2025 Edition Primary

Edition Builder

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Countries

267

Data Records

89,153

Romania

2025 Edition · 451 data fields

View Current Profile

Introduction

Background

The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their autonomy through the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country joined the Allied Powers in World War I and subsequently acquired new territories -- most notably Transylvania -- that more than doubled its size. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004, the EU in 2007, and the Schengen Area for air and sea travel in 2024.

Geography

Area

Land: 229,891 sq km
Total: 238,391 sq km
Water: 8,500 sq km

Area - comparative

twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon

Climate

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Coastline

225 km

Continent

Europe

Elevation

Highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
Lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 414 m

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N, 25 00 E

Geography - note

controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, and the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria

Irrigated land

5,280 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

Border countries: Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km
number of neighbors: 5
Total: 2,844 km

Land use

Agricultural land: 55.3% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 36.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.)
arable land: 36.54%
Forest: 30.2% (2023 est.)
Other: 14.5% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 1.76%

Landlocked

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Major rivers (by length in km)

Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Map links

Google Maps: https://goo.gl/maps/845hAgCf1mDkN3vr7
OpenStreetMap: https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/90689

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural hazards

earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Natural resources

petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Population distribution

urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Subregion

Southeast Europe

Terrain

central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Time zone

UTC+02:00
number of time zones: 1

People and Society

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304)
15-64 years: 62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718)
65 years and over: 22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338)

Alcohol consumption per capita

Beer: 5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

8.45 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Child marriage

Women married by age 15: 0.5% (2021)
Women married by age 18: 6.9% (2021)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

56% (2021 est.)

Death rate

14.28 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
adult female: 73 per 1,000
adult male: 180 per 1,000

Dependency ratios

Elderly dependency ratio: 36.4 (2024 est.)
Potential support ratio: 2.7 (2024 est.)
Total dependency ratio: 61.3 (2024 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 24.9 (2024 est.)

Drinking water source

improved total: 82.18%
Improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 3.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 8.8% national budget (2022 est.)

Education expenditures

3 % of GDP

Ethnic groups

Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)
note: note: data represent individuals who declared an ethnic group in the 2021 national census; 13% did not respond; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population

Gross reproduction rate

0.79 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

6 % of GDP
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 6.5% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11.2% of national budget (2022 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.1%

Hospital bed density

7.1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

Female: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births
neonatal: 3 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages: Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)
Major-language sample(s): Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Note: note: data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond
number of languages: 1

Life expectancy at birth

Female: 80.5 years
Male: 73.4 years
Total population: 76.9 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

Female: 99.3% (2021 est.)
Male: 99% (2021 est.)
Total population: 99.2% (2021 est.)

Major urban areas - population

1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

Female: 46.9 years
Male: 44 years
Total: 45.8 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

27.1 years (2020 est.)

Nationality

Adjective: Romanian
Noun: Romanian(s)

Net migration rate

-2.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.5% (2016)

Physician density

3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Population

Female: 9,400,360
Male: 8,747,795
Total: 18,148,155 (2024 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.86% (2025 est.)

Religions

Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.)
note: note: data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond

Sanitation facility access

improved total: 89.8%
Improved: rural: rural: 77.9% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 88.5% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 97.5% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 22.1% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 11.5% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Female: 14 years (2023 est.)
Male: 13 years (2023 est.)
Total: 14 years (2023 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

Female: 17.9% (2025 est.)
Male: 36.2% (2025 est.)
Total: 26.7% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.63 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023)

Vaccination rate

measles: 78%

Government

Administrative divisions

41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

Capital

Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the name is said to come from a shepherd named Bucur who is reputed to have founded the town in 1457, but a settlement probably already existed on the site; the name may come from the personal name of an early landowner
Geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E
Name: Bucharest
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Coat of arms

svg: https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/ro.svg

Constitution

Amendment process: initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended
History: several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991

Country name

alternative spellings: RO, Rumania, Roumania, România
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Romania
Etymology: the name derives from the Latin Romani, meaning "people from Rome;" the area was an outpost of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century A.D., and the current name was adopted when Moldavia and Wallachia merged in 1861
FIFA code: ROU
Former: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania
Local long form: none
local long form (ron): România
Local short form: Romania

Diplomatic representation from the US

Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Michael L. DICKERSON (since 20 May 2025)
Email address and website: ACSBucharest@state.gov https://ro.usembassy.gov/
Embassy: 4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118
FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442
Mailing address: 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC  20521-5260
Telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300

Diplomatic representation in the US

Chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
Chief of mission: Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)
Consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
Email address and website: washington@mae.ro https://washington.mae.ro/en
FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748
Telephone: [1] (202) 332-4829

Executive branch

Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
Chief of state: President Nicușor DAN (since 26 May 2025)
Election results: 2025: Nicușor DAN elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Nicușor DAN (unaffiliated) 53.6%, George SIMION (AUR) 46.4% 2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%
Election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament
Expected date of next election: 2030
Head of government: Prime Minister Ilie BOLOJAN (since 23 June 2005)
Most recent election date: 18 May 2025
Note: note: the prime ministerial position will be rotated in 2027 from BOLOJAN to another coalition party member as part of a power-sharing agreement

Flag

description: three equal vertical bands of blue (left side), yellow, and red meaning: the colors come from the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania history: modeled on the French flag; the national coat of arms that used to be centered on the yellow band has been removed
note: note: similar to the flag of Chad, which has a darker blue band; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

Flag description

The flag of Romania is composed of three equal vertical bands of navy blue, yellow and red.

Flag image

svg: https://flagcdn.com/ro.svg

Government type

semi-presidential republic

Independence

9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA,UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

Highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
Judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

Legislative structure: bicameral
Legislature name: Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României)

Legislative branch - lower chamber

Chamber name: Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor)
Electoral system: proportional representation
Expected date of next election: November 2028
Most recent election date: 12/1/2024
Number of seats: 331 (all directly elected)
Parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (86); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (63); National Liberal Party (PNL) (49); Save Romania Union (USR) (40); S.O.S. Romania (28); Party of Young People (POT) (24); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (22)
Percentage of women in chamber: 22.4%
Scope of elections: full renewal
Term in office: 4 years

Legislative branch - upper chamber

Chamber name: Senate (Senatul)
Electoral system: proportional representation
Expected date of next election: November 2028
Most recent election date: 12/1/2024
Number of seats: 136 (all directly elected)
Parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (36); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (28); National Liberal Party (PNL) (22); Save Romania Union (USR) (19); S.O.S. Romania (12); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (10); Party of Young People (POT) (7)
Percentage of women in chamber: 20.9%
Scope of elections: full renewal
Term in office: 4 years

National color(s)

blue, yellow, red

National heritage

Selected World Heritage Site locales: Danube Delta (n); Churches of Moldavia (c); Monastery of Horezu (c); Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c); Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c); Historic Center of Sighişoara (c); Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c); Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia (c)
Total World Heritage Sites: 11 (9 cultural, 2 natural)

National holiday

Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

National symbol(s)

golden eagle

Political parties

Alliance for the Fatherland or APP Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD Civic Hungarian Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR Ecologist Party of Romania or PER Force of the Right or FD Greater Romania Party or PRM Green Party National Liberal Party or PNL Popular Movement Party or PMP PRO Romania or PRO Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR Save Romania Union Party or USR Social Democratic Party or PSD Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL) S.O.S. Romania The Right Alternative or AD United Romania Party or PRU We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER

Start of week

Monday

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

UN Member

Yes

Economy

Agricultural products

wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, grapes, plums, apples (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Average household expenditures

On alcohol and tobacco: 6.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
On food: 25.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget

Expenditures: $112.799 billion (2022 est.)
Note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues: $93.691 billion (2022 est.)

Currency

code: RON
name: Romanian leu (RON) [lei]

Current account balance

$-31,207,506,064
Current account balance 2022: -$27.326 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$24.461 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024: -$31.988 billion (2024 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Economic overview

high-income, EU-member economy; euro membership delayed over macroeconomic indicators; persistent inflation, but consumption and EU-funded investments driving recovery; skilled labor shortage; high public debt and budget deficit; challenges include fiscal sustainability and political instability

Exchange rates

Currency: lei (RON) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 4.244 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 4.16 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 4.688 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 4.574 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 4.598 (2024 est.)

Exports

$136.2 billion
Exports 2022: $129.286 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $136.488 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024: $136.253 billion (2024 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

cars, vehicle parts/accessories, insulated wire, garments, wheat (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

Germany 19%, Italy 10%, France 6%, UK 5%, Hungary 4% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Foreign direct investment

net inflows: $7.16 billion

GDP - composition, by end use

Exports of goods and services: 35.6% (2024 est.)
Government consumption: 18.3% (2024 est.)
Household consumption: 63.5% (2024 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -41.7% (2024 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 25.7% (2024 est.)
Investment in inventories: -1.4% (2024 est.)
Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

Agriculture: 3.3% (2024 est.)
Industry: 25% (2024 est.)
Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Services: 62.5% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$382.768 billion (2024 est.)
note: note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP per capita (nominal)

$20,080

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

35.8 (2018)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 32.3 (2022 est.)
Note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

GNI (gross national income)

$373.57 billion

GNI per capita

$17,600

Gross domestic investment

25 % of GDP

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Highest 10%: 22.6% (2022 est.)
Lowest 10%: 1.9% (2022 est.)
Note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports

$159.19 billion
Imports 2022: $149.209 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $153.427 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024: $159.575 billion (2024 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

Germany 19%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, Poland 6%, China 6% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

-0.9% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.72%
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 13.8% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 10.4% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 5.7% (2024 est.)
Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

8.263 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
total: 8.21 million persons

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 10.95%
industry: 32.57%
services: 56.48%

Population below poverty line

21.1% (2022 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt

Note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Public debt 2022: 50.9% of GDP (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$935 billion
Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $750.091 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $768.126 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $774.376 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

0.92%
Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 4% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 2.4% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: 0.8% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

$49,077
Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $39,400 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $40,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $40,600 (2024 est.)

Remittances

$9.53 billion
Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2022: 3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024: 2.5% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$73.39 billion
Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $55.81 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $73 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $73.391 billion (2024 est.)

Revenue (excl grants)

32 % of GDP

Tax revenue

16 % of GDP

Taxes and other revenues

16.2% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Unemployment rate

5.99%
Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022: 5.7% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 5.6% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024: 5.4% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

Female: 21.8% (2024 est.)
Male: 21.1% (2024 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 21.3% (2024 est.)

Energy

Coal

Consumption: 15.533 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Exports: 290,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports: 736,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Production: 14.752 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 291 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

Consumption: 48.73 billion kWh (2023 est.)
consumption per capita: 2,585 kWh
Exports: 13.106 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 10.088 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 19.748 million kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 5.817 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

Electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

Biomass and waste: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Fossil fuels: 32.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectric: 32.16%
Hydroelectricity: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear: 18% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
renewable: 44.86%
Solar: 3.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Wind: 13% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

1,601 kg of oil equivalent
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 59.377 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

Consumption: 9.395 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Exports: 2.231 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Imports: 2.793 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Production: 9.632 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Nuclear energy

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.3GW (2025 est.)
Number of operational nuclear reactors: 2 (2025)
Percent of total electricity production: 18.9% (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Crude oil estimated reserves: 600 million barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 220,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Total petroleum production: 67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Renewable energy consumption

23.6%

Communications

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

per 100 inhabitants: 35 per 100
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2023 est.)
Total: 6.63 million (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

a mixture of public and private TV stations; 7 public (2 national, 5 regional) and 187 private TV stations using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; 502 private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting, and 26 using satellite broadcasting

Internet country code

.ro

Internet users

Percent of population: 89% (2023 est.)

Postal code format

######

Telephone calling code

+40

Telephones - fixed lines

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2023 est.)
Total subscriptions: 1.96 million (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100: 123 per 100
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)
Total subscriptions: 23.2 million (2022 est.)

Transportation

Air transport

passengers carried: 2.81 million passengers
registered carrier departures: 32,354 departures

Airports

103 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Driving side

Right

Heliports

24 (2025)

Merchant marine

By type: general cargo 9, oil tanker 7, other 111
Total: 127 (2023)

Ports

Key ports: Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea
Large: 0
Medium: 2
Ports with oil terminals: 4
Small: 1
Total ports: 11 (2024)
Very small: 8

Railways

Total: 10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified

Vehicle registration code

Military and Security

Land forces

armored vehicles
tanks

Military - note

the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling the country's commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including Russian aggression against Ukraine, Russia's activities in the Black Sea and in Moldova, cyber attacks, hybrid threats, and terrorism; a key focus for the military is equipment modernization Romania joined NATO in 2004, and its membership forms a key pillar of the country’s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains with NATO and its member states and has participated in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland; it also participates in UN peacekeeping missions (2025)

Military and security forces

Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Române or Armata Română): Romanian Land Forces, Romanian Naval Forces, Romanian Air Force Ministry of Internal Affairs: Romanian Police, Romanian Gendarmerie, Romanian Border Police (2025)
active duty personnel: 128,000
percent of total labor force: 1.52 %

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 70,000 active Armed Forces (2025)
note: note: in 2025, the Romanian Government announced plans to increase the size of the Armed Forces by 35,000 personnel by 2030

Military deployments

470 Bosnia Herzegovina (EUFOR); 200 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO); up to 120 Poland (NATO); Romania also has small numbers of military personnel deployed on other international missions under the EU, NATO, and UN (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory includes a considerable amount of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Romania has launched an effort to acquire more modern and NATO-standard equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2025)

Military expenditures

2 % of GDP
current USD: $8,715,729,594
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 2.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2025: 2.3% of GDP (2025 est.)
percent of central government expenditure: 5.85 %
percent of GDP: 2.30 % of GDP

Military service age and obligation

typically 18-35 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; compulsory service ended in 2007 (2025)
note: note: in 2025, the Romanian Government approved a voluntary service plan for citizens aged 18 to 35 to apply for a four-month basic military training programme, open to both men and women who have not completed active military service or not already in reserve; participants would subsequently be registered as reservists

Military strength ranking

PowerIndex score: 0.9558

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Refugees: 184,991 (2024 est.)
Stateless persons: 297 (2024 est.)

Space

Key space-program milestones

1967-1968 - began participating in Soviet Intercosmos program and established the Romanian Commission for Space Activities to coordinate national space activities 1981 - first Romanian in space on Soviet spacecraft 2010 - domestically developed commercial rocket launched to an altitude of 40,000 m (24.9 mi) 2012 - first domestically produced scientific/experimental microsatellite (Goliat) launched (failed to operate) 2022 - joined US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration 2023 - digital amateur-radio-repeater microsatellite (ROM-2) launched on US commercial rocket

Space agency/agencies

Romanian Space Agency (Agentia Spatiala Romania, ROSA; established 1991) (2025)

Space program overview

develops and produces a range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite launch vehicles, remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, and telecommunications; program is integrated into the ESA; participates in EU and international space programs; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US; also works bilaterally with ESA member states, particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy; has an active space-industry sector with over 50 entities (2025)

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Environment

Carbon dioxide emissions

From coal and metallurgical coke: 13.07 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 17.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 30.902 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Total emissions: 61.416 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

Geoparks

Global geoparks and regional networks: Buzău; Haţeg (2023)
Total global geoparks and regional networks: 2

International environmental agreements

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Methane emissions

Agriculture: 355.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Energy: 325.6 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Other: 11.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste: 247.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

14.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Protected areas

24 % of total land area

Renewable electricity output

15 % of total

Total renewable water resources

212.01 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

19 % of internal resources
Agricultural: 2.955 billion cubic meters (2022)
Industrial: 3.94 billion cubic meters (2022)
Municipal: 1.256 billion cubic meters (2022)

Waste and recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 5.42 million tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13% (2022 est.)