2007 Edition

Administrative divisions

16 states (Laender, singular - Land); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern (Bavaria), Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine-Westphalia), Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate), Saarland, Sachsen (Saxony), Sachsen-Anhalt (Saxony-Anhalt), Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen (Thuringia); note - Bayern, Sachsen, and Thueringen refer to themselves as free states (Freistaaten, singular - Freistaat)

Age structure

0-14 years: 14.1% (male 5,973,437/female 5,665,971) 15-64 years: 66.4% (male 27,889,936/female 26,874,858) 65 years and over: 19.4% (male 6,602,478/female 9,415,619) (2006 est.)

Agriculture - products

potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry

Airports

554 (2006)

Airports - with paved runways

over 3,047 m

13 2,438 to 3,047 m: 54 1,524 to 2,437 m: 58 914 to 1,523 m: 72

total

332

under 914 m

135 (2006)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total

222 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 33

under 914 m

185 (2006)

Area

land

349,223 sq km

total

357,021 sq km

water

7,798 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Montana

Background

As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation, Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the Communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro. Geography Germany

Birth rate

8.25 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$1.344 trillion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.)

revenues

$1.277 trillion

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

52 31 N, 13 24 E

name

Berlin

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Climate

temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Coastline

2,389 km

Constitution

23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united Germany 3 October 1990

Country name

conventional long form

Federal Republic of Germany

conventional short form

Germany

former

German Empire, German Republic, German Reich

local long form

Bundesrepublik Deutschland

local short form

Deutschland

Currency (code)

euro (EUR)

note

on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code

EUR

Current account balance

$134.8 billion (2006 est.)

Death rate

10.62 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Debt - external

$3.904 trillion (30 June 2006)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador William R. TIMKEN, Jr.

embassy

Neustaedtische Kirchstrasse 4-5, 10117 Berlin; note - a new embassy will be built near the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin; ground was broken in October 2004 and completion is scheduled for 2008

mailing address

PSC 120, Box 1000, APO AE 09265

telephone

[49] (030) 8305-0

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007

chief of mission

Ambassador Klaus SCHARIOTH

telephone

[1] (202) 298-4000

Disputes - international

none

Distribution of family income - Gini index

28.3 (2000)

Economic aid - donor

ODA, $5.6 billion (1998)

Economy - overview

Germany's affluent and technologically powerful economy - the fifth largest in the world - has become one of the slowest growing economies in the euro zone. A quick turnaround is not in the offing in the foreseeable future; however, stronger growth this year has improved employment considerably. Growth in 2001-03 fell short of 1%, rising to 1.7% in 2004, falling back to 0.9% in 2005, and increasing to 2.2% in 2006. Unemployment fell to 7.1% in October 2006, based on the Internation Labor Organization's measurement. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy continues to be a costly long-term process, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $70 billion. Germany's aging population, combined with high chronic unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level exceeding contributions from workers. Structural rigidities in the labor market - including strict regulations on laying off workers and the setting of wages on a national basis - and a lack of competition in the sevice sectors have made slow growth a chronic problem. Corporate restructuring and growing capital markets are setting the foundations that could help Germany meet the long-term challenges of European economic integration and globalization; however, the current government has failed to pass meaningful economic reform that would improve growth prospects. Higher government revenues from the cyclical upturn in 2006 reduced Germany's budget deficit to within the EU's 3% debt limit.

Electricity - consumption

524.6 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - exports

50.8 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - imports

48.2 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - production

566.9 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel

61.8%

hydro

4.2%

nuclear

29.9%

other

4.1% (2001)

Elevation extremes

highest point

Zugspitze 2,963 m

lowest point

Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.54 m

Environment - current issues

emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Ethnic groups

German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)

Exchange rates

euros per US dollar - 0.7967 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor

chief of state

President Horst KOEHLER (since 1 July 2004)

election results

Horst KOEHLER elected president; received 604 votes of the Federal Convention against 589 for Gesine SCHWAN; Angela MERKEL elected chancellor; vote by Federal Assembly 397 to 202 with 12 abstentions

elections

president elected for a five-year term (eligible for a second term) by a Federal Convention, including all members of the Federal Assembly and an equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments; election last held 23 May 2004 (next to be held 23 May 2009); chancellor elected by an absolute majority of the Federal Assembly for a four-year term; Bundestag election last held 22 November 2005 (next to be held November 2009)

head of government

Chancellor Angela MERKEL (since 22 November 2005)

Exports

$1.133 trillion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Exports - commodities

machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and manufactures, foodstuffs, textiles

Exports - partners

France 10.2%, US 8.8%, UK 7.9%, Italy 6.9%, Netherlands 6.1%, Belgium 5.6%, Austria 5.4%, Spain 5.1% (2005)

FAX

[1] (202) 298-4249

[49] (030) 8305-1215

consulate(s) general

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco

consulate(s) general

Duesseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich

Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr)

Army (Heer), Navy (Deutsche Marine, includes naval air arm), Air Force (Luftwaffe), Joint Service Support Command (Streitkraeftebasis), Central Medical Service (Zentraler Sanitaetsdienst) (2006)

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications Germany

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold Economy Germany

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture

0.9%

industry

29.1%

services

70% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$31,400 (2006 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

2.2% (2006 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$2.858 trillion (2006 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$2.585 trillion (2006 est.)

Geographic coordinates

51 00 N, 9 00 E

Geography - note

strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea People Germany

Government type

federal republic

Heliports

32 (2006)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

less than 1,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

43,000 (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

25.1% (1997)

lowest 10%

3.6%

Illicit drugs

source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs; major financial center This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

Imports

$916.4 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery, vehicles, chemicals, foodstuffs, textiles, metals

Imports - partners

France 8.7%, Netherlands 8.5%, US 6.6%, China 6.4%, UK 6.3%, Italy 5.7%, Belgium 5%, Austria 4% (2005)

Independence

18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights 15 March 1991

Industrial production growth rate

4.4% (2006 est.)

Industries

among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles

Infant mortality rate

female

3.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

male

4.56 deaths/1,000 live births

total

4.12 deaths/1,000 live births

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.7% (2006 est.)

International organization participation

AfDB, Arctic Council (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Internet country code

.de

Internet hosts

11,859,131 (2006)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

200 (2001)

Internet users

50.616 million (2006) Transportation Germany

Investment (gross fixed)

17.3% of GDP (2006 est.)

Irrigated land

4,850 sq km (2003)

Judicial branch

Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (half the judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat)

Labor force

43.66 million (2006 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

2.8%

industry

33.4%

services

63.8% (1999)

Land boundaries

border countries

Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646 km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km

total

3,621 km

Land use

arable land

33.13%

other

66.27% (2005)

permanent crops

0.6%

Languages

German

Legal system

civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Federal Assembly or Bundestag (614 seats; elected by popular vote under a system combining direct and proportional representation; a party must win 5% of the national vote or three direct mandates to gain proportional representation and caucus recogntion; members serve four-year terms) and the Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 votes; state governments are directly represented by votes; each has three to six votes depending on population and are required to vote as a block)

election results

Federal Assembly - percent of vote by party - CDU/CSU 35.2%, SPD 34.3%, FDP 9.8%, Left 8.7%, Greens 8.1%; seats by party - CDU/CSU 225, SPD 222, FDP 61, Left 53, Greens 51, and independents 2

elections

Federal Assembly - last held 18 September 2005 (next to be held September 2009); note - there are no elections for the Bundesrat; composition is determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election

Life expectancy at birth

female

81.96 years (2006 est.)

male

75.81 years

total population

78.8 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

99% (2003 est.) Government Germany

male

99%

total population

99%

Location

Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark

Manpower available for military service

females age 18-49

17,913,113 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49

18,917,537

Manpower fit for military service

females age 18-49

14,443,412 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49

15,258,931

Manpower reaching military service age annually

females age 18-49

470,537 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49

497,048

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

continental shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Median age

female

43.9 years (2006 est.)

male

41.3 years

total

42.6 years

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 1, cargo 60, chemical tanker 13, container 273, liquefied gas 3, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 25, petroleum tanker 10, roll on/roll off 3

foreign-owned

4 (Finland 2, Italy 1, Switzerland 1)

registered in other countries

2,491 (Antigua and Barbuda 858, Australia 3, Bahamas 22, Belize 3, Bermuda 21, Brazil 7, Bulgaria 1, Burma 5, Canada 3, Cayman Islands 13, Cyprus 214, Denmark 13, Dominica 1, French Southern and Antarctic Lands 2, Georgia 1, Gibraltar 108, Guyana 1, Hong Kong 6, Indonesia 1, Ireland 2, Isle of Man 56, Jamaica 3, Liberia 587, Luxembourg 10, Malaysia 2, Malta 64, Marshall Islands 194, Morocco 2, Netherlands 56, Netherlands Antilles 60, NZ 1, Panama 35, Portugal 17, Russia 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8, Samoa 1, Singapore 9, Spain 12, Sri Lanka 5, Sweden 3, Turkey 1, UK 76, US 2) (2006)

total

394 ships (1000 GRT or over) 11,017,754 GRT/13,091,194 DWT

Military expenditures - dollar figure

$35.063 billion (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

1.5% (2003) Transnational Issues Germany

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age (conscripts serve a nine-month tour of compulsory military service) (2004)

National holiday

Unity Day, 3 October (1990)

Nationality

adjective

German

noun

German(s)

Natural gas - consumption

102 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - exports

8.81 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - imports

90.11 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production

19.9 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

279.1 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)

Natural hazards

flooding

Natural resources

coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land

Net migration rate

2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Oil - consumption

2.65 million bbl/day (2004)

Oil - exports

12,990 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports

2.135 million bbl/day (2003)

Oil - production

167,400 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves

395.8 million bbl (1 January 2004)

Pipelines

condensate 37 km; gas 25,035 km; oil 3,546 km; refined products 3,827 km (2006)

Political parties and leaders

Alliance '90/Greens [Claudia ROTH and Reinhard BUETIKOFER]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social Union or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party or FDP [Guido WESTERWELLE, chairman]; Left Party.PDS (Linkspartei.PDS) [Lothar BISKY]; note - a merger with the Electoral Alternative-Work and Social Justice or WASG [Klaus ERNST] is planned for summer 2007; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Kurt BECK]

Political pressure groups and leaders

business associations and employers' organizations; religious, trade unions, immigrant, expellee, and veterans groups

Population

82,422,299 (July 2006 est.)

Population below poverty line

NA%

Population growth rate

-0.02% (2006 est.)

Ports and terminals

Bremen, Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Duisburg, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Mainz, Rostock, Wilhemshaven Military Germany

Public debt

66.8% of GDP (2006 est.)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 51, FM 787, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios

77.8 million (1997)

Railways

narrow gauge

229 km 1.000-m gauge (16 km electrified); 24 km 0.750-m gauge (2005)

standard gauge

46,948 km 1.435-m gauge (19,674 km electrified)

total

47,201 km

Religions

Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated or other 28.3%

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$48.76 billion (August 2006 est.)

Roadways

paved

231,581 km (including 12,200 km of expressways) (2005)

total

231,581 km

Sex ratio

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.96 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

under 15 years

1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Telephone system

domestic

Germany is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreign countries

general assessment

Germany has one of the world's most technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result of intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly backward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back to World War II, has been modernized and integrated with that of the western part

international

country code - 49; Germany's international service is excellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and undersea cable facilities as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2001)

Telephones - main lines in use

55.046 million (2005)

Telephones - mobile cellular

79.2 million (2005)

Television broadcast stations

373 (plus 8,042 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions

51.4 million (1998)

Terrain

lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south

Total fertility rate

1.39 children born/woman (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate

7.1%

note

this is the International Labor Organization's estimated rate for international comparisons; Germany's Federal Employment Office estimated a seasonally adjusted rate of 9.8% (2006 est.)

Waterways

7,467 km

note

Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North Sea and Black Sea (2005)