Mongolia

<p>The peoples of Mongolia have a long history under a number of nomadic empires dating back to the Xiongnu in the 4th century B.C., and the name Mongol goes back to at least the 11th century A.D. The most famous Mongol, TEMÜÜJIN (aka Genghis Khan), emerged as the ruler of all Mongols in the early 1200s. By the time of his death in 1227, he had created through conquest a Mongol Empire that extended across much of Eurasia. His descendants, including ÖGÖDEI and KHUBILAI (aka Kublai Khan), continued to conquer Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and the rest of China, where KHUBILAI established the Yuan Dynasty in the 1270s. The Mongols attempted to invade Japan and Java before their empire broke apart in the 14th century. In the 17th century, Mongolia fell under the rule of the Manchus of the Chinese Qing Dynasty. After Manchu rule collapsed in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, finally winning it in 1921 with help from the Soviet Union. Mongolia became a socialist state (the Mongolian People’s Republic) in 1924. Until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, Mongolia was a Soviet satellite state and relied heavily on economic, military, and political assistance from Moscow. The period was also marked by purges, political repression, economic stagnation, and tensions with China. <br><br>Mongolia peacefully transitioned to an independent democracy in 1990. In 1992, it adopted a new constitution and established a free-market economy. Since the country's transition, it has conducted a series of successful presidential and legislative elections. Throughout the period, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party -- which took the name Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) in 2010 -- has competed for political power with the Democratic Party and several other smaller parties. For most of its democratic history, Mongolia has had a divided government, with the presidency and the parliamentary majority held by different parties but that changed in 2021, when the MPP won the presidency after having secured a supermajority in parliament in 2020. Mongolia’s June 2021 presidential election delivered a decisive victory for MPP candidate Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH. <br><br>Mongolia maintains close cultural, political, and military ties with Russia, while China is its largest economic partner. Mongolia’s foreign relations are focused on preserving its autonomy by balancing relations with China and Russia, as well as its other major partners, Japan, South Korea, and the US.</p>

Land

1,553,556 sq km

Total

1,564,116 sq km

Water

10,560 sq km

slightly smaller than Alaska; more than twice the size of Texas

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

0 km (landlocked)

Asia

Highest point

Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m

Lowest point

Hoh Nuur 560 m

Mean elevation

1,528 m

46 00 N, 105 00 E

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

796 sq km (2022)

Border countries

China 4,630 km; Russia 3,452 km

number of neighbors

2

Total

8,082 km

Agricultural land

69% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 68.2% (2023 est.)

arable land

0.73%

Forest

9.1% (2023 est.)

Other

21.9% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

0%

Yes

Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Fresh water lake(s)

Hovsgol Nuur - 2,620 sq km; Har Us Nuur - 1,760 sq km;&nbsp;

Salt water lake(s)

Uvs Nuur - 3,350 sq km; Hyargas Nuur - 1,360 sq km

Amur (shared with China [s] and Russia [m]) - 4,444 km<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/A1X7bMCKThBDNjzH6

OpenStreetMap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/161033

Asia

none (landlocked)

dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron

population sparsely distributed throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities

Eastern Asia

vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

UTC+07:00, UTC+08:00

number of time zones

2

0-14 years

25.7% (male 429,867/female 412,943)

15-64 years

68.4% (male 1,087,487/female 1,156,547)

65 years and over

5.9% (2024 est.) (male 78,242/female 116,590)

Beer

2.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

1.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

1.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

18.01 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Men married by age 18

2.1% (2018)

Women married by age 15

0.9% (2018)

Women married by age 18

12% (2018)

8.8%

1.9% (2023 est.)

60.2% (2020 est.)

5.35 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

109 per 1,000

adult male

274 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

8.9 (2024 est.)

Potential support ratio

11.2 (2024 est.)

Total dependency ratio

59.1 (2024 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

50.2 (2024 est.)

improved total

43.36%

Improved: rural

rural: 59.7% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 83.5% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 94.2% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 40.3% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 16.5% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 5.8% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% GDP)

3.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

13.8% national budget (2024 est.)

4 % of GDP

Khalkh 83.8%, Kazak 3.8%, Durvud 2.6%, Bayad 2%, Buriad 1.4%, Zakhchin 1.2%, Dariganga 1.1%, other 4.1% (2020 est.)

1.27 (2025 est.)

6 % of GDP

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

6.9% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

9.2% of national budget (2022 est.)

0.1%

10.6 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Female

16.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

22.4 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

7 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Mongolian 90% (official, Khalkha dialect is predominant), Turkic, Russian (1999)

Major-language sample(s)

<br>Дэлхийн баримтат ном, үндсэн мэдээллийн зайлшгүй эх сурвалж. (Mongolian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

number of languages

1

Female

76.3 years

Male

67.8 years

Total population

71.9 years (2024 est.)

Female

98.9% (2023 est.)

Male

98.3% (2023 est.)

Total population

98.6% (2023 est.)

1.673 million ULAANBAATAR (capital) (2023)

41 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

32.8 years

Male

30.1 years

Total

28.8 years (2025 est.)

20.5 years (2008 est.)

note

<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 20-24

Adjective

Mongolian

Noun

Mongolian(s)

-1.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

20.6% (2016)

4.13 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Female

1,686,080

Male

1,595,596

Total

3,281,676 (2024 est.)

1.08% (2025 est.)

Buddhist 51.8%, no religion 40.6%, Muslim 3.2%, Shaman 2.5%, Christian 1.3%, Other 0.6% (2020 est.)

improved total

69.95%

Improved: rural

rural: 78.7% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 91.9% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 97.8% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 21.3% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 8.1% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 2.2% of population (2022 est.)

Female

14 years (2023 est.)

Male

13 years (2023 est.)

Total

14 years (2023 est.)

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.67 male(s)/female

At birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Female

7.2% (2025 est.)

Male

51.9% (2025 est.)

Total

28.9% (2025 est.)

2.6 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

69.1% of total population (2023)

measles

96%

21 provinces (<em>aymguud</em>, singular - <em>aymag</em>) and 1 municipality* (<em>hot</em>); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September

Etymology

the name means "red hero" in Mongolian and honors national hero Damdin SUKHBAATAR, leader of the partisan army that, with Soviet help, liberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation in the early 1920s

Geographic coordinates

47 55 N, 106 55 E

Name

Ulaanbaatar

Time difference

UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Time zone note

Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)

Citizenship by birth

no

Citizenship by descent only

both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia

Dual citizenship recognized

no

Residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/mn.svg

Amendment process

proposed by the State Great Hural, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition submitted to the State Great Hural by the Constitutional Court; conducting referenda on proposed amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the State Great Hural; passage of amendments by the State Great Hural requires at least three-quarters majority vote; passage by referendum requires majority participation of qualified voters and a majority of votes&nbsp;

History

several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992

alternative spellings

MN

Conventional long form

none

Conventional short form

Mongolia

Etymology

name comes from the Mongol people, whose name derives from the Mongol root word <em>mengu </em>or <em>mongu</em>, meaning "brave" or "unconquered;" the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"

FIFA code

MNG

Former

Outer Mongolia, Mongolian People's Republic

Local long form

none

local long form (mon)

Монгол улс

Local short form

Mongol Uls

Chief of mission

Ambassador Richard L. BUANGAN (since November 2022)

Email address and website

<br>UlaanbaatarACS@state.gov<br><br>https://mn.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

Denver Street #3, 11th Micro-District, Ulaanbaatar 14190

FAX

[976] 7007-6174

Mailing address

4410 Ulaanbaatar Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-4410

Telephone

[976] 7007-6001

Chancery

2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

Chief of mission

Ambassador BATBAYAR Ulziidelger (since 1 December 2021)

Consulate(s) general

New York, San Francisco

Email address and website

<br>washington@mfa.gov.mn<br><br>http://mongolianembassy.us/

FAX

[1] (202) 298-9227

Telephone

[1] (202) 333-7117

Cabinet

Cabinet directly appointed by the prime minister

Chief of state

President Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (since 25 June 2021)

Election results

<em><br>2021:</em> Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH elected president in first round; percent of vote - Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (MPP) 68%, Dangaasuren ENKHBAT (RPEC) 20.1%, Sodnomzundui ERDENE (DP) 6%<br><br><em>2017: </em> Khaltmaa BATTULGA elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA (DP) 38.1%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD (MPP) 30.3%, Sainkhuu GANBAATAR (MPRP) 30.2%, invalid 1.4%; percent of vote in second round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA 55.2%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD 44.8%

Election/appointment process

presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for one 6-year term; following legislative elections, the State Great Hural usually elects the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister

Expected date of next election

2027

Head of government

Prime Minister Gombojavyn ZANDANSHATAR (since 13 June 2025)

Most recent election date

9 June 2021

<strong>description: </strong>three equal vertical bands of red (left side), blue, and red; centered on the left-side red band is the national emblem in yellow, the <em>soyombo,</em> which is an abstract representation of fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol<br><br><strong>meaning:</strong> blue stands for the sky, and red for progress and prosperity

The flag of Mongolia is composed of three equal vertical bands of red, blue and red, with the national emblem — the Soyombo — in gold centered in the hoist-side red band.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/mn.svg

semi-presidential republic

29 December 1911 (independence declared from China; in actuality, autonomy attained); 11 July 1921 (from China)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of the chairman and 8 members)

Judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president on recommendation of the General Council of Courts -- a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials -- to the State Great Hural; appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed from nominations by the State Great Hural - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term

Subordinate courts

aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts

civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts

Electoral system

mixed system

Expected date of next election

June 2028

Legislative structure

unicameral

Legislature name

State Great Hural (Ulsiin Ih Hural)

Most recent election date

6/28/2024

Number of seats

126 (all directly elected)

Parties elected and seats per party

Mongolian People's Party (MPP) (68); Democratic Party (DP) (42); HUN Party (8); Other (8)

Percentage of women in chamber

25.4%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

4 years

red, blue, yellow

Selected World Heritage Site locales

Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape (c); Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai (c); Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and surrounding sacred landscape (c); Landscapes of Dauria (n); Deer Stone Monuments and Related Bronze Age Sites (c)

Total World Heritage Sites

6 (4 cultural, 2 natural)

Naadam (games) holiday, 11-15 July; Constitution Day, 26 November (1924)

note

<strong>note: </strong>the first holiday commemorates independence from China in the 1921 Revolution, and the second marks the date that the Mongolian People's Republic was created under a new constitution<br>

Soyombo character (from the Soyombo writing system)

Democratic Party or DP<br>Mongolian People's Party or MPP <br>National Coalition (consists of Mongolian Green Party or MGP and the Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP)<br>National Labor Party or HUN <br>Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP

Monday

18 years of age; universal

Yes

milk, wheat, lamb/mutton, potatoes, beef, carrots/turnips, goat milk, goat meat, bison milk, horse meat (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Expenditures

$5.623 billion (2021 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Revenues

$4.721 billion (2021 est.)

code

MNT

name

Mongolian tögrög (MNT) [₮]

$-2,485,434,521

Current account balance 2021

-$2.108 billion (2021 est.)

Current account balance 2022

-$2.303 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

$121.266 million (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$38.02 billion

Debt - external 2023

$8.379 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars

lower middle-income East Asian economy; large human capital improvements over last 3 decades; agricultural and natural resource rich; export and consumption-led growth; high inflation due to supply bottlenecks and increased food and energy prices; currency depreciation

Currency

togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

2,813.29 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

2,849.289 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

3,140.678 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

3,465.737 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

3,389.982 (2024 est.)

$16.35 billion

Exports 2021

$8.95 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$10.989 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$15.501 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

coal, copper ore, gold, iron ore, crude petroleum (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

China 92%, Switzerland 6%, Italy 1%, Thailand 0%, Japan 0% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$2.78 billion

Exports of goods and services

69.1% (2024 est.)

Government consumption

16.3% (2024 est.)

Household consumption

49.8% (2024 est.)

Imports of goods and services

-69.8% (2024 est.)

Investment in fixed capital

26.8% (2024 est.)

Investment in inventories

7.8% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agriculture

7.4% (2024 est.)

Industry

38.1% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

44.2% (2024 est.)

$23.586 billion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$6,751

32.7 (2018)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

31.4 (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

$21.13 billion

$5,380

36 % of GDP

Highest 10%

24.6% (2022 est.)

Lowest 10%

3.4% (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$16.59 billion

Imports 2021

$9.256 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$12.112 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$13.545 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

cars, trucks, trailers, tractors, construction vehicles (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

China 57%, Japan 13%, Germany 3%, Singapore 3%, USA 3% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

6.5% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

6.21%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

15.1% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

10.3% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

6.8% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices

1.449 million (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

1.46 million persons

agriculture

27%

industry

23.09%

services

49.91%

27.1% (2022 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line

43 % of GDP

Note

<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP

Public debt 2021

67.6% of GDP (2021 est.)

$67.48 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$52.572 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$56.474 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$59.221 billion (2024 est.)

5.12%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

5% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

7.4% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

4.9% (2024 est.)

$19,145

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$15,300 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$16,200 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$16,800 (2024 est.)

$527.69 million

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

3.1% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

2.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

2.2% of GDP (2023 est.)

$5.51 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$3.398 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$4.916 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$5.508 billion (2024 est.)

32 % of GDP

17 % of GDP

16.9% (of GDP) (2021 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

5.23%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

6.3% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

5.6% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

5.5% (2024 est.)

Female

10.8% (2024 est.)

Male

15.9% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

13.8% (2024 est.)

Consumption

8.941 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports

55.884 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Imports

900 metric tons (2023 est.)

Production

64.824 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

2.52 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

8.997 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

2,546 kWh

Exports

24 million kWh (2023 est.)

Imports

2.224 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Installed generating capacity

1.51 million kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

1.113 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Fossil fuels

90.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

0.81%

Hydroelectricity

0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear

0%

renewable

10.95%

Solar

2.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind

6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

1,891 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

67.132 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

39,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Total petroleum production

15,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

3%

per 100 inhabitants

15 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

15 (2023 est.)

Total

499,000 (2023 est.)

state-run radio and TV provider is now a public-service provider; also available are 68 radio and 160 TV stations, including multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)

.mn

Percent of population

83% (2023 est.)

######

+976

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

15 (2023 est.)

Total subscriptions

524,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100

141 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

142 (2022 est.)

Total subscriptions

4.84 million (2023 est.)

passengers carried

773,702 passengers

registered carrier departures

7,240 departures

37 (2025)

JU

Right

By type

bulk carrier 8, container ship 8, general cargo 151, oil tanker 58, other 93

Total

318 (2023)

Broad gauge

1,815 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge

Note

<strong>note:</strong> national operator Ulaanbaatar Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway

Total

1,815 km (2017)

MGL

armored vehicles

tanks

the Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) are responsible for ensuring the country's independence, security, and territorial integrity, as well as supporting Mongolia's developmental goals and diplomacy; it has a range of missions, including counterterrorism, international peacekeeping duties, and assisting the internal security forces in providing emergency aid and disaster relief; Mongolia hosts an annual international peacekeeping exercise known as “Khaan Quest”; it has no formal military alliances, but has defense ties and conducts training exercises with several regional countries and others, such as China, India, Russia, and the US<br><br>Mongolia actively cooperates with NATO on issues such as counterterrorism, nonproliferation, and cybersecurity through an Individual Partnership and Cooperation Program; it supported the NATO-led Kosovo Force from 2005-2007 and contributed troops to the NATO-led missions in Afghanistan from 2009-2021; Mongolia also is an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2025)

Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF): Land Force, Air Force, Cyber Security Forces, Special Forces, Construction-Engineering Forces (2025)

active duty personnel

18,000

note

<strong>note: </strong>the National Police Agency and the General Authority for Border Protection, which operate under the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs, are primarily responsible for internal security; they are assisted by the General Intelligence Agency under the prime minister

percent of total labor force

1.27 %

information varies; estimated 10-20,000 active Mongolian Armed Forces (2025)

850 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2025)

note

<strong>note:</strong> since 2002, Mongolia has deployed more than 20,000 peacekeepers and observers to UN operations in more than a dozen countries

the MAF's inventory is comprised largely of Soviet-era and secondhand Russian equipment (2025)

1 % of GDP

current USD

$180,843,441

Military Expenditures 2020

0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

0.7% of GDP (2024 est.)

percent of central government expenditure

2.01 %

percent of GDP

0.74 % of GDP

18-25 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; initial service 24 months; compulsory service for men at 18; service obligation is 12 months in the military or police, which can be extended to 15 months under special circumstances; compulsory service can be exchanged for a 24‐month stint in the civil service or a cash payment determined by the Mongolian Government; after conscription, soldiers can contract into military service for up to 4 years (2025)

PowerIndex score

1.9987

IDPs

22 (2024 est.)

Refugees

26 (2024 est.)

Stateless persons

17 (2024 est.)

From coal and metallurgical coke

13.489 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

5.714 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

19.203 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; air pollution from coal-burning power plants and lax regulations in Ulaanbaatar; soil erosion from deforestation and overgrazing; water pollution; desertification; effects from mining&nbsp;

Party to

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

Signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Agriculture

525.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Energy

532.2 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Other

2.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste

14.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)

41.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

20 % of total land area

10 % of total

34.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

1 % of internal resources

Agricultural

250.9 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Industrial

166.2 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal

45.3 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

2.9 million tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled

13% (2022 est.)