1985 Edition

Agriculture

cash crops — raw cotton, cashew nuts, sugar, tea, copra, sisal; other crops — corn, wheat, peanuts, potatoes, beans, sorghum, cassava; imports corn and wheat

livestock raising (cattle and sheep) predominates; subsistence crops (millet, sorghum, corn, and some wheat) are raised but most food must be imported

negligible; almost completely dependent on imports for food and water

Airfields

255 total, 216 usable; 29 with permanent surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 32 with runways 1,2202,439 m

134 total, 123 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 55 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

1 usable with runways 1,2202,439 m

Area

400km

783,030 km2; larger than Texas; 56% wood and forest; 30% arable, of which 1% cultivated; 14% waste and inland water

Branch

unicameral legislature (People's Assembly)

Branches

Mozambique Armed Forces (including Army, Border Guard, Naval Command, Air Force)

since September 1977 Administrator General, appointed by South African Government, has exercised coordinative functions over zone of white settlement and tribal homelands, where traditional chiefs and representative bodies exercise limited autonomy; Namibian National Assembly terminated February 1983; no elections scheduled

President elected from and by Parliament for an unfixed term; popularly elected 18-member unicameral legislature (Parliament); Cabinet to assist the President, four members, appointed by President from Parliament members

Budget

(1982) current expenditures, $500 million; revenues, $600 million

Capital

Maputo

Windhoek

no capital city per se; government offices in Yaren District Nepal

Civil air

1 major transport aircraft

3 major transport aircraft

3 major transport aircraft, one on order

Coastline

2,470 km People

1,489 km People

24 km People

Communists

FRELIMO is a Marxist organization and maintains close ties to the Soviet Union and its allies but has recently taken steps to improve relations with the West and neighboring South Africa

no Communist Party; SWAPO guerrilla force is supported by USSR, Cuba, and other Communist states as well as OAU

Elections

information not available on future election schedule Political parties and leaders: the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), led by Samora Machel, is only legal party

election of Namibian National Assembly, December 1978 Political parties and leaders: approximately 45 political parties; the major white parties include Action Front for the Preservation of the Turnhalle Principles (AKTUR), also known as the National Party of South-West Africa, Kosie Pretorius; Federal Party, Bryan Namibia (continued) Nauru O'Linn; Republican Party, Dirk Mudge; many of the nonwhite parties-belong to the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), a multiethnic alliance of traditional tribal leaders and the white Republican Party, which is favored in South Africa; the other multiethnic alliance, the largely moribund Namibian National Front (NNF), consists of the white Federal Party and various nonwhite groups opposed to the homeland system, each of which operates independently; Christian Democratic Action Party, a primarily Owambo party formed in early 1982 as a result of a split in the DTA, Peter Kalangula

last held in December 1983 Political parties and leaders: governing faction, President DeRoburt; opposition Nauru Party, Lagumot Harris

Electric power

2,200,000 kW capacity (1984); 9.636 billion kWh produced (1984), 718 kWh per capita

400,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.261 billion kWh produced (1984), 1,170 kWh per capita

13,000 kW capacity (1984); 48 million kWh produced (1984), 6,000 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

majority from indigenous tribal groups; approximately 10,000 Europeans, 35,000 EuroAfricans, 15,000 Indians

85.6% black, 7.5% white, 6.9% mixed; approximately half the Africans belong to Owambo tribe

58% Nauruan, 26% other Pacific Islander, 8% Chinese, 8% European

Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais, Limbus, Sherpas, as well as many smaller groups

Exports

$75 million (f.o.b., 1979)

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

1 April-31 March Communications

1 July-30 June Communications

Fishing

est. catch 202,000 metric tons (1982); down by more than a third since 1979; processed mostly in South African enclave of Walvis Bay

GDP

$1.5 billion (1983 est.); annual real growth, -7% (1983)

GNP

$2 billion (1983 est.), about $150 per capita; average annual growth rate —1% (1971-81)

over $155.4 million (1981), $21, 400 per capita

Government leader

Samora Moi'ses MACHEL, President (since June 1975)

Willem VAN NIEKERK, Administrator General (since February 1983)

Hammer DEROBURT, President (since May 1978)

Highways

26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth

54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 gravel, remainder earth roads and tracks

about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earth

Imports

$11 million (c.i.f., 1979); food, fuel, water

Inland waterways

approx. 3,750 km of navigable routes

none

Labor force

about 500,000 (1981); 60% agriculture, 19% industry and commerce, 8% services, 7% government, 6% mining

4.1 million; 93% agriculture, 5% services, 2% industry; great lack of skilled labor

Land boundaries

4,627 km Water

3,798 km Water

2,800 km People

Language

Portuguese (official); many indigenous dialects

Afrikaans principal language of about 60% of white population, German of 33%, and English of 7% (all official); several indigenous languages

Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island language (official); English widely understood and spoken

Nepali (official); 20 mutually unintelligible languages divided into numerous dialects

Legal system

based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law

based on Roman-Dutch law and customary law

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

6 nm (fishing 12 nm)

12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

Literacy

14% Government

100% whites, 28% nonwhites

99% Government

20%

Major industries

food processing (chiefly sugar, tea, wheat, flour, cashew kernels); chemicals (vegetable oil, oilcakes, soap, paints); petroleum products; beverages; textiles; nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos, cement products); tobacco

(nearly all for export) meatpacking, fish processing, copper, lead, zinc, diamond, and uranium mining, dairy products

mining of phosphates, about 2 million tons per year

Major trade partners

Portugal, South Africa, US, UK, FRG

exports — 75% Australia and New Zealand; imports — Australia, UK, New Zealand, Japan

Member of

Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy

FAO, ILO, UNESCO, WFTU, WHO Economy

Commonwealth (special member), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU, South Pacific Commission, UPU Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $177.4 million; 29.0% of central government budget South Atlantic Ocean See regional mip VII Boundary representation is not necessarily authoritative Land 824,296 km2; twice the size of California; mostly desert except for interior plateau and area along northern border

for fiscal year ending 31 March 1984, $128.3; 8% of central government budget Sec reflonal map X Land 20.7 km2; less than one-eighth the size of Washington, D.C.; insignificant arable land, no urban areas, extensive phosphate mines Water

Military manpower

males 15-49, 3,030,000; 1,791,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, about 248,000; about 148,000 fit for military ser-

males 15-49, about 1,800; fit for military service, about 1,000; about 100 reach military age (18) annually KATHMANDU Biritnagar Stt rtjlonilmip VIII Land 140,791 km2; the size of North Carolina; 385? alpine land (nonarable), waste, or urban; 32% forest; 16% agricultural; 14% permanent meadow and pasture

Monetary conversion rate

43.39 meticais=US$l (10 October 1984)

1 South African rand=US$.47 (as of 30 December 1984); 2.1 SA rands=US$l

1. 0778 Australian dollars=US$l (February 1984)

National holiday

Independence Day, 25 June

National holidays

Independence Day, 31 January; Constitution Day, 17 May; Angram Day, 26 October

Nationality

noun — Mozambican(s); adjective— Mozambican

noun — Namibian(s); adjective— Namibian

noun — Nauruan(s); adjective — Nauruan

noun — Nepalese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Nepalese

Official name

People's Republic of Mozambique

Namibia

Republic of Nauru

Organized labor

6 trade unions, membership almost exclusively white and mulatto Government

Other political or pressure groups

SouthWest Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), led by Sam Nujoma, maintains a foreign-based guerrilla movement; is predominantly Ovambo but has some influence among other tribes; is the only Namibian group recognized by the UN General Assembly and the Organization of African Unity

Pipelines

crude oil, 306 km (not operating); refined products, 280 km

Political subdivisions

10 provinces subdivided into 112 districts; administrators are appointed by central government

10 tribal homelands, mostly in northern sector, and zone open to white settlement with administrative subdivisions similar to a province of South Africa

14 districts

Population

13,776,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.8%

1,108,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.0%

8,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.3%

16,996,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.5%

Ports

3 major (Maputo, Beira, Nacala), 2 significant minor

2 major (Walvis Bay and Luderitz)

1 minor

Railroads

3,436 km total; 3,288 km 1.067meter gauge; 148 km 0.750-meter narrow gauge

2,340 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track

none

Religion

60% indigenous beliefs, 30% Christian, 10% Muslim

whites predominantly Christian, nonwhites either Christian or indigenous beliefs

Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Catholic)

only official Hindu kingdom in world, although no sharp distinction between many Hindu (about 88%) and Buddhist groups; small groups of Muslims and Christians

Suffrage

universal adult

universal white adult suffrage at territorial level; lower level elections open to blacks

universal adult

Supply

mostly from the USSR and China, and to a lesser extent from other Communist countries and Portugal

Telecommunications

fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; 57,400 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 3 FM stations; 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Namibia (South-West Africa) Defense Forces

good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires extend to other population centers; 57,400 telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 13 FM, 3 TV stations Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of Republic of South Africa; however, a Southwest African Territory Force was established 1 August 1980 (includes an air element)

adequate intraisland and international radio communications provided via Australian facilities; 1,500 telephones (20.8 per 100 popl.); 3,600 radio receivers, 1 AM, no FM or TV stations; 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces No formal defense structure and no regular armed forces

Type

people's republic

former German colony of South-West Africa mandated to South Africa by League of Nations in 1920; UN formally ended South Africa's mandate on 27 October 1966, but South Africa has retained administrative control

republic

Voting strength

(1978 election) Namibian National Assembly — DTA, 41 seats; AKTUR, 6 seats; 3 minuscule parties, 1 seat each; NNF and SWAPO boycotted elections; 15 additional, appointed seats have not been filled; Assembly prorogued in January 1983