Libya

<p>Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Romans, and Vandals have all settled and ruled the region. In the 7th century, Islam spread through the area. In the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began; the Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and held it until 1943, when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then came under UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership with a military coup in 1969 and began to espouse a political system that combined socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners -- one over Scotland and another in Northern Africa -- and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically; the sanctions were lifted in 2003 when Libya accepted responsibility for the bombings and agreed to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations.</p> <p>Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned an eight-month civil war that saw the emergence of a National Transitional Council (NTC), UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community, and the toppling of the QADHAFI regime. In 2012, the NTC handed power to an elected parliament, the General National Congress (GNC), which was replaced two years later with the House of Representatives (HoR). In 2015, the UN brokered the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA) among a broad array of political parties and social groups, establishing an interim executive body. However, hardliners continued to oppose and hamper the LPA implementation, leaving Libya with eastern and western-based rival governments. In 2018, the international community supported a recalibrated plan that aimed to break the political deadlock with a National Conference in 2019. These plans, however, were derailed when the eastern-based, self-described Libyan National Army (LNA) launched an offensive to seize Tripoli. The LNA offensive collapsed in 2020, and a subsequent UN-sponsored cease-fire helped formalize the pause in fighting between rival camps. <br><br>In 2021, the UN-facilitated Libyan Political Dialogue Forum selected a new prime minister for an interim government -- the Government of National Unity (GNU) -- and a new presidential council charged with preparing for elections and uniting the country’s state institutions. The HoR approved the GNU and its cabinet the same year, providing Libya with its first unified government since 2014, but the parliament then postponed the planned presidential election to an undetermined date in the future. In 2022, the HoR voted to replace GNU interim Prime Minister, Abdul Hamid DUBAYBAH, with another government led by Fathi BASHAGHA. GNU allegations of an illegitimate HoR vote allowed DUBAYBAH to remain in office and rebuff BASHAGHA's attempts to seat his government in Tripoli. In 2023, the HoR voted to replace BASHAGHA with Osma HAMAD. Special Representative of the UN Security-General for Libya, Abdoulaye BATHILY, is leading international efforts to persuade key Libyan political actors to resolve the core issues impeding elections. </p>

Land

1,759,540 sq km

Total

1,759,540 sq km

Water

0 sq km

about 2.5 times the size of Texas; slightly larger than Alaska

Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

1,770 km

Africa

Highest point

Bikku Bitti 2,267 m

Lowest point

Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m

Mean elevation

423 m

25 00 N, 17 00 E

<strong>note 1:</strong> more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the volcano Waw an Namus lies in south central Libya in the middle of the Sahara; the caldera is an oasis -- the name means "oasis of mosquitoes" -- containing several small lakes that host many species of insects and birds

4,700 sq km (2012)

Border countries

Algeria 989 km; Chad 1,050 km; Egypt 1,115 km; Niger 342 km; Sudan 382 km; Tunisia 461 km

number of neighbors

6

Total

4,339 km

Agricultural land

8.7% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 1% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.2% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 7.6% (2023 est.)

arable land

0.98%

Forest

0.1% (2023 est.)

Other

91.2% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

0.19%

No

Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt, Tunisia, and Algeria

Nubian Aquifer System, North Western Sahara Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin

Internal (endorheic basin) drainage

Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/eLgGnaQWcJEdYRMy5

OpenStreetMap

openstreetmap.org/relation/192758

Africa

Exclusive fishing zone

62 nm

Note

<strong>note:</strong> Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north

Territorial sea

12 nm

hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms

petroleum, natural gas, gypsum

over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and its lack of surface water, as shown in this population distribution map

Northern Africa

mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions

UTC+01:00

number of time zones

1

0-14 years

32.3% (male 1,211,087/female 1,165,648)

15-64 years

63.2% (male 2,385,152/female 2,263,780)

65 years and over

4.6% (2024 est.) (male 151,125/female 184,471)

Beer

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

19.83 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

7.9%

4.3% (2022 est.)

3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

170 per 1,000

adult male

180 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

7.2 (2024 est.)

Potential support ratio

13.9 (2024 est.)

Total dependency ratio

58.3 (2024 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

51.1 (2024 est.)

Improved: total

total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Amazigh and Arab 97%, other 3% (includes Egyptian, Greek, Indian, Italian, Maltese, Pakistani, Tunisian, and Turkish)

1.44 (2025 est.)

5.1% of national budget (2022 est.)

0.11%

3.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Female

9.3 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

12.1 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

6 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

10.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely understood in the major cities); Tamazight (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq)

Major-language sample(s)

<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

number of languages

1

Female

80 years

Male

75.5 years

Total population

77.7 years (2024 est.)

1.183 million TRIPOLI (capital), 984,000 Misratah, 859,000 Benghazi (2023)

59 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

26.2 years

Male

26.3 years

Total

26.4 years (2025 est.)

6 births/1,000 women 15-19

Adjective

Libyan

Noun

Libyan(s)

-2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

32.5% (2016)

2.04 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Female

3,613,899

Male

3,747,364

Note

<strong>note:</strong> immigrants make up just over 12% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

Total

7,361,263 (2024 est.)

1.35% (2025 est.)

Muslim (official; virtually all Sunni) 96.6%, Christian 2.7%, Buddhist &lt;1%, Hindu &lt;1%, Jewish &lt;1%, folk religion &lt;1%, other &lt;1%, unaffiliated &lt;1% (2020 est.)

note

<strong>note:</strong> non-Sunni Muslims include native Ibadhi Muslims (&lt;1% of the population) and foreign Muslims

improved total

21.75%

Improved: total

total: 99.3% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0.7% of population (2022 est.)

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.82 male(s)/female

At birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Total population

1.04 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

2.96 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

81.6% of total population (2023)

measles

89%

22 governorates (<em>muhafazah</em>, singular - <em>muhafazat</em>); Al Butnan, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jabal al Gharbi, Al Jafarah, Al Jufrah, Al Kufrah, Al Marj, Al Marqab, Al Wahat, An Nuqat al Khams, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi (Benghazi), Darnah, Ghat, Misratah, Murzuq, Nalut, Sabha, Surt, Tarabulus (Tripoli), Wadi al Hayat, Wadi ash Shati

Etymology

the name derives from the Greek words <em>tri </em>and <em>polis</em>, meaning "three cities;" the modern-day city was founded in the 14th century to replace the three ancient cities of Pallantium, Tegea, and Mantineia

Geographic coordinates

32 53 N, 13 10 E

Name

Tripoli (Tarabulus)

Time difference

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship by birth

no

Citizenship by descent only

at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Libya

Dual citizenship recognized

no

Residency requirement for naturalization

varies from 3 to 5 years

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/ly.svg

History

previous 1951, 1977, 2011 (interim)

Note

<strong>note: </strong>a draft constitution was approved in 2017, but it is not yet ratified

alternative spellings

LY, State of Libya, Dawlat Libya

Conventional long form

State of Libya

Conventional short form

Libya

Etymology

the name probably derives from the Libu, a North African tribe first mentioned in texts from the 13th century B.C.; the ancient Greeks and Romans used the name for the entire North African coast west of Egypt

FIFA code

LBY

Local long form

Dawlat Libiya

local long form (ara)

الدولة ليبيا

Local short form

Libiya

Chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Jeremy BERNDT (since 14 October 2023)

Email address and website

<br>Webmaster_Libya@state.gov<br><br>https://ly.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

US Embassy Tripoli operations suspended in 2014

Mailing address

8850 Tripoli Place, Washington, DC&nbsp; 20521-8850

Note

<strong>note:</strong> the US Embassy in Tripoli closed in July 2014 due to Libyan civil unrest; embassy staff and operations currently are located at US Embassy Tunis, Tunisia

Telephone

[216] 71-107-000

Chancery

1460 Dahlia Street NW, Washington, DC 20012

Chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Fadil S M OMAR (since 17 July 2023)

Email address and website

<br>info@embassyoflibyadc.com<br><br>https://www.embassyoflibyadc.org/

FAX

[1] (202) 944-9606

Telephone

[1] (202) 944-9601

Chief of state

President, Presidential Council, Mohammed al-MANFI (since 5 February 2021)

Election/appointment process

first direct presidential election was not held as planned

Expected date of next election

no new date has been set for elections

Head of government

GNU Interim Prime Minister Abd-al-Hamid DUBAYBAH (since 5 February 2021)

Most recent election date

scheduled for 24 December 2021 but not held

<strong>description:</strong> three horizontal bands of red (top), black (double-width), and green, with a white crescent and star centered on the black stripe<br><br><strong>meaning:</strong> the colors represent the three major regions of the country: red stands for Fezzan, black for Cyrenaica, and green for Tripolitania; the crescent and star represent Islam<br><br><strong>history:</strong> the National Transitional Council reintroduced this flag design from the former Kingdom of Libya (1951-69) in 2011 to replace the all-green banner of the QADHAFI regime

The flag of Libya is composed of three horizontal bands of red, black and green, with the black band twice the height of the other two bands. At the center of the black band is a fly-side facing white crescent and a five-pointed white star placed just outside the crescent opening.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/ly.svg

in transition

24 December 1951 (from UN trusteeship)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BDEAC, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, LCBC, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNSMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Highest court(s)

Libya's judicial system consists of a supreme court, central high courts (in Tripoli, Benghazi, and Sabha), and a series of lower courts

Libya's post-revolution system is in flux and driven by state and non-state entities

Chamber name

House of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nuwaab)

Electoral system

other systems

Expected date of next election

December 2026

Legislative structure

unicameral

Most recent election date

6/25/2014

Note

<strong>note:</strong> 32 seats are reserved for women

Number of seats

200 (all directly elected)

Percentage of women in chamber

16.5%

Scope of elections

full renewal

red, black, green

Selected World Heritage Site locales

Archaeological Site of Cyrene; Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna, Archaeological Site of Sabratha; Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus; Old Town of Ghadamès

Total World Heritage Sites

5 (all cultural)

Liberation Day, 23 October (2011)

star and crescent, hawk

Sunday

18 years of age, universal

Yes

potatoes, onions, watermelons, tomatoes, dates, olives, milk, chicken, wheat, vegetables (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Expenditures

$37.475 billion (2019 est.)

Revenues

$28.005 billion (2019 est.)

code

LYD

name

Libyan dinar (LYD) [ل.د]

$1.86 billion

Current account balance 2021

$5.675 billion (2021 est.)

Current account balance 2022

$9.607 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

$1.865 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

upper middle-income, fossil fuel-based North African economy; 31% economic contraction due to COVID-19 and 2020 oil blockade; reduced government spending; central bank had to devalue currency; public wages are over 60% of expenditures

Currency

Libyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

1.389 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

4.514 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

4.813 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

4.813 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

4.832 (2024 est.)

$34.9 billion

Exports 2021

$32.38 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$39.831 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$37.753 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, gold, scrap iron (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Italy 23%, Germany 15%, Spain 9%, France 7%, China 6% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$794.7 million

Exports of goods and services

74.8% (2024 est.)

Government consumption

36.7% (2024 est.)

Household consumption

32.7% (2024 est.)

Imports of goods and services

-59.1% (2024 est.)

Investment in fixed capital

14.8% (2024 est.)

Investment in inventories

0% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agriculture

1.7% (2024 est.)

Industry

68.3% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

34.3% (2024 est.)

$46.636 billion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$6,569

$52.19 billion

$6,890

14 % of GDP

$27.56 billion

Imports 2021

$25.406 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$27.872 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$33.284 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, tobacco, garments, cars (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

China 17%, Turkey 15%, Italy 8%, UAE 8%, Egypt 8% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

-5.8% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

petroleum, petrochemicals, aluminum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement

2.13%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

4.5% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

2.4% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

2.1% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices

2.585 million (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

2.62 million persons

agriculture

10%

industry

18.63%

services

71.38%

Public debt 2016

7.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

$105.58 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$82.756 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$91.161 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$90.609 billion (2024 est.)

1.9%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

-8.3% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

10.2% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

-0.6% (2024 est.)

$14,304

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$11,500 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$12,500 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$12,300 (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

0% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

0% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

0% of GDP (2023 est.)

$92.89 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$86.683 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$92.427 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$92.894 billion (2024 est.)

18.76%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

19.3% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

18.8% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

18.7% (2024 est.)

Female

68.8% (2024 est.)

Male

41.5% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

49.5% (2024 est.)

Imports

4,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

28.826 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

3,979 kWh

Imports

800 million kWh (2023 est.)

Installed generating capacity

10.519 million kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

7.081 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - total population

70% (2022 est.)

Electrification - urban areas

100%

Fossil fuels

100% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

0%

nuclear

0%

renewable

0.02%

2,539 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

100.844 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Consumption

8.633 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Exports

2.527 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Production

11.16 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

1.505 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves

48.363 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

207,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Total petroleum production

1.245 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

3.1%

per 100 inhabitants

5 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

5 (2022 est.)

Total

326,000 (2022 est.)

state-funded and private TV stations; some provinces operate local TV stations; pan-Arab satellite TV stations are available; state-funded radio (2019)

.ly

Percent of population

89% (2023 est.)

+218

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

17 (2022 est.)

Total subscriptions

1.218 million (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100

193 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

205 (2022 est.)

Total subscriptions

13.9 million (2022 est.)

passengers carried

1.09 million passengers

registered carrier departures

11,246 departures

75 (2025)

5A

Right

By type

general cargo 2, oil tanker 13, other 81

Total

96 (2023)

Key ports

Al Burayqah, Az Zawiya, Banghazi, Mersa Tobruq, Mina Tarabulus (Tripoli)

Large

0

Medium

2

Ports with oil terminals

10

Small

3

Total ports

14 (2024)

Very small

9

LAR

armored vehicles

tanks

the western-based forces aligned with the GNU and the eastern-based LNA forces are separated by a fortified line of control just west of the coastal city of Sirte; Turkey has provided support to the GNU forces, including military trainers, ammunition, weapons, and aerial drones; Russia, the United Arab Emirates, and Egypt have been the main supporters of the LNA (2025)

the Libyan Armed Forces of the Tripoli-based Government of National Unity (GNU) have various ground, air, and naval/coast guard forces, which include a mix of nominally integrated and semi-regular units, tribal armed groups and militias, civilian volunteers, and foreign military contractors; the GNU's armed forces are nominally under the control of the Ministry of Defense; the GNU also has various internal security forces under both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Interior (2025)

active duty personnel

0

note

<strong>note: </strong>the self-styled Libyan National Army (LNA; aka Libyan Arab Armed Forces, LAAF) under Khalifa HAFTER also includes various ground, air, and naval/coast guard forces comprised of semi-regular military personnel, militias, other armed groups, and foreign military contractors; some of the armed units nominally under the LNA operate under their own command structures and engage in their own operations

percent of total labor force

0.00 %

estimates not available

both the forces aligned with the GNU and the LNA are largely equipped with weapons of Russian or Soviet origin; in recent years, Türkiye has the been the primary supplier of arms to the GNU, while the LNA has received quantities from Russia and the United Arab Emirates (2025)

note

<strong>note:</strong> Libya is under a UN-imposed arms embargo

not available

current USD

$1,573,682,777

percent of central government expenditure

5.47 %

percent of GDP

5.29 % of GDP

not available

PowerIndex score

1.7872

IDPs

139,305 (2024 est.)

Refugees

277,010 (2024 est.)

Tier rating

Special Case; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/libya/

Ansar al-Sharia groups; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Libya (ISIS-L); al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)

note

<strong>note: </strong>details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

From coal and metallurgical coke

700 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas

16.936 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

29.542 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

46.479 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

desertification; limited natural freshwater resources; water pollution; threats to coastal ecosystem from sewage, oil byproducts, and industrial waste

Party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

Signed, but not ratified

Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Law of the Sea

Agriculture

63.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Energy

1,357.4 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Other

3.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste

77.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)

29.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

0 % of total land area

0 % of total

700 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

817 % of internal resources

Agricultural

4.85 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Industrial

280 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal

700 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

2.148 million tons (2024 est.)