2020 Edition

Background

The archipelago was once largely under the control of Buddhist and Hindu rulers. By around the 7th century, a Buddhist kingdom arose on Sumatra and expanded into Java and the Malay Peninsula until it was conquered in the late 13th century by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Traders introduced Islam around the 11th century, and the religion gradually expanded over the next 500 years. The Portuguese conquered parts of Indonesia in the 16th century, but the Dutch ousted them (except in East Timor) and began colonizing the islands in the early 17th century. It would be the early 20th century before Dutch colonial rule was established across the entirety of what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state. Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 while the country's first direct presidential election occurred in 2004. Indonesia has since become a robust democracy, holding four direct presidential elections, each considered by international observers to have been largely free and fair.  Indonesia is now the world's third-most-populous  democracy and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. It has had strong economic growth since overcoming the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. By the 2020s, it had the largest economy in Southeast Asia, and its economy ranked in the world's top 10 in terms of purchasing power parity. It has also made considerable gains in reducing poverty. Although relations amongst its diverse population--there are more than 300 ethnic groups--have been harmonious in the 2000s, there have been areas of sectarian discontent and violence, as well as instances of religious extremism and terrorism. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005, but a separatist group in Papua continued to conduct a low-intensity conflict as of 2024.

Area

land

1,811,569 sq km

total

1,904,569 sq km

water

93,000 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline

54,716 km

Elevation

highest point

Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

lowest point

Indian/Pacific Oceans 0 m

mean elevation

367 m

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note

note 1: 13,466 islands are in the archipelago, of which 922 are permanently inhabited; Indonesia is the world's largest country composed solely of islands; the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes, up to 90% of the world's earthquakes, and 80% of tsunamis note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon

Irrigated land

67,220 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

border countries

Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km

total

2,958 km

Land use

agricultural land

29.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)

forest

50.6% (2023 est.)

other

20.3% (2023 est.)

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World

Major rivers (by length in km)

Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world, with over 75 historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; in 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami that left more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Population distribution

major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands, Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Age structure

0-14 years

23.8% (male 34,247,218/female 32,701,367)

15-64 years

68.3% (male 96,268,201/female 95,961,293)

65 years and over

8% (2024 est.) (male 10,284,628/female 12,099,758)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

14.55 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Child marriage

women married by age 15

2% (2017)

women married by age 18

16.3% (2017)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

15.9% (2023 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

70.3% (2022 est.)

Death rate

6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

12 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

8.3 (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio

46.1 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

34.1 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 88.3% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 94.1% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 98.3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 11.7% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 1.7% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

10.6% national budget (2025 est.)

Ethnic groups

Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.94 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

3.7% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

8% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

1.4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

16.4 deaths/1,000 live births

male

21.3 deaths/1,000 live births

total

18.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia

major-language sample(s)

Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

76 years

male

71.3 years

total population

73.6 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

female

94.6% (2020 est.)

male

97.4% (2020 est.)

total population

96% (2020 est.)

Major urban areas - population

11.249 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.729 million Bekasi, 3.044 million Surabaya, 3.041 million Depok, 2.674 million Bandung, 2.514 million Tangerang (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

140 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

female

32.3 years

male

30.8 years

total

31.8 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

22.4 years (2017 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Indonesian

noun

Indonesian(s)

Net migration rate

-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

6.9% (2016)

People - note

Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the World after China, India, and the United States; more than half of the Indonesian population - roughly 150 million people or 55% - live on the island of Java (about the size of California) making it the most crowded island on earth

Physician density

0.52 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Population

female

141,808,120

male

141,778,977

total

283,587,097 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

0.7% (2025 est.)

Religions

Muslim 87.4%, Protestant 7.5%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian) (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 91.1% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 94.7% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 97.4% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 8.9% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 2.6% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

13 years (2023 est.)

male

13 years (2023 est.)

total

13 years (2023 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.85 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

female

3.1% (2025 est.)

male

74.9% (2025 est.)

total

39% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.93 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

58.6% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

35 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Papua Barat Daya (Southwest Papua), Papua Pegunungan (Papua Highlands), Papua Selatan (South Papua), Papua Tengah (Central Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**

Capital

etymology

derives from the Sanscrit name Jayakarta, meaning "victory and prosperity;" Prince FATILLAH conquered and renamed the city, formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, in 1527

geographic coordinates

6 10 S, 106 49 E

name

Jakarta

time difference

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

time zone note

Indonesia has three time zones

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

5 continuous years

Constitution

amendment process

proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended

history

drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form

Indonesia

etymology

the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"

former

Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea

local long form

Republik Indonesia

local short form

Indonesia

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Peter M. HAYMOND (since 15 June 2025)

consulate(s)

Medan

consulate(s) general

Surabaya

email address and website

jakartaacs@state.gov https://id.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110

FAX

[62] (21) 385-7189

mailing address

8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC 20521-8200

telephone

[62] (21) 5083-1000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador INDROYONO Soesilo (since 16 December 2025)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

email address and website

washington.kbri@kemlu.go.id Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia, in Washington D.C., The United States of America (kemlu.go.id)

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5236

telephone

[1] (202) 775-5200

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president

chief of state

President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)

election results

2024: PRABOWO Subianto elected president (assumes office 20 October 2024); percent of vote - PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 58.6%, Anies Rasyid BASWEDAN (Independent) 24.9%, GANJAR Pranowo (PDI-P) 16.5% 2019: Joko WIDODO reelected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%

election/appointment process

president and vice president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)

expected date of next election

2029

head of government

President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)

most recent election date

14 February 2024

Flag

description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white meaning: red stands for courage and white for purity history: the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts

High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

Legal system

civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

Legislative branch

electoral system

proportional representation

expected date of next election

April 2029

legislative structure

unicameral

legislature name

House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat)

most recent election date

2/14/2024

number of seats

580 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (PDI-P) (110); Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) (102); Great Indonesia Movement (Gerindra) (86); National Democratic Party (NasDem) (69); National Awakening Party (PKB) (68); Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) (53); National Mandate Party (PAN) (48); Democratic Party (PD) (44)

percentage of women in chamber

21.9%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

5 years

National anthem(s)

history

adopted 1945

lyrics/music

Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN

title

"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)

National color(s)

red, white

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Borobudur Temple Compounds (c); Komodo National Park (n); Prambanan Temple Compounds (c); Ujung Kulon National Park (n); Sangiran Early Man Site (c); Lorentz National Park (n); Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (n); Cultural Landscape of Bali Province (c); Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (c); Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks (c)

total World Heritage Sites

10 (6 cultural, 4 natural)

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

National symbol(s)

garuda (mythical bird)

Political parties

Democrat Party or PD  Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR  Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA  Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P  National Awakening Party or PKB  National Democratic Party or NasDem  National Mandate Party or PAN  Prosperous Justice Party or PKS 

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal; married persons regardless of age

Agricultural products

oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, maize, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, chicken, mangoes/guavas (2023)

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

7.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on food

33.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$204.739 billion (2023 est.)

revenues

$182.658 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2022

$13.215 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$2.042 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

-$8.47 billion (2024 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2023

$225.273 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview

upper middle-income, largest and growing Southeast Asian economy; higher lending rates to moderate inflation; ongoing relocation of capital fueling infrastructure projects; major tourism sector prompting green economy goals

Exchange rates

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

14,582.203 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

14,308.144 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

14,849.854 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

15,236.885 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

15,855.448 (2024 est.)

Exports

Exports 2022

$315.746 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$291.287 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$300.868 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - commodities

coal, palm oil, iron alloys, lignite, garments (2023)

Exports - partners

China 24%, USA 9%, India 8%, Japan 8%, Singapore 5% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

22.2% (2024 est.)

government consumption

7.7% (2024 est.)

household consumption

55.4% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services

-20.4% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital

29.1% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories

2.3% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

12.6% (2024 est.)

industry

39.3% (2024 est.)

services

43.8% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.396 trillion (2024 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2024

34.9 (2024 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

28.8% (2024 est.)

lowest 10%

3.5% (2024 est.)

Imports

Imports 2022

$273.031 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$262.694 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$279.419 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, crude petroleum, plastics, vehicle parts/accessories, integrated circuits (2023)

Imports - partners

China 29%, Singapore 8%, Japan 7%, USA 5%, Malaysia 5% (2023)

Industrial production growth rate

5.2% (2024 est.)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

1.6% (2021 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

4.2% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

3.7% (2023 est.)

Labor force

143.144 million (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

9% (2024 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2022

45.34% of GDP (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$3.718 trillion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$3.906 trillion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$4.102 trillion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2022

5.3% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

5% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

5% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2022

$13,300 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$13,900 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$14,500 (2024 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2022

1% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

1.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$137.222 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$146.359 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$155.708 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

11.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2022

3.5% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

3.4% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

3.3% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

13% (2024 est.)

male

13.2% (2024 est.)

total

13.1% (2024 est.)

Coal

consumption

281.159 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports

519.23 million metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

16.935 million metric tons (2023 est.)

production

783.453 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves

35.055 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

consumption

356.135 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports

828.198 million kWh (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity

70.826 million kW (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

27.477 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - rural areas

98.2%

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas

100%

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

fossil fuels

82% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

geothermal

4.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind

0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

37.39 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

38.378 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

exports

20.989 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports

727.056 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

production

58.691 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves

1.408 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

crude oil estimated reserves

2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

1.645 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

total petroleum production

865,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

5 (2023 est.)

total

13.5 million (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

mix of about a dozen national TV networks, including 1 public broadcaster and the rest private; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; more than 700 radio stations, with over 650 privately operated (2019)

Internet country code

.id

Internet users

percent of population

69% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

3 (2023 est.)

total subscriptions

9.16 million (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

123 (2024 est.)

total subscriptions

347 million (2024 est.)

Airports

556 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

PK

Heliports

53 (2025)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 160, container ship 219, general cargo 2,347, oil tanker 714, other 7,982

total

11,422 (2023)

Ports

key ports

Belawan, Cilacap, Dumai, Jakarta, Kasim Terminal, Merak Mas Terminal, Palembang, Surabaya, Ujung Pandang

large

3

medium

6

ports with oil terminals

79

small

18

total ports

123 (2024)

very small

96

Railways

narrow gauge

8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)

total

8,159 km (2014)

Military - note

the military is responsible for external defense, combatting separatism, and responding to national emergencies and natural disasters; in certain conditions it may provide operational support to police, such as for counterterrorism operations, maintaining public order, and addressing communal conflicts key operational priorities include an insurgency on Papua and the security of Indonesia's vast maritime domain; the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, has been fighting a low-level insurgency in Papua since Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony in the 1960s; maritime issues include piracy, transnational crime, illegal fishing, and incursions by People's Republic of China (PRC) vessels; Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within the PRC's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; over the past decade, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on and around the strategically located Natuna Islands (2025)

Military and security forces

Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat, TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut, TNI-AL; includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara, TNI-AU) Indonesian National Police (aka The State Police of the Republic of Indonesia or POLRI) Ministry of Transportation: Indonesia Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai Republik Indonesia, KPLP); Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs: Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia, Bakamla) (2025)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 400,000 active Armed Forces, including about 300,000 Army (2025)

Military deployments

250 (plus about 170 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,225 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is a mix of older and new weapons platforms from China, Russia, Europe, the US, and other countries; in recent years, major suppliers have included China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the US; the TNI has been engaged in a modernization program for more than a decade; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; it has jointly produced aircraft and naval vessels (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2020

0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

0.8% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

0.8% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; upper age limits vary by military service, position, specialty; compulsory service authorized but not utilized (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

95,521 (2024 est.)

refugees

11,964 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

2,643 (2024 est.)

Key space-program milestones

1964 - launched first sounding rocket (Kartika) 1976 - first communications satellite (Palapa A1) built and launched by US 2005 - re-started sounding rocket program with goal of producing a satellite launch vehicle (SLV) 2007 - first remote sensing (RS) satellite (LAPAN-A1) built by Germany and launched by India 2015 - first domestically produced RS satellite (LAPAN-A2) launched by India 2023-2024 - two communications satellites (SATRIA-1 and Merah Putih 2) to provide high-speed internet access across the Indonesian archipelago built by European company and launched by US

Space agency/agencies

Indonesian Space Agency (INASA; formed 2022); National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN; established 2021); Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space (ORPA; formed 2021) (2025)

Space program overview

focuses largely on rocket development and satellite acquisition/operation; manufactures remote sensing (RS) satellites; has a sounding (research) rocket program to develop an orbital satellite launch vehicle (SLV); researching and developing a range of other space-related technologies related to satellite payloads, communications, RS, and astronomy; has relations with several foreign space agencies and industries, including those of France, Germany, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the US; national space program includes building up the country's private space sector (2025)

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

527.923 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas

78.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

223.352 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total emissions

829.655 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; air pollution from vehicle emissions; waste disposal; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage

Geoparks

global geoparks and regional networks

Batur; Belitong; Ciletuh - Palabuhanratu; Gunung Sewu; Ijen; Kebumen; Maros Pangkep; Merangin Jambi; Meratus; Raja Ampat; Rinjani-Lombok; Toba Caldera (2025)

total global geoparks and regional networks

12 (2025)

International environmental agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Marine Life Conservation

Methane emissions

agriculture

3,379.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)

energy

3,621.7 kt (2022-2024 est.)

other

165.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)

waste

4,200.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

18.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources

2.019 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

189.7 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

industrial

9.135 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

municipal

23.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

65.2 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

15.2% (2022 est.)