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Niger

2025 Edition · 405 data fields

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Introduction

Background

Nomadic peoples from the Saharan north and agriculturalists from the south settled present-day Niger. The Taureg kingdom of Takedda was one of the largest kingdoms in the north and played a prominent role in regional trade in the 14th century. In the south, the primary ethnic groups were the Songhai-Zarma in the west, the Hausa in the center, and the Kanuri in the east. When European colonizers arrived in the 19th century, the region was an assemblage of disparate local kingdoms. In the late 19th century, the British and French agreed to partition the middle regions of the Niger River, and France began its conquest of what would become the colony of Niger. France experienced determined local resistance -- particularly during the Tuareg uprising (1916-1917) -- but established a colonial administration in 1922. After achieving independence from France in 1960, Niger experienced single-party or military rule until 1991, when political pressure forced General Ali SAIBOU to allow multiparty elections. Political infighting and democratic backsliding led to coups in 1996 and 1999. In 1999, military officers restored democratic rule and held elections that brought Mamadou TANDJA to power. TANDJA was reelected in 2004 and spearheaded a 2009 constitutional amendment allowing him to extend his presidential term. In 2010, military officers led another coup that deposed TANDJA. ISSOUFOU Mahamadou was elected in 2011 and reelected in 2016. In 2021, BAZOUM Mohamed won the presidential election, marking Niger’s first transition from one democratically elected president to another. Nonetheless, a military junta led by General Abdourahamane TIANI once again seized power in July 2023, detaining President BAZOUM and announcing the creation of a National Council for the Safeguarding of the Homeland (CNSP). Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with minimal government services and insufficient funds to develop its resource base. It is ranked fourth to last in the world on the UN Development Program's Human Development Index of 2023/2024. The largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa. The Nigerien Government continues its attempts to diversify the economy through increased oil production and mining projects. In addition, Niger is facing increased security concerns on its borders from various external threats including insecurity in Libya, spillover from the conflict and terrorism in Mali, and violent extremism in northeastern Nigeria.

Geography

Area

Land: 1,266,700 sq km
Total: 1.267 million sq km
Water: 300 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Climate

desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Continent

Africa

Elevation

Highest point: Idoukal-n-Taghes 2,022 m
Lowest point: Niger River 200 m
Mean elevation: 474 m

Geographic coordinates

16 00 N, 8 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; one of the hottest countries in the world; northern four-fifths is desert, southern one-fifth is savanna that is suitable for livestock and limited agriculture

Irrigated land

2,881 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

Border countries: Algeria 951 km; Benin 277 km; Burkina Faso 622 km; Chad 1,196 km; Libya 342 km; Mali 838 km; Nigeria 1,608 km
number of neighbors: 7
Total: 5,834 km

Land use

Agricultural land: 36.8% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 14% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 22.7% (2023 est.)
arable land: 13.97%
Forest: 0.8% (2023 est.)
Other: 62.4% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 0.09%

Landlocked

Yes

Location

Western Africa, southeast of Algeria

Major aquifers

Lake Chad Basin, Lullemeden-Irhazer Basin, Murzuk-Djado Basin

Major lakes (area sq km)

Fresh water lake(s): Lake Chad (endorheic lake shared with Chad, Nigeria, and Cameroon) - 10,360-25,900 sq km note - area varies by season and year to year

Major rivers (by length in km)

Niger (shared with Guinea [s], Mali, Benin, and Nigeria [m]) - 4,200 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)

Map links

Google Maps: https://goo.gl/maps/VKNU2TLsZcgxM49c8
OpenStreetMap: https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192786

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

recurring droughts

Natural resources

uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum, salt, petroleum

Population distribution

majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin, as shown in this population distribution map

Subregion

Western Africa

Terrain

predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; hills in north

Time zone

UTC+01:00
number of time zones: 1

People and Society

Age structure

0-14 years: 49.5% (male 6,567,460/female 6,463,877)
15-64 years: 47.8% (male 6,146,355/female 6,451,574)
65 years and over: 2.7% (2024 est.) (male 342,388/female 371,130)

Alcohol consumption per capita

Beer: 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 0.11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

46.29 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Children under 5 years underweight

47.7%

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

34.6% (2022 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

81.3% (2021 est.)

Death rate

9.24 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
adult female: 186 per 1,000
adult male: 224 per 1,000

Dependency ratios

Elderly dependency ratio: 5.7 (2025 est.)
Potential support ratio: 17.7 (2025 est.)
Total dependency ratio: 108.2 (2025 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 102.6 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

Improved: rural: rural: 40.9% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 48.9% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 88.3% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 59.1% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 51.1% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 11.7% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 4.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 12.8% national budget (2023 est.)

Education expenditures

4 % of GDP

Ethnic groups

Hausa 53.1%, Zarma/Songhai 21.2%, Tuareg 11%, Fulani (Peuhl) 6.5%, Kanuri 5.9%, Gurma 0.8%, Arab 0.4%, Tubu 0.4%, other/unavailable 0.9% (2006 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

3.23 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

4 % of GDP
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 5.8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 7.1% of national budget (2022 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.1%

Hospital bed density

0.3 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

Female: 59.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 69.2 deaths/1,000 live births
neonatal: 34 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 63 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Hausa, Zarma, French (official), Fufulde, Tamashek, Kanuri, Gurmancema, Tagdal
languages: French
note: note: represents the most-spoken languages; Niger has 10 national languages: Arabic, Buduma, Fulfuldé, Guimancema, Hausa, Kanuri, Sonay-Zarma, Tamajaq, Tassawaq, and Tubu
number of languages: 1

Life expectancy at birth

Female: 62.5 years
Male: 59.3 years
Total population: 60.9 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

Female: 25.7% (2022 est.)
Male: 47.9% (2022 est.)
Total population: 35.6% (2022 est.)

Major urban areas - population

1.437 million NIAMEY (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

350 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

Female: 15.6 years
Male: 14.9 years
Total: 15.3 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

18.5 years (2012 est.)
note: note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49

Nationality

Adjective: Nigerien
Noun: Nigerien(s)

Net migration rate

-0.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

5.5% (2016)

Physician density

0.04 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Population

Female: 13,779,926
Male: 13,542,629
Total: 27,322,555 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

3.65% (2025 est.)

Religions

Muslim 95.5%, ethnic religionist 4.1%, Christian 0.3%, agnostics and other 0.1% (2020 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved total: 9.15%
Improved: rural: rural: 15.2% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 26.4% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 81.9% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 84.8% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 73.6% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 18.1% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Female: 6 years (2017 est.)
Male: 7 years (2017 est.)
Total: 6 years (2017 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female
At birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

Female: 1.2% (2025 est.)
Male: 13.7% (2025 est.)
Total: 7.5% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

6.55 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Rate of urbanization: 4.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Urban population: 17.1% of total population (2023)

Vaccination rate

measles: 81%

Government

Administrative divisions

7 regions (régions, singular - région) and 1 capital district* (communauté urbaine); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey*, Tahoua, Tillaberi, Zinder

Capital

Etymology: the origin of the name is unclear; one of many stories says that an African chief told his seven slaves "Wa niammane," meaning "stay here," and the name was later shortened to its present form
Geographic coordinates: 13 31 N, 2 07 E
Name: Niamey
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Niger
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: unknown

Coat of arms

svg: https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/ne.svg

Constitution

Amendment process: formerly proposed by the president of the republic or the National Assembly; consideration of amendments requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires at least four-fifths majority vote; if disapproved, the proposed amendment is dropped or submitted to a referendum; constitutional articles on the form of government, the multiparty system, the separation of state and religion, disqualification of Assembly members, amendment procedures, and amnesty of participants in the 2010 coup cannot be amended
History: several previous; passed by referendum 31 October 2010, entered into force 25 November 2010
Note: note: on 26 July 2023, the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland, a military junta which took control of Niger's government, dissolved the country's constitution

Country name

alternative spellings: NE, Nijar
Conventional long form: Republic of Niger
Conventional short form: Niger
Etymology: named for the Niger River that passes through the southwest of the country; the name of the river probably comes from the local Tuareg name, egereou n-igereouen (big rivers)
FIFA code: NIG
Local long form: République du Niger
local long form (fra): République du Niger
Local short form: Niger
Note: note: pronounced nee-ZHAIR

Diplomatic representation from the US

Chief of mission: Ambassador Kathleen FITZGIBBON (since 2 December 2023)
Email address and website: consulateniamey@state.gov https://ne.usembassy.gov/
Embassy: BP 11201, Niamey
FAX: [227] 20-73-55-60
Mailing address: 2420 Niamey Place, Washington DC  20521-2420
Telephone: [227] 20-72-26-61

Diplomatic representation in the US

Chancery: 2204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Hassane IDI (since 3 August 2023)
Email address and website: communication@embassyofniger.org http://www.embassyofniger.org/
FAX: [1] (202) 483-3169
Telephone: [1] (202) 483-4224

Executive branch

Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the CNSP
Chief of state: President of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland (CNSP) General Abdourahame TIANI (since 28 July 2023)
Election results: 2020/2021: Mohamed BAZOUM elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Mohamed BAZOUM (PNDS-Tarrayya) 39.3%, Mahamane OUSMANE (MODEN/FA Lumana Africa) 17%, Seini OUMAROU (MNSD-Nassara) 9%, Albade ABOUDA (MPR-Jamhuriya) 7.1%, other 27.6%; percent of vote in second round - Mohamed BAZOUM 55.7%, Mahamane OUSMANE 44.3%
Election/appointment process: the CNSP rules by decree; previously, the president was directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister was appointed by the president, authorized by the National Assembly
Expected date of next election: 2030
Head of government: CNSP Prime Minister Ali Mahaman Lamine ZEINE (since 9 August 2023)
Most recent election date: 27 December 2020, with a runoff held on 21 February 2021
Note: note 1: deposed president Mohamed BAZOUM has been under house arrest since a military coup on 26 July 2023 note 2: on 26 March 2025, the CNSP leader TIANI issued a decree promulgating the Charter of the Refoundation and was sworn in as the country’s president for a transition period of five years

Flag

description: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green, with an orange disk centered on the white band meaning: orange stands for the northern Sahara regions, white for purity and innocence, and green for hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the people's sacrifices
note: note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered on the white band

Flag description

The flag of Niger features three equal horizontal bands of orange, white and green, with an orange circle centered in the white band.

Flag image

svg: https://flagcdn.com/ne.svg

Government type

formerly, semi-presidential republic
note: Note: on 26 July 2023, the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland, a military junta which took control of Niger's government, dissolved all government institutions, and rules by decree

Independence

3 August 1960 (from France)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU (suspended), CD, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LCBC, MIGA, MINUSCA, MNJTF, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Highest court(s): High Court of Justice (consists of 7 members); Supreme Court (membership NA); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: High Judicial Court members selected from among the legislature and judiciary to 5-year terms; Constitutional Court judges nominated/elected - 1 by the president of the Republic, 1 by the president of the National Assembly, 2 by peer judges, 2 by peer lawyers, 1 law professor by peers, and 1 from within Nigerien society; all appointed by the president; judges serve 6-year nonrenewable terms with one-third of membership renewed every 2 years
Subordinate courts: Court of Cassation; Council of State; Court of Finances; various specialized tribunals and customary courts

Legal system

note: following the 26 July 2023 military coup, the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland assumed control of all government institutions and rules by decree; formerly, mixed system of civil law, based on French civil law, Islamic law, and customary law

Legislative branch

Electoral system: mixed system
Expected date of next election: April 2030
Legislative structure: unicameral
Legislature name: Advisory Council for the Refoundation (Conseil consultatif de la refondation)
Most recent election date: 5/1/2025
Note: note 1: on 26 July 2023, the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland, a military junta which took control of Niger's government, dissolved the National Assembly; a commission recommended to the junta in February 2025 a minimum of a five-year transition to democratic rule note 2: In May 2025, Transitional President Tiani signed decrees nominating 194 members of the Advisory Council for the Refoundation (Conseil consultatif de la refondation or CCR), CCR Bureau members, and the Speaker, Mamoudou Harouna Djingarey; the first session of the CCR convened on 28 June 2025
Number of seats: 194 (all appointed)
Percentage of women in chamber: 19.6%
Scope of elections: full renewal

National color(s)

orange, white, green

National heritage

Selected World Heritage Site locales: Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves (n); W-Arly-Pendjari Complex (n); Historic Agadez (c)
Total World Heritage Sites: 3 (1 cultural, 2 natural)

National holiday

Republic Day, 18 December (1958)
note: note: commemorates the founding of the Republic of Niger, which predated independence from France in 1960

National symbol(s)

zebu

Political parties

Alliance for Democracy and the Republic Alliance for Democratic Renewal or ARD-Adaltchi-Mutuntchi Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci Democratic Alternation for Equity in Niger Democratic and Republican Renewal-RDR-Tchanji Democratic Movement for the Emergence of Niger Falala Democratic Patriots' Rally or RPD Bazara National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa Nigerien Rally for Democracy and Peace Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya Peace, Justice, Progress–Generation Doubara Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a Rally for Peace and Progress or RPP Farilla Social Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira
note: note: after the 26 July 2023 military coup, the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland dissolved the National Assembly and prohibited all political party activity

Start of week

Monday

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

UN Member

Yes

Economy

Agricultural products

millet, cowpeas, sorghum, onions, milk, sugarcane, cabbages, cassava, groundnuts, tomatoes (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Budget

Expenditures: $2.785 billion (2019 est.)
Revenues: $2.325 billion (2019 est.)

Currency

code: XOF
name: West African CFA franc (XOF) [Fr]

Current account balance

$-2,332,754,444
Current account balance 2021: -$2.099 billion (2021 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$2.5 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$2.333 billion (2023 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

$5.31 billion
Debt - external 2023: $3.793 billion (2023 est.)
Note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Economic overview

low-income Sahel economy; major instability and humanitarian crises limit economic activity; COVID-19 eliminated recent antipoverty gains; economy rebounding since December 2020 Nigerian border reopening and new investments; uranium resource rich

Exchange rates

Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 575.586 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 554.531 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 623.76 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 606.57 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 606.345 (2024 est.)

Exports

$5.43 billion
Exports 2021: $1.487 billion (2021 est.)
Exports 2022: $1.376 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $1.223 billion (2023 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

gold, oil seeds, uranium and thorium ore, radioactive chemicals, refined petroleum (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

UAE 31%, France 23%, China 18%, India 6%, Sweden 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Foreign direct investment

net inflows: $358.08 million

GDP - composition, by end use

Exports of goods and services: 31.2% (2024 est.)
Government consumption: 11.8% (2024 est.)
Household consumption: 59.2% (2024 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -20.8% (2024 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 18.7% (2024 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2024 est.)
Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

Agriculture: 33.8% (2024 est.)
Industry: 17.8% (2024 est.)
Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Services: 45.4% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$19.538 billion (2024 est.)
note: note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP per capita (nominal)

$735

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

34.3 (2014)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021: 32.9 (2021 est.)
Note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

GNI (gross national income)

$19.64 billion

GNI per capita

$680

Gross domestic investment

22 % of GDP

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Highest 10%: 27.8% (2021 est.)
Lowest 10%: 3.8% (2021 est.)
Note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports

$4.5 billion
Imports 2021: $4.027 billion (2021 est.)
Imports 2022: $4.194 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $3.808 billion (2023 est.)
Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

rice, aircraft parts, iron structures, refined petroleum, centrifuges (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

China 26%, France 15%, India 12%, Nigeria 7%, UAE 6% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

12.1% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

uranium mining, petroleum, cement, brick, soap, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

9.07%
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 4.2% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 3.7% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 9.1% (2024 est.)
Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

10.486 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
total: 11.97 million persons

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 72.99%
industry: 9.27%
services: 17.74%

Population below poverty line

45.5% (2021 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt

Public debt 2016: 45.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$55.41 billion
Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $43.474 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $44.199 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $47.921 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

10.3%
Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 11.9% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 1.7% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: 8.4% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

$2,050
Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $1,700 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $1,700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $1,800 (2024 est.)

Remittances

$650.39 million
Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2021: 2.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Remittances 2022: 4.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 3.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate

0.39%
Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022: 0.5% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 0.5% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024: 0.4% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

Female: 0.2% (2024 est.)
Male: 0.4% (2024 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 0.3% (2024 est.)

Energy

Coal

Consumption: 426,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports: 400 metric tons (2023 est.)
Production: 427,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 90 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

Consumption: 1.645 billion kWh (2023 est.)
consumption per capita: 62 kWh
Imports: 1.213 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 377,000 kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 372.245 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

Electrification - rural areas: 7.7%
Electrification - total population: 19.5% (2022 est.)
Electrification - urban areas: 66.1%

Electricity generation sources

Fossil fuels: 97% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectric: 0%
nuclear: 0%
renewable: 6.38%
Solar: 3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

162 kg of oil equivalent
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 1.772 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

Consumption: 26.872 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Production: 26.805 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Crude oil estimated reserves: 150 million barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 18,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Total petroleum production: 13,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Renewable energy consumption

79.6%

Communications

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

per 100 inhabitants: 0 per 100
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2022 est.) less than 1
Total: 14,000 (2022 est.)

Broadcast media

state-run TV station; 3 private TV stations provide a mix of local and foreign programming; state-run radio has the only radio station with national coverage; about 30 private local radio stations; as many as 100 community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available

Internet country code

.ne

Internet users

Percent of population: 23% (2023 est.)

Postal code format

####

Telephone calling code

+227

Telephones - fixed lines

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2022 est.) less than 1
Total subscriptions: 58,000 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100: 66 per 100
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 66 (2023 est.)
Total subscriptions: 17.2 million (2023 est.)

Transportation

Air transport

passengers carried: 5,775 passengers
registered carrier departures: 165 departures

Airports

26 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Driving side

Right

Vehicle registration code

Military and Security

Land forces

armored vehicles
tanks

Military - note

the military of Niger is responsible for territorial defense, but most of its focus is on internal and border security operations; the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara (ISIS-GS) and the al-Qaida affiliate Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) terrorist groups are active in western Niger and in adjacent strongholds in Burkina Faso and Mali, while the Nigeria-based Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa groups threaten southeast Niger; parts of Niger also face spillover from communal, criminal, and vigilante violence in neighboring Nigeria; since the 2023 coup, some former ethnic separatist rebels have taken up arms in support of deposed President BAZOUM the military has played a role in Niger's domestic politics since its establishment in 1960-61; prior to seizing control of the government in 2023, it attempted coups in 1974, 1996, 1999, 2010, and 2021, and ruled the country for much of the period before 1999 (2025)

Military and security forces

Nigerien Armed Forces (Forces Armees Nigeriennes, FAN): Army, Nigerien Air Force, Niger Gendarmerie Ministry of Interior, Public Safety and Decentralization: Niger National Guard, National Police (2025)
active duty personnel: 10,000
note: note 1: the Niger Gendarmerie (GN) and the Niger National Guard (GNN) are paramilitary forces; the GN has primary responsibility for rural security while the GNN is responsible for domestic security and the protection of high-level officials and government buildings note 2: the Directorate of Territorial Surveillance under the National Police is charged with border management
percent of total labor force: 0.11 %

Military and security service personnel strengths

estimated 50,000 active Armed Forces, including Gendarmerie; estimated 15-20,000 National Guard (2025)
note: note: in 2020, the Nigerien Government announced it intended to increase the size of the FAN to 50,000 by 2025 and 100,000 by 2030

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the FAN's inventory is comprised of older, typically Soviet-era weapons and equipment, along with smaller quantities of more modern armaments such as unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, air defense systems, and armored vehicles; suppliers over the past decade include China, France, Russia, South Africa, Türkiye, and the US (2025)

Military expenditures

2 % of GDP
current USD: $435,880,522
Military Expenditures 2020: 2% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.8% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 2.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
percent of central government expenditure: 13.79 %
percent of GDP: 2.24 % of GDP

Military service age and obligation

18 is the legal minimum age for selective compulsory or voluntary military service for unmarried men and women; 24-month service term (2025)

Military strength ranking

PowerIndex score: 2.6867

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs: 891,565 (2024 est.)
Refugees: 421,795 (2024 est.)

Trafficking in persons

Tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List — the government did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts to eliminate trafficking compared with the previous reporting period, therefore Niger remained on Tier 2 Watch List for the second consecutive year; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/niger/

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s)

Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara (ISIS-GS); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa (ISIS-WA); Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM); al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Environment

Carbon dioxide emissions

From coal and metallurgical coke: 622,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 52,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 2.457 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Total emissions: 3.132 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; contaminated water; inadequate potable water; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened by poaching and habitat destruction

International environmental agreements

Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Methane emissions

Agriculture: 713.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Energy: 137.8 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Other: 11.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste: 128.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

59.5 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Protected areas

18 % of total land area

Renewable electricity output

6 % of total

Total renewable water resources

34,050,000,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

74 % of internal resources
Agricultural: 2.351 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Industrial: 38.654 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Municipal: 193.247 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Waste and recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 1.866 million tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 20.3% (2022 est.)