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 29.5% of national budget (2022 est.)

Infant mortality rate

Female: 5 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births
neonatal: 1 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 6.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages: Italian
Major-language sample(s): L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
number of languages: 1

Life expectancy at birth

Female: 87 years
Male: 81.7 years
Total population: 84.2 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

Female: 99.9% (2022 est.)
Male: 99.9% (2022 est.)
Total population: 99.9% (2022 est.)

Major urban areas - population

4,000 SAN MARINO (2018)

Maternal mortality ratio

8 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

Female: 47.4 years
Male: 44.5 years
Total: 46.3 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

31.9 years (2019)

Nationality

Adjective: Sammarinese
Noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)

Net migration rate

5.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Physician density

4.63 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Population

Female: 18,256
Male: 17,035
Total: 35,291 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

0.55% (2025 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic

Sanitation facility access

improved total: 90.19%
Improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Female: 16 years (2015 est.)
Male: 15 years (2015 est.)
Total: 16 years (2015 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
At birth: 1.09 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.54 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Rate of urbanization: 0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Urban population: 97.8% of total population (2023)

Vaccination rate

measles: 85%

Government

Administrative divisions

9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, San Marino Citta, Serravalle

Capital

Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: named after Saint MARINUS, who founded a monastic settlement on Monte Titano in the early 4th century
Geographic coordinates: 43 56 N, 12 25 E
Name: San Marino (city)
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of San Marino
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 30 years

Coat of arms

svg: https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/sm.svg

Constitution

Amendment process: proposed by the Great and General Council; passage requires two-thirds majority Council vote; Council passage by absolute majority vote also requires passage in a referendum
History: San Marino’s principal legislative instruments consist of old customs (antiche consuetudini), the Statutory Laws of San Marino (Leges Statutae Sancti Marini), old statutes (antichi statute) from the1600s, Brief Notes on the Constitutional Order and Institutional Organs of the Republic of San Marino (Brevi Cenni sull’Ordinamento Costituzionale e gli Organi Istituzionali della Repubblica di San Marino) and successive legislation, chief among them is the Declaration of the Rights of Citizens and Fundamental Principles of the San Marino Legal Order (Dichiarazione dei Diritti dei Cittadini e dei Principi Fondamentali dell’Ordinamento Sammarinese), approved 8 July 1974

Country name

alternative spellings: SM, Republic of San Marino, Repubblica di San Marino
Conventional long form: Republic of San Marino
Conventional short form: San Marino
Etymology: named after Saint MARINUS, who founded a monastic settlement on Monte Titano in the early 4th century
FIFA code: SMR
Local long form: Repubblica di San Marino
local long form (ita): Repubblica di San Marino
Local short form: San Marino

Diplomatic representation from the US

Embassy: the United States does not have an Embassy in San Marino; the US Ambassador to Italy is accredited to San Marino, and the US Consulate General in Florence maintains day-to-day ties

Diplomatic representation in the US

Chancery: 327 E 50th Street, New York, NY 10022
Chief of mission: Ambassador Damiano BELEFFI (since 21 July 2017); note - also Permanent Representative to the UN
Email address and website: sanmarinoun@gmail.com Republic of San Marino Permanent Mission to the United Nations
FAX: [1] (212) 751-1436
Telephone: [1] (212) 751-1234

Executive branch

Cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Grand and General Council
Chief of state: co-chiefs of state Captains Regent Matteo ROSSI and Lorenzo BUGLI (for the period 1 October 2025 - 31 March 2026)
Election results: 2025: Denise BRONZETTI (Reformist Alliance) and Italo RIGHI (Christian Democrat) elected captains regent: percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA 2024: Francesca CIVERCHIA (PDCS) and Dalibor RICCARDI (Free San Marino) elected captains regent; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA 2019: Luca BECCARI (PDCS) elected Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA
Election/appointment process: co-chiefs of state (captains regent) indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 6-month term; Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 5-year term
Expected date of next election: co-chiefs of state: September 2025
Head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Luca BECCARI (since 8 January 2020)
Most recent election date: co-chiefs of state: 1 April 2025 secretary of state: 28 December 2019
Note: note: the captains regent preside over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which has seven other members who are selected by the Grand and General Council; assisting the captains regent are seven secretaries of state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has some prime ministerial roles

Flag

description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue, with the national coat of arms in the center; the main colors come from the shield on the coat of arms, which features three white towers on mountain peaks on a blue field; a wreath and a crown are around the shield, above a scroll with the word LIBERTAS (Liberty) meaning: the towers represent the Guaita, Cesta, and Montale castles on Mount Titano; white and blue are said to stand for peace and liberty

Flag description

The flag of San Marino is composed of two equal horizontal bands of white and light blue, with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center.

Flag image

svg: https://flagcdn.com/sm.svg

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

3 September 301 (traditional founding date)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

CE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO

Judicial branch

Highest court(s): Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII (consists of 12 members)
Judge selection and term of office: judges elected by the Grand and General Council from among its own to serve 5-year terms
Note: note: the College of Guarantors for the Constitutionality and General Norms functions as San Marino's constitutional court
Subordinate courts: first instance and first appeal criminal, administrative, and civil courts; Court for the Trust and Trustee Relations; justices of the peace or conciliatory judges

Legal system

civil law system with Italian civil law influences

Legislative branch

Electoral system: proportional representation
Expected date of next election: June 2029
Legislative structure: unicameral
Legislature name: Great and General Council (Consiglio grande e generale)
Most recent election date: 6/9/2024
Number of seats: 60 (all directly elected)
Parties elected and seats per party: Christian Democratic Party of San Marino (PDCS) (22); Free (Libera) – Socialist Party (PS) (10); Future Republic (RF) (8); Party of Socialists and Democrats (PSD) (8); Tomorrow - Motus Liberi (5); Reformist Alliance (AR) (4); R.E.T.E. Citizens' Movement (3)
Percentage of women in chamber: 35%
Scope of elections: full renewal
Term in office: 5 years

National color(s)

white, blue

National heritage

Selected World Heritage Site locales: San Marino Historic Center and Mount Titano
Total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)

National holiday

Founding of the Republic (or Feast of Saint Marinus), 3 September (A.D. 301)

National symbol(s)

three peaks, each displaying a tower

Political parties

Domani - Modus Liberi or DML Free San Marino (Libera San Marino) or Libera Future Republic or RF Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD Reformist Alliance or AR RETE Movement Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party or PDCS Socialist Party or PS Tomorrow in Movement coalition (includes RETE Movement, DML)

Start of week

Monday

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

UN Member

Yes

Economy

Agricultural products

wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef, cheese, hides

Budget

Expenditures: $816.886 million (2023 est.)
Note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues: $841.03 million (2023 est.)

Currency

code: EUR
name: euro (EUR) [€]

Current account balance

$445.85 million
Current account balance 2020: $42.98 million (2020 est.)
Current account balance 2021: $100.118 million (2021 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $284.256 million (2022 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Economic overview

high-income, non-EU European economy; surrounded by Italy, which is the dominant importer and exporter; open border to EU and a euro user; strong financial sector; high foreign investments; low taxation; increasingly high and risky debt

Exchange rates

Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 0.877 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.951 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Note: note: while not an EU member state, San Marino, due to its preexisting monetary and banking agreements with Italy, has a 2000 monetary agreement with the EU to produce limited euro coinage—but not banknotes—that began enforcement in January 2002 and was superseded by a new EU agreement in 2012

Exports

$3.77 billion
Exports 2020: $2.439 billion (2020 est.)
Exports 2021: $3.23 billion (2021 est.)
Exports 2022: $3.616 billion (2022 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

washing and bottling machines, other foods, packaged medicine, woodworking machines, aircraft (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

Germany 12%, Austria 10%, USA 9%, Romania 8%, Brazil 7% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Foreign direct investment

net inflows: $-18,112,874

GDP - composition, by end use

Exports of goods and services: 197.4% (2022 est.)
Government consumption: 17.1% (2022 est.)
Household consumption: 35.5% (2022 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -173% (2022 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 17.8% (2022 est.)
Investment in inventories: 5.2% (2022 est.)
Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

Agriculture: 0% (2022 est.)
Industry: 37.6% (2022 est.)
Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Services: 55.1% (2022 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.832 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP per capita (nominal)

$59,880

GNI (gross national income)

$1.85 billion

GNI per capita

$53,890

Gross domestic investment

17 % of GDP

Imports

$3.14 billion
Imports 2020: $2.232 billion (2020 est.)
Imports 2021: $2.94 billion (2021 est.)
Imports 2022: $3.169 billion (2022 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

garments, cars, electricity, animal food, footwear (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

Germany 24%, Italy 13%, Netherlands 9%, Spain 9%, Poland 8% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

10.7% (2022 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.24%
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 5.3% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 5.9% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 1.2% (2024 est.)
Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Public debt

100 % of GDP
Note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Public debt 2022: 103.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$2.67 billion
Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020: $1.947 billion (2020 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021: $2.218 billion (2021 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $2.393 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

0.4%
Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2020: -6.6% (2020 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2021: 13.9% (2021 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 7.9% (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita

$78,745
Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2020: $56,000 (2020 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2021: $64,700 (2021 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $70,900 (2022 est.)

Remittances

$21.04 million
Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2020: 1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)
Remittances 2021: 1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Remittances 2022: 1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$836.09 million
Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021: $954.383 million (2021 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $716.066 million (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $836.088 million (2023 est.)

Revenue (excl grants)

41 % of GDP

Tax revenue

17 % of GDP

Taxes and other revenues

17.8% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Energy

Electricity access

Electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Communications

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

per 100 inhabitants: 36 per 100
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36 (2022 est.)
Total: 12,000 (2022 est.)

Broadcast media

state-owned public broadcaster operates 1 TV station and 3 radio stations; receives radio and TV broadcasts from Italy (2019)

Internet country code

.sm

Internet users

Percent of population: 87% (2023 est.)

Postal code format

4789#

Telephone calling code

+378

Telephones - fixed lines

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2022 est.)
Total subscriptions: 16,000 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100: 120 per 100
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 120 (2022 est.)
Total subscriptions: 41,000 (2022 est.)

Transportation

Airports

1 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Driving side

Right

Vehicle registration code

RSM

Military and Security

Military - note

defense is the responsibility of Italy

Military and security forces

San Marino Military Corps (Corpi Militari Sammarinesi; aka Sammarinese Armed Forces or Forze Armate Sammarinesi): Fortress Guard Command (or Guard of the Rock), Uniformed Company of the Militias, Guard of the Great and General Council, Corps of the Gendarmerie Ministry of Internal Affairs: Civil Police Corps (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; government has the authority to call up all San Marino citizens from 16-60 years of age to serve in the military (2025)

Environment

Environmental issues

air pollution; urbanization decreasing rural farmlands; water shortage

International environmental agreements

Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution

Particulate matter emissions

9.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Waste and recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 17,200 tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 45.1% (2016 est.)