Luxembourg

Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna. When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium but gained a larger measure of autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.  Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867 by promising to remain permanently neutral. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, its neutrality ended in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.

Land

2,586 sq km

Total

2,586 sq km

Water

0 sq km

slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware

modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

0 km (landlocked)

Europe

Highest point

Buurgplaatz 559 m

Lowest point

Moselle River 133 m

Mean elevation

325 m

49 45 N, 6 10 E

landlocked

0 sq km (2012)

Border countries

Belgium 130 km; France 69 km; Germany 128 km

number of neighbors

3

Total

327 km

Agricultural land

51.7% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)

arable land

23.82%

Forest

34.5% (2023 est.)

Other

13.9% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

0.6%

Yes

Western Europe, between France and Germany

Atlantic Ocean drainage

Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/L6b2AgndgHprt2Ko9

OpenStreetMap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2171347#map=10/49.8167/6.1335

Europe

none (landlocked)

occasional flooding

iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land

most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

Western Europe

mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast

UTC+01:00

number of time zones

1

0-14 years

16.7% (male 57,921/female 54,484)

15-64 years

67.1% (male 231,214/female 219,497)

65 years and over

16.1% (2024 est.) (male 49,567/female 58,571)

Beer

4.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

2.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

4.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

9.24 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

51.1% (2022 est.)

6.66 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

34 per 1,000

adult male

57 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

23.4 (2024 est.)

Potential support ratio

4.3 (2024 est.)

Total dependency ratio

46.6 (2024 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

23.2 (2024 est.)

improved total

99.65%

Improved: rural

rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% GDP)

3.7% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

8.5% national budget (2022 est.)

4 % of GDP

Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)

note

<strong>note:</strong> data represent population by nationality

0.62 (2025 est.)

6 % of GDP

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

5.5% of GDP (2022)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

11% of national budget (2022 est.)

0.14%

4.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Female

2.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

3.6 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

2 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)

languages

German, French, Luxembourgish

number of languages

3

Female

85.9 years

Male

80.9 years

Total population

83.4 years (2024 est.)

120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)

12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

40.4 years

Male

39.4 years

Total

40.1 years (2025 est.)

31 years (2020 est.)

Adjective

Luxembourg

Noun

Luxembourger(s)

10.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

22.6% (2016)

2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Female

332,552

Male

338,702

Total

671,254 (2024 est.)

1.26% (2025 est.)

Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)

improved total

96.32%

Improved: rural

rural: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Female

15 years (2022 est.)

Male

14 years (2022 est.)

Total

14 years (2022 est.)

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.85 male(s)/female

At birth

1.06 male(s)/female

Total population

1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Female

19.9% (2025 est.)

Male

22.1% (2025 est.)

Total

21% (2025 est.)

1.25 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

92.1% of total population (2023)

measles

99%

12 cantons; Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz

Daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Etymology

probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country

Geographic coordinates

49 36 N, 6 07 E

Name

Luxembourg

Time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship by birth

limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory

Citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg

Dual citizenship recognized

yes

Residency requirement for naturalization

7 years

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/lu.svg

Amendment process

proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters

History

previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868

alternative spellings

LU, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, Großherzogtum Luxemburg, Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg

Conventional long form

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Conventional short form

Luxembourg

Etymology

probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country

FIFA code

LUX

Local long form

Grand Duch&eacute; de Luxembourg

local long form (deu)

Großherzogtum Luxemburg

Local short form

Luxembourg

Chief of mission

Ambassador Stacey FEINBERG (since 13 November 2025)

Email address and website

<br>Luxembourgconsular@state.gov<br><br>https://lu.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City

FAX

[352] 46-14-01

Mailing address

5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-5380

Telephone

[352] 46-01-23-00

Chancery

2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

Chief of mission

Ambassador Nicole BINTNER-BAKSHIAN (since 15 August 2021)

Consulate(s) general

New York, San Francisco

Email address and website

<br>washington.amb@mae.etat.lu<br><br>https://washington.mae.lu/en.html

FAX

[1] (202) 328-8270

Telephone

[1] (202) 265-4171

Cabinet

Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch

Chief of state

Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025)

Election/appointment process

the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime minister also appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies

Head of government

Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023)

<strong>description: </strong>three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue<br><br><strong>history:</strong> the colors are derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms

note

<strong>note: </strong>similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which is shorter and uses a darker blue

The flag of Luxembourg is composed of three equal horizontal bands of red, white and light blue.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/lu.svg

constitutional monarchy

1839 (from the Netherlands)

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

Judge selection and term of office

judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life

Subordinate courts

Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts

civil law system

Electoral system

proportional representation

Expected date of next election

October 2028

Legislative structure

unicameral

Legislature name

Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés)

Most recent election date

10/8/2023

Note

<strong>note:</strong> a 21-member Council of State is appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister and serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies

Number of seats

60 (all directly elected)

Parties elected and seats per party

Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21); Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14); Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11); Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5); Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4); Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3); Other (2)

Percentage of women in chamber

35%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

5 years

red, white, light blue

Selected World Heritage Site locales

Luxembourg City Old Quarters and Fortifications

Total World Heritage Sites

1 (cultural)

National Day (birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June

note

<strong>note:</strong> this is not the true date of birth for any of the Royals, but the national festivities were shifted in 1962 to allow observance during a more favorable time of year

red rampant lion

Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR <br>Christian Social People's Party or CSV <br>Democratic Party or DP <br>Green Party <br>Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP <br>Pirate Party <br>The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche) 

Monday

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Yes

milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, grapes, beef, rye, rapeseed (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Expenditures

$38.263 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Revenues

$37.951 billion (2023 est.)

code

EUR

name

euro (EUR) [€]

$4.1 billion

Current account balance 2022

$7.509 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

$9.861 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

$12.877 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

<p>high-income EU and eurozone economy; global, highly capitalized banking sector; one of highest GDP-per-capita countries; strengthened domestic demand and lower interest rates contributing to economic growth; challenges include pension-system sustainability, labor-market dynamics, and energy price volatility</p>

Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

0.876 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

0.845 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

0.95 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

0.925 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

0.924 (2024 est.)

$178.66 billion

Exports 2022

$184.53 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$195.294 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$202.203 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

iron blocks, gas turbines, plastic products, rubber tires, plastics (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 18%, France 15%, Belgium 8%, Netherlands 7%, Italy 6% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$105.99 billion

Exports of goods and services

217.8% (2023 est.)

Government consumption

18.6% (2023 est.)

Household consumption

31.6% (2023 est.)

Imports of goods and services

-186.7% (2023 est.)

Investment in fixed capital

16.1% (2023 est.)

Investment in inventories

1.3% (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agriculture

0.2% (2024 est.)

Industry

9% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

81.9% (2024 est.)

$93.197 billion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$137,782

35.4 (2018)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

34.1 (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

$61.01 billion

$84,650

16 % of GDP

Highest 10%

25.6% (2022 est.)

Lowest 10%

2.9% (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$149 billion

Imports 2022

$149.751 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$156.818 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$160.032 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

cars, refined petroleum, electricity, plastic products, gas turbines (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Belgium 26%, Germany 23%, France 10%, Netherlands 5%, USA 4% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

-1.1% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology

2.05%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

6.3% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

3.7% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

2.1% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices

350,000 (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

354,487 persons

agriculture

0.88%

industry

7.64%

services

91.48%

17.3% (2021 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line

Note

<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Public debt 2017

23% of GDP (2017 est.)

$105.57 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$86.584 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$85.984 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$86.871 billion (2024 est.)

0.36%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

-1.1% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

-0.7% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

1% (2024 est.)

$155,941

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$132,600 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$129,000 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$128,200 (2024 est.)

$2.5 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2022

2.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

2.6% of GDP (2024 est.)

$2.79 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$2.874 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$2.977 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$2.789 billion (2024 est.)

43 % of GDP

27 % of GDP

27.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

6.34%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

4.6% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

5.2% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

6% (2024 est.)

Female

24.2% (2024 est.)

Male

16.9% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

20.2% (2024 est.)

Consumption

34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports

30.2 metric tons (2022 est.)

Imports

34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

5.87 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

11,428 kWh

Exports

1.188 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Imports

6.39 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Installed generating capacity

2.212 million kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

141.867 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Biomass and waste

32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Fossil fuels

10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

48.79%

Hydroelectricity

-35.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) <b>note:</b> Luxembourg has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower

nuclear

0%

renewable

89.04%

Solar

37.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind

55.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

4,592 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

224.651 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Consumption

556.63 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Imports

552.714 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

51,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

20.5%

per 100 inhabitants

38 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

38 (2022 est.)

Total

250,000 (2022 est.)

long national tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences; home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Soci&eacute;t&eacute; Europ&eacute;enne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available

.lu

Percent of population

99% (2024 est.)

####

+352

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

40 (2022 est.)

Total subscriptions

260,000 (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100

144 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

137 (2021 est.)

Total subscriptions

961,000 (2023 est.)

passengers carried

2.46 million passengers

registered carrier departures

48,487 departures

3 (2025)

LX

Right

11 (2025)

By type

bulk carrier 3, container ship 1, general cargo 24, oil tanker 4, other 115

Total

147 (2023)

Total

271 km (2020) 262 km electrified

L

founded in 1881, the Luxembourg Army is responsible for the defense of the country and fulfilling the Grand Duchy’s commitments to NATO, European security, and international peacekeeping, as well as providing support to civil authorities in the event of emergencies, such as floods or disease outbreaks; the Army is an active participant in EU, NATO, and UN missions and has contributed small numbers of troops to a number of multinational operations in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia; it trains and exercises regularly with EU and NATO partners and has contributed to the NATO battlegroup forward deployed in Lithuania since 2017; Luxembourg was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) establishing NATO in 1949<br><br>in 2015, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg signed an agreement to conduct joint air policing of their territories; under the agreement, which went into effect in January 2017, the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces trade responsibility for patrolling the skies over the three countries (2025)

Luxembourg Army (l'Armée Luxembourgeoise) (2025)

active duty personnel

1,000

note

<strong>note:</strong> the Grand Ducal Police maintain internal security and report to the Ministry of Internal Security

percent of total labor force

0.31 %

approximately 900 active military personnel (2025)

the Luxembourg Army has a small mix of Western origin equipment (2025)

1 % of GDP

current USD

$871,643,141

Military Expenditures 2021

0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2025

2% of GDP (2025 est.)

percent of central government expenditure

1.99 %

percent of GDP

0.96 % of GDP

18-26 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 1969) (2025)

note

<strong>note 1: </strong>since 2003, the Army has allowed EU citizens 18-24 years of age who have been a resident in the country for at least 36 months to volunteer<strong><br><br>note 2:</strong> 2024, women made up about 12% of the military's full-time personnel

Refugees

14,344 (2024 est.)

Stateless persons

85 (2024 est.)

1980s - began creating a satellite telecommunications infrastructure for Europe<br><br>2014 - first privately built probe to successfully fly by the Moon (launched by China)<br><br>2018 - developed communications satellite (GOVSAT-1) to support the EU’s secure communications and space situational awareness program (GOVSATCOM)<br><br>2020 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration and agreed to join the Moon exploration mission<br><br>2021 - launched Luxembourg’s Quantum Communications Infrastructure project (LuxQCI) in support of the EU’s Quantum Communications Infrastructure (EuroQCI)<br><br>2025 - launched the Luxembourg Earth Observation System (LUXEOSys) satellite, part of a national space-based remote sensing program

the Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA; established 2018) (2025)

Luxembourg Space Agency was established in 2018 to develop space policy, encourage and coordinate commercial space ventures, support space education, and promote the country&rsquo;s space-related capabilities internationally; has a national space strategy; has set up policy and funding initiatives (such as LuxIMPULSE) to encourage research, development, innovation, and entrepreneurship and attract space-based industries; focuses on developing commercial satellites and infrastructure, as well as other capabilities and technologies; hosts some of the largest commercial satellite companies in the world; member of the ESA since 2005 and participates in a variety of ESA programs; cooperates bilaterally with individual ESA and EU member states; also works with other foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Canada, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, the UAE, and the US (2025)

From coal and metallurgical coke

75,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas

1.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

7.496 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

8.715 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

air and water pollution in urban areas; soil pollution of farmland

Global geoparks and regional networks

M&euml;llerdall (2023)

Total global geoparks and regional networks

1

Party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

Signed, but not ratified

Environmental Modification

9.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

39 % of total land area

40 % of total

3.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

5 % of internal resources

Agricultural

490,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)

Industrial

1.83 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal

43.53 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

490,300 tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled

42% (2022 est.)