1981 Edition

Area

336,700 km2; 8% arable, 58% forested, 34% other

551,670 km2; 35% cultivated, 26% meadows and pastures, 14% waste, urban, or other, 25% forested

90,909 km2; 90% forested, 10% wasteland, built on, inland water and other, of which .05% is cultivated and pasture

Coastline

1,126 km (approx.) excludes islands and coastal indentations

3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644 km)

378 km

Land boundaries

2,534 km

2,888 km

1,183 km

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

4 nm; fishing 12 nm; Aland Islands, 3 nm

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm)

Ethnic divisions

homogeneous white population, small Lappish minority

45% Celtic; remainder Latin, Germanic, Slav, Basque

95% Negro or mulatto, 5% Caucasian, 10,000 East Indian, Chinese

Labor force

2.1 million; 11.7% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 26.1% mining and manufacturing, 7.0% construction, 14.3% commerce, 7.8% transportation and communications, 5.6% banking and finance, 25.5% services; 4.6% unemployed (1979 average)

20.5 million (September 1979); 47% services, 35% industry, 9% agriculture, 9% unemployed

17,012 (1967 census); services 49%, construction 21%, agriculture 18%, industry 8%, transportation 4%; information on unemployment unavailable

Language

Finnish 92%, Swedish 7%; small Lappand Russian-speaking minorities

French (100% of population); rapidly declining regional patois — Provencal, Breton, Germanic, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish

French

Literacy

99%

97%

73%

Nationality

noun — Finn(s); adjective — Finnish

noun — Frenchman (men); adjective — French

noun — French Guianese (sing., pi.); adjective— French Guiana

Organized labor

60% of labor force

approximately 17% of labor force, 23% of salaried labor force

7% of labor force

Population

4,816,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.4%

54,174,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.4%

69,000 (July 1982), annual growth rate 2.5%

Religion

93% Evangelical Lutheran, 1% Greek Orthodox, 1% other, 5% no affiliation

83% Catholic, 2% Protestant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North African workers), 13% unaffiliated

predominantly Roman Catholic

Branches

legislative authority rests jointly with President and parliament (Eduskunta); executive power vested in President and exercised through coalition Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, four superior courts, 193 lower courts

presidentially appointed Prime Minister heads Council of Ministers, which is formally responsible to National Assembly; bicameral legislature — National Assembly (491 members), Senate (304 members) restricted to a delaying action; judiciary independent in principle

executive: prefect appointed by Paris; legislative: popularly elected 16-member General Council and a Regional Council composed of members of the local General Council and of the locally elected deputy and senator to the French parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial system

Capital

Helsinki

Paris

Cayenne

Communists

43,000; an additional 65,000 persons belong to Peoples Democratic League; a further number of sympathizers, as indicated by 517,198 votes cast for Peoples Democratic League in 1979 elections

600,000 claimed; Communist voters, 4 million in 1981 elections

Communist party membership negligible

Elections

parliamentary, every four years (last in 1979); presidential, every six years (President Koivisto elected to six-year term in January 1982) Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Kalevi Sorsa; Center, Paavo Vayrynen; Peoples Democratic League (Communist front), Kalevi Kivisto; Conservative, Illka Suominen; Liberal, Jaakko Itala; Swedish Peoples Party, Par Stenback; Rural, Pekka Vennamo; Finnish People's Unity Party, Anssi Keski-Vahala; Finnish Communist Party, Aarne Saarinen; Finnish Christian League, Raino Westerholm; Constitutional Right, Georg Ehrnrooth Voting strength (1979 parliamentary election): 23.9% Social Democratic, 21.6% Conservative, 17.8% Peoples Democratic League, 17.4% Center, 4.8% Christian League, 4.6% Finnish Rural Party, 4.6% Swedish Peoples, 3.7% Liberal Peoples, 1.2% Constitutional Peoples, 0.3% Finnish Peoples Unity Party, 0.1% Socialist Workers Party

National Assembly — every five years, last election June 1981, direct universal suffrage, two ballots; Senate— indirect collegiate system for nine years, renewable by one-third every three years, last election September 1980; President, direct, universal suffrage every seven years, two ballots, last election May 1981 Political parties and leaders: majority coalition — Socialist Party (PS), Lionel Jospin; Communist Party (PCF), Georges Marchais; Left Radical Movement (MRG), RogerGerard Schwartzenberg; right opposition — Rally for the Republic (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques Chirac; Republicans (PR), Jacques Blanc; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Jean Lecanuet; Radical (RAD), Didier Bariani; Union for French Democracy (federation of PR, CDS, and RAD), Jean Lecanuet Voting strength (first ballot, 1981 election): diverse left, 2.05%; Communist, 16.17%; Socialist, 36.12%; left Radical 1.39%; RPR, 20.8%; UDF, 19.2%; diverse right, 2.8%; other 1.47%

General Council elections normally are held every five years; last election March 1978 Political parties and leaders: Guyanese Socialist Party (PSG), Raymond Tarcy (senator), Leopold Helder; Union of the Guyanese People (UPG), weak leftist party allied with, but also reported to have been absorbed by, the PSG; Rally for the Republic (RPR), Hector Rivierez

Government leader

President Francois MITTERRAND

Commissioner of the Republic Maxime GONZALVO

Government leaders

President Mauno KOIVISTO; Prime Minister Kalevi SORSA

Legal system

civil law system based on Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919; Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; legal education at Universities of Helsinki and Turku; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

civil law system with indigenous concepts; new constitution adopted 1958, amended concerning election of President in 1962; judicial review of administrative FRANCE (Continued) but not legislative acts; legal education at over 25 schools of law

French legal system; highest court is Court of Appeals based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana FRENCH GUIANA (Continued)

Member of

ADB, CEMA (special cooperation agreement), DAC, EC (free trade agreement), EFTA (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IFAD.IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG

ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECSC, EEC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, NATO (signatory), OAS (observer), OECD, South Pacific Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

National holiday

Independence Day, 6 December

National Day, 14 July

Official name

Republic of Finland

French Republic

Department of French Guiana

Other political or pressure groups

Communistcontrolled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail — CFDT) about 800,000 members est; Independent labor union (Force Ouvridre) about 1,000,000 members est.; Independent white collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000 members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Francais — CNPF or Patronat)

Political subdivisions

12 provinces; 443 communes, 78 towns

96 metropolitan departments, 21 regional economic districts

2 arrondissements, 19 communes each with a locally elected municipal council

Suffrage

universal, 18 years and over; not compulsory

universal over age 18; not compulsory

universal over age 18

Type

republic

republic, with President having wide powers

overseas department and region of France; represented by one deputy in French National Assembly and one senator in French Senate; Deputy Elie Castor, Senator Raymond Tarcy

Agriculture

animal husbandry, especially dairying, predominates; forestry important secondary occupation for rural population; main crops — cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient; shortages — food and fodder grains; caloric intake 2,940 calories per day per capita (1970-71)

Western Europe's foremost producer; main products — beef, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most temperate zone foodstuffs; food shortages — fats and oils, tropical produce; caloric intake, 3,270 calories per day per capita (1969-70)

main crops — rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas, sugarcane

Aid

donor — bilateral economic aid commitments (ODA), $290 million (1970-79)

donor — (1970-79) bilateral economic aid commitments (ODA and OOF), $24.5 billion

economic — bilateral commitments, ODA and OOF (FY70-79), from Western (non-US) countries, $700 million, no military aid

Budget

(1979) expenditures $10.88 billion, revenues $9.61 billion

(1979) expenditures 478 billion francs, revenues 443 billion francs, deficit 35 billion francs

Crude steel

2.3 million metric tons produced (1978), 480 kg per capita

23.4 million metric tons produced (1979), 440 kg per capita

Electric power

11,100,000 kW capacity (1980); 38.5 billion kWh produced (1980), 8,050 kWh per capita

74,913,000 kW capacity (1981); 300.150 billion kWh produced (1981), 5,589 kWh per capita

31,000 kW capacity (1981); 136 million kWh produced (1981), 1,705 kWh per capita

Exports

$14.1 billion (f.o.b., 1980); timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, iron and steel, clothing and footwear

$98 billion (f.o.b., 1979); principal items — machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing, chemicals

$7.2 million (1977); shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence

Fiscal year

calendar year

calendar year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 713,620 metric tons (1979); exports (includes shellfish, etc.) $243 million, imports $968 million (1979)

catch 1,142 metric tons (1977)

GNP

$40.3 billion (1980), $8,476 per capita; 57% consumption, 24% investment, 19% government; 3% net exports of goods and services; 1978 growth rate 7.2% (constant prices)

$535 billion (1979), $10,010 per capita; 63.5% private consumption, 21.2% investment (including government), 13.0% government consumption; 1979 real growth rate, 3.2%; average annual growth rate (1970-79), 3.7%

$100 million (at market prices, 1975), $800 per capita

Imports

$15.6 billion (c.i.f., 1980); foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics

$107 billion (c.i.f., 1979); principal items — crude petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel products, foodstuffs, agricultural products

$143.4 million (1977); food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, producer goods, and petroleum

Major industries

include metal manufacturing and shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), copper refining FRANCE FINLAND (Continued)

steel, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, food processing, metallurgy, aircraft, motor vehicles

timber, rum, gold mining, production of rosewood essence, and space center

Major trade partners

(1979) 38% EC-nine (12% West Germany, 11% UK); 17% USSR, 15% Sweden; 5% US

18% West Germany; 11% Italy; 9% Belgium-Luxembourg; 6% US; 7% Franc Zone; 7% UK; 6% Netherlands; 2% Eastern Europe; 2% USSR (1979)

exports — 78% US, 11% France, 5% Martinique; imports— 49% France, 10% US, 3% Trinidad and Tobago (1969)

Monetary conversion rate

Finnmark (Fim) 3.7301 = US$1 (1980 average, IMF)

1 franc= US$0. 2352 (1979 average)

4.21 French francs=US$l

Shortages

fossil fuels; industrial raw materials, except wood, and iron ore

crude oil, textile fibers, most nonferrous ores, coking coal, fats and oils

Airfields

173 total, 173 usable; 43 with permanentsurface runways; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

465 total, 448 usable; 237 with permanentsurface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 34 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 123 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

10 total, 10 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m

Civil air

40 major transport

313 major transport aircraft, including 18 leased in and 4 leased out

no major transport aircraft

Highways

about 73,552 km total in national classified network, including 31,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, bituminous-treated surface) and 42,552 km unpaved (stabilized gravel, gravel, earth); additional 29,440 km of private (state subsidized) roads

1,542,400 km total; 27,500 km national highway; 340,000 km departmental highway; 420,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 4,900 km of controlled-access divided "autoroutes"; approx. 861,000 km have bituminous-treated surface or better

820 km total; 570 km paved, 250 km improved and unimproved earth

Inland waterways

6,597 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers

14,912 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled

460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal steamers; 3,300 km possibly navigable by native craft

Military budget

proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $750 million; about 5.3% of proposed central government budget Allan, Ocean

proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $22.4 billion; about 18.3% of proposed central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 1,289,000; 1,092,000 fit for military service; 36,000 reach military age (17) annually

males 15-49, 13,620,000; fit for military service 11,549,000; 428,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 14,000; 9,000 fit for military service

Pipelines

natural gas, 161 km

crude oil, 2,253 km; refined products, 4,344 km; natural gas, 22,532 km FRENCH GUIANA FRANCE (Continued)

Ports

11 major, 14 minor

24 major, 20 secondary, 24 minor

1 major (Cayenne), 7 minor

Railroads

6,038 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total 6,010 km 1.524-meter gauge, 477 km multiple track, and 608 km electrified; 22 km 0.750meter gauge and 6 km 1.524-meter gauge are privately owned

36,775 km total; French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,520 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 10,079 km electrified, 15,630 km double or multiple track; 2,255 km of various gauges (1.000 m to 1.440 m), privately owned and operated

32 km private plantation line, 0.600-meter gauge

Telecommunications

good telecom service from cable and radio-relay network; 2.24 million telephones (47.0 per 100 popl.); 15 AM, 87 FM, and 143 TV stations; 3 submarine cables DEFENSE FORCES

highly developed system provides satisfactory telephone, telegraph, and radio and TV broadcast services; 22.2 million telephones (41.5 per 100 popl.); 55 AM, 423 FM, and 5,676 TV stations; 25 submarine coaxial cables; 2 communication satellite ground stations with total of 6 antennas DEFENSE FORCES

limited open-wire and radio-relay system with about 13,700 telephones (22.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES