1985 Edition

Agriculture

main crops — sugar, copra, ginger, rice; major deficiency, grains

animal husbandry, especially dairying, predominates; forestry important secondary occupation for rural population; main crops — cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient; shortages — food and fodder grains

Aid

economic commitments — Western (non-US) countries (1980-82), $438 million

donor — bilateral economic aid commitments (ODA), $652 million (1970-82)

Airfields

28 total, 27 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 2,4403,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

163 total, 160 usable; 47 with permanent-surface runways; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,2202,439 m

Area

225km Ceva /-fla Srf regional map X Land 1 8,376 km2; the size of Massachusetts; consists of more than 300 islands and many more coral atolls and cays; the larger islands — Viti Levu, Taveuni, and Kandavu — are mountainous and volcanic in origin, with peaks rising over 1,210 meters; land ownership — 83.6% Fijians, 7.2% European, 6.4% government, 1.7% Indians, 1.1% other; about 30% of land area is suitable for farming Water

Branches

executive — Prime Minister and Cabinet; legislative — 52-member House of Representatives; 22-member appointed Senate; judicial — Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Magistrate's Courts

integrated ground and naval forces

legislative authority rests jointly with President and unicameral legislature (Eduskunta); executive power vested in President and exercised through coalition Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme court, four superior courts, 193 lower courts

Army, Navy, Air Force

Budget

(1981 est.) revenues, $259 million; expenditures, $239 million

(1983) expenditures, $13.5 billion, revenues, $11.9 billion

Capital

Suva, located on the south coast of the island of Viti Levu

Helsinki

Civil air

1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft

39 major transport

Coastline

1,129 km People

1,126 km (approx.) excludes islands and coastal indentations People

Communists

few, no figures available (January 1985)

28,000 registered members; an additional 45,000 persons belong to People's Democratic League

Crudesteel

2.4 million metric tons produced (1983), 496 kg per capita

Elections

every five years unless House dissolves earlier; last held July 1982

parliamentary, every four years (last in 1983); presidential, every six years Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party, Kalevi Sorsa; Center Party, Paavo Va'yrynen; People's Democratic League (Communist front), Kalevi Kivisto; Conservative Party, Illka Suominen; Liberal Party, Kyosti Lallukka; Swedish Peoples Party, Par Stenback; Rural Party, Pekka Vennamo; Finnish Communist Party, Arvo Finland (continued) Aalto; Finnish Christian League, Esko Almgren; Constitutional People's Party, Georg Ehrnrooth; League for Citizen Power, Kaarlo Pitsinki

Electric power

210,000 kW capacity (1984); 223 million kWh produced (1984), 325 kWh per capita

11,859,000 kW capacity (1984); 43.390 billion kWh produced (1984), 8,905 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

50% Indian, 45% Fijian; 5% European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, and others

Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar

Exports

$280 million (f.o.b., 1981); 70% sugar; also copra

$12.5 billion (f.o.b., 1983); timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, iron and steel, clothing and footwear

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 145,600 metric tons (1982)

GDP

$1.85 billion (1982), $1,852 per capita; annual growth rate, 0.5% (1979-82)

GNP

$49.4 billion (1983), $10,186 per capita; 54.2% consumption, 21.2% investment, 22.8% government; 0.4% net exports of goods and services; 1982 growth rate 2.9% (1980 prices)

Government leader

Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA, Prime Minister (since 1966 [as Chief Minister during preindependence days])

Government leaders

Dr. Mauno KOIVISTO, President (since January 1982); Kalevi SORSA, Prime Minister (since February 1982)

Highways

2,960 km total (1981); 390 km paved, 2,150 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface; 420 km unimproved earth

about 74,960 km total in national classified network, including 31,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, bituminoustreated surface) and 42,552 km unpaved (stabilized gravel, gravel, earth); additional 29,440 km of private (state subsidized) roads

Imports

$562 million (c.i.f., 1981); 24% manufactured goods, 20.0% machinery, 16.3% foodstuffs, 16% fuels

$12.8 billion (c.i.f., 1983); foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics

Inland waterways

203 km; 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200metric-ton barges Finland

6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steam-

Labor force

2.546 million; 23.8% mining and manufacturing; 25.4% services; 18.5% commerce; 11.9% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 7.2% construction; 7.0% transportation and communications; 6.1% unemployed (1983 average)

Land boundaries

2,534 km Water

Language

English (official), Fijian, Hindustani spoken among Indians

93.5% Finnish, 6.3% Swedish (both official); small Lappand Russianspeaking minorities

Legal system

based on British system

civil law system based on Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919; Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; legal education at Universities of Helsinki and Turku; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

4 nm; fishing 12 nm; Aland Islands, 3 nm

Literacy

80% Labor force. 176,000(1979); 43.8% agriculture, 15.6% industry

almost 100%

Major industries

sugar refining, tourism, gold, lumber, small industries

include metal manufacturing and shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), copper refining, foodstuffs, textiles and clothing

Major trade partners

Australia, New Zealand, Japan, UK, Singapore, US

(1983) exports— 35.4% EC (9.5% FRG; 10.2% UK), 26.1% USSR, 12.4% Sweden, 4.1% US

Member of

ADB, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, EC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy

ADB, CEMA (special cooperation agreement), DAC, EC (free trade agreement), EFTA (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE — Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy

Military budget

military budget for 1982, $17.0 million; 5% of central government budget Gulf of Bothnia Aland Islands FLSINKI Land 337,113 km2; slightly smaller than Montana; 58% forest, 34% other, 8% arable

proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $810 million; about 5.1% of proposed central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 183,000; 101,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 1,319,000; 1,014,000 fit for military service; 35,000 reach military age (17) annually

Monetary conversion rate

.9612 Fiji dollar=US$l (30 November 1983)

6.6140Finnmark (Fim)=US$l (2 January 1985)

National holiday

Fiji Day, 10 October

Independence Day, 6 December

Nationality

noun — Fijian(s); adjective — Fijian

noun — Finn(s); adjective — Finnish

Official name

Fiji

Republic of Finland

Organized labor

about 50% of labor force organized into about 60 unions; unions organized along lines of work and ethnic origin Government

80% of labor force Government

Pipelines

natural gas, 161 km

Political parties

Alliance, primarily Fijian, headed by Ratu Mara; National Federation, primarily Indian, headed by Siddiq Koya; Western United Front, Fijian, Ratu Osea Gauidi

Political subdivisions

14 provinces

12 provinces, 443 communes, 78 towns

Population

700,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2. 1 %

4,894,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.4%

Ports

I major, 6 minor

1 1 major, 34 minor

Railroads

644 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge; owned by Fiji Sugar Corp., Ltd.

6,071 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total of 6,043 km 1.524meter gauge, 477 km multiple track, and 608 km electrified; 22 km 0.750-meter gauge and 6 km 1.524-meter gauge are privately owned

Religion

Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu with a Muslim minority

97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.2% Greek Orthodox, 1.8% other

Shortages

fossil fuels; industrial raw materials, except wood, and iron ore

Suffrage

universal adult

universal, 18 years and over; not compulsory

Telecommunications

modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US/Canada and New Zealand/Australia; 37,515 telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 2 FM , no TV stations; 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces

good telecom service from cable and radio-relay network; 2.7 million telephones (53 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 90 FM, 200 TV stations; 3 submarine cables Pefense Forces

Type

independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth; Elizabeth II recognized as chief of state

republic

Voting strength

(July 1982) House of Representatives— (Alliance Party 28 seats; National Federation Party/Western United Front coalition 24 seats

(1983 parliamentary election) 26% Social Democratic, 22.1% Conservative, 17.6% Center-Liberal, 14.0% People's Democratic League, 9.7% Rural, 4.9% Swedish Peoples, 3.0% Christian League, 1.5% Greens, 0.4% Constitutional People's, 0. 1 % League for Citizen Power