1987 Edition

Boundary disputes

none; disputes with Israel over Taba area and precise location of some individual boundary markers; Administrative Boundary and international boundary with Sudan; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied with status to be determined

Honduras

none; maritime dispute with Gabon

Climate

desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April)

tropical; always hot, humid

Coastline

2,450 km

307 km

296 km

Comparative area

about the size of Oregon and Texas combined

about the size of Massachusetts

Contiguous zone

18 nm

Continental shelf

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

Environment

Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil salinization below Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsins occurs in spring; water pollution; desertification

The Land of Volcanoes; subject to frequent and sometimes very destructive earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

subject to violent windstorms

Extended economic zone

200 nm

Land boundaries

2,580 km total

515 km total

539 km total

Land use

2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; NEGL% forest and woodland; 98% other; includes 2% irrigated

27% arable land; 8% permanent crops; 29% meadows and pastures; 6% forest and woodland; 30% other; includes 5% irrigated

5% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 61% forest and woodland; 26% other

Special notes

controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel establishes its major role in Middle East geopolitics

smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on Caribbean Sea

none

Telecommunications

system is large but still inadequate for needs; principal centers are Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansdrah, Ismailia, and Tanta; intercity connections by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in progress; est. 600,000 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 5 FM, 47 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT station; 3 submarine coaxial cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan; radio-relay to Libya

Terrain

vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta

mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau

coastal plains rise to interior hills

Territorial sea

12 nm

200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm)

12 nm

Total area

Mediterranean 200 km Boundary representation is not necessarily authoritative

1,001,450 km?; land area: 995,450 km?

21,040 km?; land area: 20,720 km?

28,050 km?; land area: 28,050 km? Comparative area; about the size of Maryland

Ethnic divisions

90% Eastern Hamitic stock; 10% Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese

89% mestizo, 10% Indian, 1% white

indigenous population of Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos, Rio Muni, primarily Fang; less than 1,000 Europeans, mostly Spanish

Infant mortality rate

94/1,000 (1984)

41/1,000 (1984)

142.9/1,000 (1984)

Labor force

about 13.0 million (1985); 40-45% agriculture, 36% government (local and national), public sector enterprises, and armed forces; 20% privately owned service and manufacturing enterprises (1984); shortage of skilled labor; unemployment about 7% (official estimate); estimated 2.0 million Egyptians work abroad, mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states (1986)

1.7 million (est. 1982); 40% agriculture, 16% manufacturing, 16% commerce, 13% government, 9% financial services, 6% transportation (1984 est.); shortage of skilled labor and large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training programs improving situation; significant unemployment and underemployment

most involved in subsistence agriculture; labor shortages on plantations

Language

Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes

Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians)

Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang

Life expectancy

60

men 62.6, women 66.3

men 44, women 48

Literacy

40%

65%

55%

Nationality

noun—Egyptian(s); adjective—Egyptian

noun—Salvadoran(s); adjective—Salvadoran

noun—Equatorial Guinean(s): adjective-—Equatorial Guinean

Organized labor

about 2.5 million

8% total labor force; 10% agricultural labor force; 7% urban labor force (1982)

Population

51,929,962 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.74%

5,260,478 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.37%

340,434 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 1.83%; includes Rio Muni 265,281, average annual growth rate 1.83%, and Bioko 75,153, average annual growth rate 1.83%

Religion

(official estimate) 94% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and other

about 97% Roman Catholic, with activity by Protestant groups throughout the country

natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan practices retained

Administrative divisions

26 governorates

14 departments

Branches

executive power vested in President, who appoints Cabinet; People’s Assembly is principal legislative body, with Shura Council having consultative role; independent judiciary administered by Minister of Justice

Legislative Assembly (60 seats), Executive, Supreme Court

Business organizations

National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive Alliance (AP), conservative; National Federation of Salvadoran Small Businessmen (FENAPES), conservative

Capital

Cairo

San Salvador

Communists

about 500 party members

Elections

regular elections to People’s Assembly every five years (next slated for April 1987); two-thirds of Shura Council is elected for six-year term (first elections were in September 1980) with remaining members appointed by President; presidential election every six years; last held October 1981 Political parties and leaders: formation of political parties must be approved by government; National Democratic Party, led by Mubarak, is the dominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party, Kamal Murad; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim Shukri; National Progressive Unionist Grouping, Khalid Muhyi-alDin; Umma Party, Ahmad al-Sabahi; and New Wafd Party, Fu’ad Siraj al-Din

Legislative Assembly (formerly Constituent Assembly), 28 March 1982; presidential election, 25 March 1984; presidential runoff election, 6 May 1984 (next scheduled for 1989); Legislative Assembly election, 31 March 1985 Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), José Antonio Morales Erlich; National Conciliation Party (PCN), Hugo Carrillo; Democratic Action (AD), Ricardo Gonzdlez Camacho; Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Francisco Quifiénez; National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Alfredo Cristiani; Salvadoran Authentic Institutional Party (PAISA), Roberto Escobar Garcia; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Mario René Roldan; Patria Libre, Hugo Barrera

Government leaders

Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, President (since 1981); “Atif SIDQI (since November 1986)

José Napoleén DUARTE, President (since June 1984); Rodolfo CASTILLO Claramount, Vice President (since June 1984); Abraham RODRIGUEZ, First Presidential Designate (since September 1984); René FORTIN, Magafia, Second Presidential Designate (since September 1984)

Labor organizations

Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; Unitary Federation of Salvadoran Unions (FUSS), leftist; National Federation of Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), leftist; Democratic Workers Central (CTD), moderate; General Confederation of Workers (CGT), moderate; Popular Democratic Unity (UPD), moderate labor coalition which includes FESINCONSTRANS, and other democratic labor organizations

Legal system

based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; permanent constitution written in 1971; judicial review of limited nature in Supreme Court, also in Council of State, which oversees validity of administrative decisions; accepts compulsory [CJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on Spanish law, with traces of common law; new constitution enacted in December 1983; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Member of

AAPSO, AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, LOOC, IPU, IRC, ITU, 1WC—lInternational Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WPC, WSG, WTO, Egypt suspended from Arab League and OAPEC in April 1979

CACM, FAO, G-77, L[ADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, !WC—International Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

National Day, 23 July

Independence Day, 15 September

Official name

Arab Republic of Egypt

Republic of El Salvador

Other political or pressure groups

Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

leftist revolutionary movement—Unified Revolutionary Directorate (DRU) and Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), leadership bodies of the insurgency; Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN), People’s Revolutionary Army (ERP), Salvadoran Communist Party/Armed Forces of Liberation (PCES/FAL), and Central American Workers’ Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/ Popular Liberation Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARLP); militant front organizations—Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (CRM; alliance of front groups), Popular Revolutionary Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular Action Front (FAPU), Popular Leagues of 28 February (LP-28), National Democratic Union (UDN), and Popular Liberation Movement (MLP); Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR), coalition of CRM and Democratic Front (FD), controlled by DRU; FD consists of moderate leftist groups—Independent Movement of Professionals and Technicians of El Salvador (MIPTES), National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and Popular Social Christian Movement (MPSC); extreme rightist vigilante organizations or death squads—Secret Anti-Communist Army (ESA); Maximiliano Hernandez Brigade; Organization for Liberation From Communism (OLC)

Suffrage

universal over age 18

universal over age 18

Type

republic

republic

Voting strength

Legislative Assembly— PDC, 33 seats; ARENA, 13 seats; PAISA, 1 seat; PCN, 12 seats; independent, } seat

Agriculture

main cash crop—cotton; other crops—rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit, wheat, corn, barley; not self-sufficient in food

coffee, cotton, corn, sugar, beans, rice, sorghum, wheat

Aid

authorized from US, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.3 billion; ODA and OOF commitments by other Western countries (1970-84), $170 million

Airfields

102 total, 86 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 45 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Budget

government revenues, $502 million; expenditures, $582 million (1983)

Civil air

42 major transport aircraft

Electric power

8,427,000 kW capacity; 40,600 million kWh produced, 800 kWh per capita (1986)

705,000 kW capacity; 1,710 billion kWh produced, 340 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$3.2 billion (f.0.b., 1985/86 est.); crude petroleum, raw cotton, cotton yarn, fabric

$772 million (f.0.b., 1985); coffee, cotton, sugar, shrimp

Fiscal year

calendar year

Fiseal year

1 July-30 June Communicalions

Fishing

catch 10,500 metric tons (1984 est.)

Freight carried

Suez Canal—257.6 million metric tons, of which 94 million metric tons were petroleums, oils, and lubricants (1985)

GDP

$21.2 billion, $430 per capita; 3.5% real growth (1985)

$4.36 billion, $870 per capita (1985 est.)

Highways

28,500 km total; 15,000 km surfaced, 13,500 km unsurfaced

Imports

$9.0 billion (c.i.f., 1985/86 est.); foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, woods

$1,052 million (c.i-f., 1985); machinery, intermediate goods, petroleum, construction materials, fertilizers, foodstuffs

Inland waterways

3,360 km (including the Nile River, Lake Nasser, AlexandriaCairo Waterway, the Ismailia Canal, and numerous smaller canals in the Delta); Suez Canal, 162 km long, used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water

Major industries

textiles, food processing, chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement

food processing, textiles, clothing, petroleum products

Major trade partners

US, EC countries Monetary conversion rate; official rate 0.70 Egyptian pound=US$1; commercial bank rate 1.35 Egyptian pounds=US$1, free market rate 1.95 Egyptian pounds=US$1 (December 1986)

exports—33% US, 15% FRG, 12% Guatemala; imports—39% US, 18% Guatemala, 9% Mexico

Military transfers

US (FY70-85), $548 million

Monetary conversion rate

5.0 colones=US$1 (November 1986)

Natural resources

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc 7)

hydroelectric and geothermal power

Pipelines

crude oil, 1,107 km; refined products, 596 km; natural gas, 460 km

Ports

4 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur Safajah); 15 minor; 9 petroleum, oil, and lubricant terminals

Railroads

4,857 km total; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified; 4,510 km 1,435meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter gauge

Airfields

161] total, 135 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; ] with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air

7 major transport aircraft

Highways

10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and unimproved earth

Inland waterways

Rio Lempa partially navigable

Ports

2 major (Acajutla, La Unién), 1 minor

Railroads

602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track

Telecommunications

nationwide trunk radio-relay system; connection into Central American microwave net; 116,000 telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 77 AM, 2 shortwave, 5 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station

Branches

Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police, Treasury Police

Military budget

operating expenditures for fiscal year ending 30 June 1985, $3.7 billion; 18% of central government budget EI] Salvador Boundary representation is not neceasarily authoritative Chalatenango Santa Ana SAN SALVADOR eeoaas * San Vicente North Pacific Ocean

estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $166.8 million; about 24.6% of the central government budget Equatorial Guinea ALABO —ikn Bioko Gulf of Guinea Bate RIO MUNI ‘sland not shown in true geographical position, — ¢ Annobon Acalayong

Military manpower

males 15-49, 12,203,000; 7,949,000 fit for military service; 513,000 reach military age (20) annually

males 15-49, 1,223,000; 780,000 fit for military service; 63,000 reach military age (18) annually