Mexico

<p>Mexico was the site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations -- including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec -- until Spain conquered and colonized the area in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since Mexican Revolution in 1910 that an opposition candidate -- Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) -- defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PEÑA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in 2018.</p> <p>The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force in 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution in 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA.</p> <p>Mexico is currently the US's second-largest goods trading partner, after Canada. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities, particularly for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.</p>

Land

1,943,945 sq km

Total

1,964,375 sq km

Water

20,430 sq km

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

varies from tropical to desert

9,330 km

North America

Highest point

Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m

Lowest point

Laguna Salada -10 m

Mean elevation

1,111 m

23 00 N, 102 00 W

<strong>note 1:</strong> strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see "Geography - note" under United States)<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> the prominent Yucatán Peninsula that divides the Gulf of America from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; on the northern coast of Yucatan near the town of Chicxulub lie the remnants of a massive asteroid or comet crater about 150 km (93 mi) in diameter and extending into the Gulf of America; the impact is believed to have initiated a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of the earth's plant and animal species, including the non-avian dinosaurs

59,910 sq km (2022)

Border countries

Belize 276 km; Guatemala 958 km; US 3,155 km

number of neighbors

3

Total

4,389 km

Agricultural land

50.7% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 10.3% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 2.3% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 38.1% (2023 est.)

arable land

10.3%

Forest

34.2% (2023 est.)

Other

15.1% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

2.27%

No

North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of America, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States

Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer

Fresh water lake(s)

Laguna de Chapala - 1,140 sq km

Salt water lake(s)

Laguna de Terminos - 1,550 sq km

Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Atlantic Ocean drainage

<em>(Gulf of America)</em> Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km)

Pacific Ocean drainage

<em>(Gulf of California)</em> Colorado (703,148 sq km)

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/s5g7imNPMDEePxzbA

OpenStreetMap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/114686

North America

Contiguous zone

24 nm

Continental shelf

200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Exclusive economic zone

200 nm

Territorial sea

12 nm

tsunamis along the Pacific coast; volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south; hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of America, and Caribbean coasts <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m) is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City

North America

high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert

UTC-08:00, UTC-07:00, UTC-06:00

number of time zones

3

0-14 years

23.3% (male 15,647,805/female 14,754,004)

15-64 years

68.6% (male 43,651,105/female 45,983,174)

65 years and over

8.2% (2024 est.) (male 4,600,228/female 6,103,611)

Beer

3.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

0.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

4.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

14.73 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Women married by age 15

3.6% (2018)

Women married by age 18

20.7% (2018)

12.5%

4.2% (2022 est.)

53% (2023 est.)

6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

97 per 1,000

adult male

197 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

11.9 (2024 est.)

Potential support ratio

8.4 (2024 est.)

Total dependency ratio

45.9 (2024 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

33.9 (2024 est.)

improved total

42.97%

Improved: rural

rural: 98.4% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 99.7% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 1.6% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% GDP)

4.1% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

14.2% national budget (2022 est.)

4 % of GDP

Mestizo (Indigenous-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Indigenous 21%, Indigenous 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.)

note

<strong>note:</strong> Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity

0.9 (2025 est.)

6 % of GDP

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

6.1% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

10.4% of national budget (2022 est.)

0.3%

1 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Female

10.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

13.4 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

8 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

12.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages (including Mayan, Nahuatl, and others) 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2% (2020 est.)

Major-language sample(s)

<br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

number of languages

1

Female

77.7 years

Male

71.6 years

Total population

74.6 years (2024 est.)

Female

94% (2020 est.)

Male

96% (2020 est.)

Total population

95% (2020 est.)

22.281 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.420 million Guadalajara, 5.117 million Monterrey, 3.345 million Puebla, 2.626 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.260 million Tijuana (2023)

42 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

32.7 years

Male

28.8 years

Total

31 years (2025 est.)

21.3 years (2008 est.)

Adjective

Mexican

Noun

Mexican(s)

-0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

28.9% (2016)

2.59 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Female

66,840,789

Male

63,899,138

Total

130,739,927 (2024 est.)

0.81% (2025 est.)

Catholic 77.7%, no religion 10.6%, other Evangelical Churches 7.5%, Jehovah Witness 1.2%; less than 1 percent: Pentecostal, Seventh Day Adventist, Historics, not specified, Latter Day Saints, other religions&nbsp; (2020 est.)

improved total

62.75%

Improved: rural

rural: 98.2% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 99.7% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 1.8% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Female

15 years (2022 est.)

Male

14 years (2022 est.)

Total

15 years (2022 est.)

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.75 male(s)/female

At birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Total population

0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Female

6.3% (2025 est.)

Male

21.8% (2025 est.)

Total

13.8% (2025 est.)

1.85 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

81.6% of total population (2023)

measles

80%

32 states (<em>estados</em>, singular - <em>estado</em>); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas

Daylight saving time

DST was permanently removed in October 2022

Etymology

name may derive from one of the Nahuatl (Aztec) names for the capital city, Metztlixihtlico, which probably meant "the center of the moon;" alternatively, it may come from Mexica, the original name of the Aztec people

Geographic coordinates

19 26 N, 99 08 W

Name

Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico)

Time difference

UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Time zone note

Mexico has four time zones

Citizenship by birth

yes

Citizenship by descent only

yes

Dual citizenship recognized

not specified

Residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/mx.svg

Amendment process

proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures

History

several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917

alternative spellings

MX, Mexicanos, United Mexican States, Estados Unidos Mexicanos

Conventional long form

United Mexican States

Conventional short form

Mexico

Etymology

name may derive from one of the Nahuatl (Aztec) names for the capital city, Metztlixihtlico, which probably meant "the center of the moon;" alternatively, it may come from Mexica, the original name of the Aztec people

FIFA code

MEX

Former

Mexican Republic, Mexican Empire

Local long form

Estados Unidos Mexicanos

local long form (spa)

Estados Unidos Mexicanos

Local short form

Mexico

Chief of mission

Ambassador Ronald D. JOHNSON (since 19 May 2025)

Consulate(s) general

Ciudad Ju&aacute;rez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, M&eacute;rida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana

Email address and website

<br>ACSMexicoCity@state.gov<br><br>https://mx.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauht&eacute;moc, 06500 Mexico, CDMX

FAX

(011) 52-55-5080-2005

Mailing address

8700 Mexico City Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-8700

Telephone

(011) [52]-55-5080-2000

Chancery

1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006

Chief of mission

Ambassador Esteban MOCTEZUMA Barrag&aacute;n (since 20 April 2021)

Consulate(s)

Albuquerque (NM), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit (MI), Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), Los Angeles (CA), McAllen (TX), Milwaukee (WI), New Orleans (LA), Oklahoma City (OK), Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia (PA), Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Salt Lake City (UT), San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle (WA), St. Paul (MN), Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ)

Consulate(s) general

Atlanta (GA), Austin (TX), Boston (MA), Chicago (IL), Dallas (TX), Denver (GA), El Paso (TX), Houston (TX), Laredo (TX), Miami (FL), New York (NY), Nogales (AZ), Phoenix (AZ), Raleigh (NC), Sacramento (CA), San Antonio (TX), San Diego (CA), San Francisco (CA), San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Email address and website

<br>mexembusa@sre.gob.mx<br><br>https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/

FAX

[1] (202) 728-1698

Note

<strong> </strong>

Telephone

[1] (202) 728-1600

Cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president

Chief of state

President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)

Election results

<br><em>2024: </em>Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo elected president; percent of vote - Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (MORENA) 59.4%, Xóchitl GÁLVEZ Ruiz (PAN) 27.9%, Jorge Álvarez MÁYNEZ (MC) 10.4%, other 2.3%<em><br><br>2018:</em> Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA Cortés (PAN) 22.3%, José Antonio MEADE Kuribreña (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODRÍGUEZ Calderón (independent) 5.2%, other 2.9%<br><br><em>2012:</em> Enrique PEÑA NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PEÑA NIETO (PRI) 38.2%, Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.6%, Josefina Eugenia VÁZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.4%, other 4.8%

Election/appointment process

president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a single 6-year term

Expected date of next election

2030

Head of government

President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)

Most recent election date

2 June 2024

Note

<strong>note:</strong> the president is both chief of state and head of government

<strong>description:</strong> three equal vertical bands of green (left side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak, perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band<br><br><strong>meaning:</strong> green stands for hope, joy, and love; white for peace and honesty; red for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor

The flag of Mexico is composed of three equal vertical bands of green, white and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the white band.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/mx.svg

federal presidential republic

16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

ACS, APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Naci&oacute;n (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges)

Judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms

Note

<strong>note:</strong> in April 2021, the Mexican congress passed a judicial reform which changed 7 articles of the constitution and preceded a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation

Subordinate courts

federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts

civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative structure

bicameral

Legislature name

Congress of the Union (Congreso de la Unión)

Note

<strong>note: </strong>as of the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms

Chamber name

Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados)

Electoral system

mixed system

Expected date of next election

June 2027

Most recent election date

6/2/2024

Number of seats

500 (all directly elected)

Parties elected and seats per party

National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) (236); Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) (77); National Action Party (PAN) (72); Labour Party (PT) (51); Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (35); Citizens' Movement (MC) (27); Other (2)

Percentage of women in chamber

50.2%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

3 years

Chamber name

Senate (Cámara de Senadores)

Electoral system

mixed system

Expected date of next election

June 2030

Most recent election date

6/2/2024

Number of seats

128 (all directly elected)

Parties elected and seats per party

National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) (60); National Action Party (PAN) (22); Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (16); Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) (14); Labour Party (PT) (9); Other (7)

Percentage of women in chamber

50%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

6 years

<p>Adopted in 1968, Mexico’s coat of arms is also used as the Seal of the United Mexican States. The Mexican Golden Eagle, a national symbol, is perched on a prickly pear cactus and eats a snake. Beneath the eagle, oak and laurel leaves are joined by a ribbon in the national colors. The image symbolizes the triumph of good over evil.</p>

green, white, red

Selected World Heritage Site locales

Historic Mexico City (c); Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl (c); Teotihuacan (c); Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino (n); Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (n); Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley (m); Historic Puebla (c); El Tajin (c); Historic Tlacotalpan (c); Historic Oaxaca and Monte Albán (c); Palenque (c); Chichen-Itza (c); Uxmal (c); Wixárika Route through Sacred Sites to Wirikuta (Tatehuarí Huajuyé) (c)

Total World Heritage Sites

36 (28 cultural, 6 natural, 2 mixed)

Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

golden eagle, dahlia

Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC<br>Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI<br>Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT<br>Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de México) or PVEM<br>Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneración Nacional) or MORENA<br>National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional) or PAN<br>Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática) or PRD

Monday

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Yes

sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, chicken, chillies/peppers, wheat, lemons/limes (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

On alcohol and tobacco

2.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

On food

25.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Expenditures

$417.843 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Revenues

$342.571 billion (2023 est.)

code

MXN

name

Mexican peso (MXN) [$]

$-16,740,199,413

Current account balance 2022

-$17.701 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$5.611 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

-$5.986 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$591.26 billion

Debt - external 2023

$306.308 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars

<p>upper-middle-income economy; highly integrated with US via trade and nearshore manufacturing; weak domestic demand, fiscal consolidation, and trade uncertainty contributing to sluggish growth; low unemployment; challenges from income inequality, corruption, and cartel-based violence</p>

Currency

Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

21.486 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

20.272 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

20.127 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

17.759 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

18.305 (2024 est.)

$681.35 billion

Exports 2022

$630.347 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$649.729 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$680.798 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

cars, vehicle parts/accessories, crude petroleum, trucks, computers (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

USA 76%, Canada 5%, China 2%, Germany 2%, Spain 1% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$45.47 billion

Exports of goods and services

36.8% (2024 est.)

Government consumption

11.2% (2024 est.)

Household consumption

70.3% (2024 est.)

Imports of goods and services

-37.9% (2024 est.)

Investment in fixed capital

24.2% (2024 est.)

Investment in inventories

0% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agriculture

3.8% (2024 est.)

Industry

31.6% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

58.2% (2024 est.)

$1.853 trillion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$14,186

45.4 (2018)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

43.5 (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

$1.81 trillion

$12,850

24 % of GDP

Highest 10%

34.4% (2022 est.)

Lowest 10%

2.1% (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$703.29 billion

Imports 2022

$672.914 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$674.695 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$697.067 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, integrated circuits, broadcasting equipment, cars (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

USA 46%, China 20%, Germany 4%, Japan 3%, S. Korea 3% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

0.2% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

4.72%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

7.9% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

5.5% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

4.7% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices

60.959 million (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

61.71 million persons

agriculture

11.4%

industry

24.52%

services

64.08%

36.3% (2022 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line

45 % of GDP

Note

<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP

Public debt 2023

45.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

$3.43 trillion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$2.751 trillion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$2.842 trillion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$2.883 trillion (2024 est.)

1.43%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

3.7% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

3.3% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

1.5% (2024 est.)

$26,185

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$21,400 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$21,900 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$22,000 (2024 est.)

$67.64 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2022

4.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

3.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

3.7% of GDP (2024 est.)

$232.04 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$201.119 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$214.317 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$232.035 billion (2024 est.)

19 % of GDP

14 % of GDP

14.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

2.67%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

3.3% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

2.8% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

2.8% (2024 est.)

Female

6.1% (2024 est.)

Male

5.2% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

5.5% (2024 est.)

Consumption

15.132 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports

4,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Imports

8.809 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Production

6.296 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

1.16 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

332.042 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

2,609 kWh

Exports

1.97 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Imports

4.863 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Installed generating capacity

105.586 million kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

45.47 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - rural areas

100%

Electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electrification - urban areas

99.8%

Biomass and waste

1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Fossil fuels

79.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Geothermal

1.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

5.45%

Hydroelectricity

5.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Nuclear

3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

renewable

24.39%

Solar

4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind

5.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

1,560 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

57.539 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Consumption

97.118 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Exports

27.92 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Imports

64.289 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Production

33.118 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

180.322 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

1.55GW (2025 est.)

Number of operational nuclear reactors

2 (2025)

Percent of total electricity production

4.9% (2023 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves

5.786 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

1.741 million bbl/day (2024 est.)

Total petroleum production

2.101 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

13%

per 100 inhabitants

20 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

21 (2023 est.)

Total

26.6 million (2023 est.)

telecom reform in 2013 ended a quasi-monopoly; now 885 TV stations and 1,841 radio stations, most privately owned; foreign satellite and cable operators are available; completed transition to digital in 2016 (2022)

.mx

Percent of population

81% (2023 est.)

#####

+52

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

20 (2023 est.)

Total subscriptions

25.637 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100

112 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

100 (2022 est.)

Total subscriptions

140 million (2023 est.)

passengers carried

78.76 million passengers

registered carrier departures

556,879 departures

1,580 (2025)

XA

Right

488 (2025)

By type

bulk carrier 4, general cargo 11, oil tanker 32, other 627

Total

674 (2023)

Key ports

Acapulco, Ensenada, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Tampico, Tuxpan, Veracruz

Large

0

Medium

7

Ports with oil terminals

21

Size unknown

4

Small

10

Total ports

35 (2024)

Very small

14

Standard gauge

23,389 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (27 km electrified)

Total

23,389 km (2017)

MEX

armored vehicles

tanks

the Mexican military is responsible for defending the independence, integrity, and sovereignty of Mexico, as well as providing for internal security, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and socio-economic development; internal security duties are a key focus, particularly combating narcotics trafficking and organized crime groups, as well as border control and immigration enforcement; the constitution was amended in 2019 to grant the president the authority to use the armed forces to protect internal and national security, and courts have upheld the legality of the armed forces&rsquo; role in law enforcement activities in support of civilian authorities through 2028; the military also provides security for strategic facilities, such as oil production infrastructure, and administers most of the country's land and sea ports and customs services, plus a state-owned development bank; in addition, President L&Oacute;PEZ OBRADOR placed the military in charge of a growing number of infrastructure projects, such as building and operating a new airport for Mexico City and sections of a train line in the country&rsquo;s southeast (2025)

the Mexican Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de México) are divided between the Secretariat of National Defense and the Secretariat of the Navy:<br><br>Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM), National Guard (Guardia Nacional); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM))<br><br>Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection/SEDENA: National Guard (2025)

active duty personnel

341,000

note

<strong>note:</strong> the National Guard was formed in 2019 of personnel from the former Federal Police (disbanded in December 2019) and military police units of the Army and Navy

percent of total labor force

0.64 %

information varies; approximately 260,000 active-duty Armed Forces; approximately 110,000 National Guard personnel (2025)

the Mexican military inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported armaments from a variety of mostly Western suppliers, particularly the US; Mexico's defense industry produces light armored vehicles and some naval vessels, as well as small arms and other miscellaneous equipment (2025)

1 % of GDP

current USD

$16,726,425,452

Military Expenditures 2020

0.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

0.7% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

0.7% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

0.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

0.9% of GDP (2024 est.)

percent of central government expenditure

2.97 %

percent of GDP

0.89 % of GDP

18 years of age (16 with parental consent) for voluntary service for men and women; men at age 18 subject to lottery-based 12-month compulsory military service&nbsp; (2025)

PowerIndex score

0.6401

USG identification

<br>major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country<br><br>major precursor-chemical producer (2025)

IDPs

390,250 (2024 est.)

Refugees

417,546 (2024 est.)

Stateless persons

13 (2024 est.)

1962-1977 - sounding rocket program<br><br>1985 - first Mexican in space on US Space Shuttle; first communications satellite (Morelos-1) built by US and released from the US Space Shuttle<br><br>2015 - first successful launch of MEXSAT series of communications satellites by the US<br><br>2021 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for space and lunar exploration<br><br>2024 - contributed five autonomous micro-robots (Colmena project) on failed US commercial Moon lander mission

Mexican Space Agency (Agencia Espacial Mexicana or AEM; established 2010 and began operating in 2013) (2025)

has a national space policy with a focus on expanding Mexico's commercial space sector, including acquiring satellites and developing specialists, technologies, and infrastructure; manufactures and operates communications and scientific satellites; conducts research on a range of space-related capabilities and technologies, including astronomy, astrophysics, Earth and weather sciences, remote sensing, robotics, satellite payloads, and telecommunications; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space industries, including those of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the ESA, individual ESA member states (particularly France, Germany, and the UK), India, Japan, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and the US; led effort to establish the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency and hosts its headquarters (2025)

Gulf Cartel (CDG); Jalisco Cartel New Generation (CJNG); La Mara Salvatruche (MS-13); Northeast Cartel (CDN); The New Family Michoacana (LNFM); Sinaloa Cartel; United Cartels (CU)

note

<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

From coal and metallurgical coke

32.087 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas

180.684 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

228.279 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

441.049 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; urban river pollution from raw sewage and industrial effluents; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; serious air and water pollution in urban areas; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion

note

<strong>note:</strong> the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation as national security issues

Global geoparks and regional networks

Comarca Minera, Hidalgo; Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca (2023)

Total global geoparks and regional networks

2

Party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

Signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Agriculture

2,372.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Energy

1,389 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Other

49.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste

1,832.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)

17.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

20 % of total land area

14 % of total

461.888 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

22 % of internal resources

Agricultural

68.523 billion cubic meters (2022)

Industrial

7.953 billion cubic meters (2022)

Municipal

13.33 billion cubic meters (2022)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

53.1 million tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled

9.6% (2022 est.)