2007 Edition

Administrative divisions

8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou

Age structure

0-14 years: 48.2% (male 2,857,670/female 2,787,506) 15-64 years: 48.8% (male 2,804,344/female 2,910,097) 65 years and over: 3% (male 146,458/female 210,754) (2006 est.)

Agriculture - products

cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats

Airports

29 (2006)

Airports - with paved runways

total

9 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total

20 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 6

under 914 m

8 (2006)

Area

land

1.22 million sq km

total

1.24 million sq km

water

20,000 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Background

The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a coup that ushered in democratic government. President Alpha KONARE won Mali's first democratic presidential election in 1992 and was reelected in 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, KONARE stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou TOURE. Geography Mali

Birth rate

49.82 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$828 million; including capital expenditures of $NA (2002 est.)

revenues

$764 million

Capital

geographic coordinates

12 39 N, 8 00 W

name

Bamako

time difference

UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Climate

subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Constitution

adopted 12 January 1992

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Mali

conventional short form

Mali

former

French Sudan and Sudanese Republic

local long form

Republique de Mali

local short form

Mali

Currency (code)

Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Currency code

XOF

Death rate

16.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Debt - external

$2.8 billion (2002)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Terrence P. MCCULLEY

embassy

Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V, Bamako

mailing address

B. P. 34, Bamako

telephone

[223] 222-5470

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Abdoulaye DIOP

telephone

[1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950

Disputes - international

none

Distribution of family income - Gini index

50.5 (1994)

Economic aid - recipient

$472.1 million (2002)

Economy - overview

Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert and with a highly unequal distribution of income. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population is nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main export, along with gold. The government has continued its successful implementation of an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program that is helping the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment. Mali's adherence to economic reform and the 50% devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 have pushed up economic growth to a sturdy 5% average in 1996-2006. Worker remittances and external trade routes for the landlocked country have been jeopardized by continued unrest in neighboring Cote d'Ivoire.

Electricity - consumption

381.3 million kWh (2004)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh; note - recent hydropower developments may be providing electricity to Senegal and Mauritania (2004)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2004)

Electricity - production

410 million kWh (2004)

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel

41.7%

hydro

58.3%

nuclear

0%

other

0% (2001)

Elevation extremes

highest point

Hombori Tondo 1,155 m

lowest point

Senegal River 23 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Ethnic groups

Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Exchange rates

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002)

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

chief of state

President Amadou Toumani TOURE (since 8 June 2002)

election results

Amadou Toumani TOURE elected president; percent of vote - Amadou Toumani TOURE 64.4%, Soumaila CISSE 35.6%

elections

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 12 May 2002 (next to be held April 2007); prime minister appointed by the president

head of government

Prime Minister Ousmane Issoufi MAIGA (since 30 April 2004)

Exports

$323 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities

cotton, gold, livestock

Exports - partners

China 29.3%, Thailand 10.1%, Taiwan 7.7%, Italy 5.3%, Bangladesh 4.5%, France 4.4% (2005)

FAX

[1] (202) 332-6603

[223] 222-3712

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications Mali

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia Economy Mali

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture

45%

industry

17%

services

38% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$1,200 (2006 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

5.1% (2006 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$5.847 billion (2006 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$14.59 billion (2006 est.)

Geographic coordinates

17 00 N, 4 00 W

Geography - note

landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the northern, arid Saharan People Mali

Government type

republic

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

1.9% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

12,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

140,000 (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

40.4% (1994)

lowest 10%

1.8%

Imports

$1.858 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities

petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners

France 13%, Senegal 13%, Cote d'Ivoire 8.5% (2005)

Independence

22 September 1960 (from France)

Industrial production growth rate

NA%

Industries

food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

Infant mortality rate

female

97.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

male

117.32 deaths/1,000 live births

total

107.58 deaths/1,000 live births

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

4.5% (2002 est.)

International organization participation

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OIF, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Internet country code

.ml

Internet hosts

278 (2006)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

13 (2001)

Internet users

60,000 (2005) Transportation Mali

Irrigated land

2,360 sq km (2003)

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Labor force

3.93 million (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

80%

industry and services

20% (2001 est.)

Land boundaries

border countries

Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km

total

7,243 km

Land use

arable land

3.76%

other

96.21% (2005)

permanent crops

0.03%

Languages

French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

Legal system

based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was formally established on 9 March 1994); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Hope 2002 coalition 66 (including RPM 42, CNID 10, and MPR 3), ADEMA 51, other 30

elections

last held 14 and 28 July 2002 (next to be held July 2007)

Life expectancy at birth

female

51.01 years (2006 est.)

male

47.05 years

total population

49 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

39.6% (2003 est.) Government Mali

male

53.5%

total population

46.4%

Location

Western Africa, southwest of Algeria

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

respiratory disease

meningococcal meningitis (2007)

vectorborne disease

malaria is a high risk in some locations

water contact disease

schistosomiasis

Manpower available for military service

females age 18-49

2,027,352 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49

2,094,432

Manpower fit for military service

females age 18-49

1,226,226 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49

1,244,176

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Median age

female

16.3 years (2006 est.)

male

15.4 years

total

15.8 years

Military branches

Army, Air Force, National Guard

Military expenditures - dollar figure

$106.3 million (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

1.9% (2005 est.) Transnational Issues Mali

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - two years (2004)

National holiday

Independence Day, 22 September (1960)

Nationality

adjective

Malian

noun

Malian(s)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural hazards

hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding

Natural resources

gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower

note

bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Net migration rate

-6.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Oil - consumption

4,300 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports

NA bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports

NA bbl/day (2001)

Oil - production

0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Political parties and leaders

Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of 14 political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE); Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE, party chairman]; Convergence 2007 [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA]; Hope 2002 (a coalition of CNID, MPR, RDT, and RPM); National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME, secretary general]; Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel MAIGA]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT; Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA, chairman]; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]; Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Soumaila CISSE]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Alliance for Democratic Change or ACD; Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK; United Movement and Fronts of Azawad or MFUA

Population

11,716,829 (July 2006 est.)

Population below poverty line

64% (2001 est.)

Population growth rate

2.63% (2006 est.)

Ports and terminals

Koulikoro Military Mali

Radio broadcast stations

AM 1, FM 28, shortwave 1

note

the shortwave station in Bamako has seven frequencies and five transmitters and relays broadcasts for China Radio International (2001)

Radios

570,000 (1997)

Railways

narrow gauge

729 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

total

729 km

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin)

6,165 (Mauritania) (2006) This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

Religions

Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%

Roadways

paved

3,368 km

total

18,709 km

unpaved

15,341 km (2004)

Sex ratio

at birth

1.03 male(s)/female

total population

0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

under 15 years

1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Telephone system

domestic

network consists of microwave radio relay, open-wire, and radiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radio relay in progress

general assessment

domestic system unreliable but improving; provides only minimal service

international

country code - 223; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Telephones - main lines in use

75,000 (2005)

Telephones - mobile cellular

869,600 (2005)

Television broadcast stations

1 (plus repeaters) (2001)

Televisions

45,000 (1997)

Terrain

mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

Total fertility rate

7.42 children born/woman (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate

14.6% (2001 est.)

Waterways

1,815 km (2005)