Jamaica

Europeans first saw Jamaica when Christopher COLUMBUS arrived in 1494, and the Spanish settled the island early in the 16th century. The Native Taino, who had inhabited Jamaica for centuries, were gradually exterminated and replaced with African slaves. England seized the island in 1655 and established a plantation economy based on sugar, cocoa, and coffee. The abolition of slavery in 1834 freed a quarter-million slaves, many of whom became small farmers. Jamaica gradually increased its independence from Britain. In 1958, it joined other British Caribbean colonies in forming the Federation of the West Indies. Jamaica withdrew from the Federation in 1961 and gained full independence in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurring violence as rival gangs affiliated with the major political parties evolved into powerful organized crime networks involved in international drug smuggling and money laundering. Violent crime, drug trafficking, corruption, and poverty pose significant challenges to the government today. Nonetheless, many rural and resort areas remain relatively safe and contribute substantially to the economy.

Land

10,831 sq km

Total

10,991 sq km

Water

160 sq km

about half the size of New Jersey; slightly smaller than Connecticut

tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

1,022 km

North America

Highest point

Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m

Lowest point

Caribbean Sea 0 m

Mean elevation

18 m

18 15 N, 77 30 W

third largest island in the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola); strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal

250 sq km (2012)

Total

0 km

Agricultural land

38.5% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 11.1% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 6.3% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 21.1% (2023 est.)

arable land

11.08%

Forest

56.2% (2023 est.)

Other

5.3% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

6.28%

No

Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/Z8mQ6jxnRQKFwJy9A

OpenStreetMap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/555017

Central America and the Caribbean

Contiguous zone

24 nm

Continental shelf

200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

Exclusive economic zone

200 nm

Note

<strong>note: </strong>measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

Territorial sea

12 nm

hurricanes (especially July to November)

bauxite, alumina, gypsum, limestone

population density is high throughout, but increases in and around Kingston, Montego Bay, and Port Esquivel

Caribbean

mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

UTC-05:00

number of time zones

1

0-14 years

23.8% (male 342,691/female 329,773)

15-64 years

65.7% (male 914,364/female 941,816)

65 years and over

10.4% (2024 est.) (male 140,440/female 154,629)

Beer

1.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

1.66 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

3.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

0.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

16.08 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

2.5% (2018 est.)

35.2% (2022 est.)

7.37 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

123 per 1,000

adult male

201 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

14.6 (2025 est.)

Potential support ratio

6.9 (2025 est.)

Total dependency ratio

50.6 (2025 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

36 (2025 est.)

Improved: rural

rural: 85.4% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 91.1% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 95.4% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 14.6% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 8.9% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 4.6% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% GDP)

5.5% of GDP (2024 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

17.9% national budget (2024 est.)

6 % of GDP

Black 92.1%, mixed 6.1%, East Indian 0.8%, other 0.4%, unspecified 0.7% (2011 est.)

0.91 (2025 est.)

8 % of GDP

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

7.2% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

19% of national budget (2022 est.)

0.57%

1.7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Female

9.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

11.9 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

15 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

14.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

English, Jamaican patois

languages

English, Jamaican Patois

number of languages

2

Female

78.1 years

Male

74.5 years

Total population

76.3 years (2024 est.)

Female

90.8% (2022 est.)

597,000 KINGSTON (capital) (2023)

130 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

31.7 years

Male

30.1 years

Total

28.8 years (2025 est.)

21.2 years (2008 est.)

note

<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-29

Adjective

Jamaican

Noun

Jamaican(s)

-6.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

24.7% (2016)

0.46 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Female

1,484,744

Male

1,453,759

Total

2,938,503 (2025 est.)

0.25% (2025 est.)

Protestant 64.8% (includes Seventh Day Adventist 12.0%, Pentecostal 11.0%, Other Church of God 9.2%, New Testament Church of God 7.2%, Baptist 6.7%, Church of God in Jamaica 4.8%, Church of God of Prophecy 4.5%, Anglican 2.8%, United Church 2.1%, Methodist 1.6%, Revived 1.4%, Brethren 0.9%, and Moravian 0.7%), Roman Catholic 2.2%, Jehovah's Witness 1.9%, Rastafarian 1.1%, other 6.5%, none 21.3%, unspecified 2.3% (2011 est.)

improved total

73.61%

Improved: rural

rural: 99.4% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 0.6% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)

Female

14 years (2015 est.)

Male

12 years (2015 est.)

Total

13 years (2015 est.)

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.91 male(s)/female

At birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Total population

0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Female

3.1% (2025 est.)

Male

15.1% (2025 est.)

Total

9% (2025 est.)

1.86 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

57.4% of total population (2023)

measles

94%

14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland

note

<strong>note:</strong> for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation

Etymology

the name is a blend of the words "king's" and "town;" named after the English king at the time of the city's founding in 1692, WILLIAM III&nbsp;

Geographic coordinates

18 00 N, 76 48 W

Name

Kingston

Time difference

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship by birth

yes

Citizenship by descent only

yes

Dual citizenship recognized

yes

Residency requirement for naturalization

4 out of the previous 5 years

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/jm.svg

Amendment process

proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments to "non-entrenched" constitutional sections, such as lowering the voting age, requires majority vote by the Parliament membership; passage of amendments to "entrenched" sections, such as fundamental rights and freedoms, requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament; passage of amendments to "specially entrenched" sections such as the dissolution of Parliament or the executive authority of the monarch requires two-thirds approval by Parliament and approval in a referendum&nbsp;

History

several previous (pre-independence); latest drafted 1961-62, submitted to British Parliament 24 July 1962, entered into force 6 August 1962 (at independence)

alternative spellings

JM

Conventional long form

none

Conventional short form

Jamaica

Etymology

from the Arawak word <em>xaymaca</em>, meaning "Land of Wood and Water" or possibly "Land of Springs"

FIFA code

JAM

local long form (eng)

Jamaica

Chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Scott RENNER (since 13 August 2025)

Email address and website

<br>KingstonACS@state.gov<br><br>https://jm.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

142 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6

FAX

(876) 702-6348

Mailing address

3210 Kingston Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-3210

Telephone

(876) 702-6000

Chancery

1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

Chief of mission

Ambassador Antony B. ANDERSON (since 24 July 2025)

Consulate(s) general

Miami, New York

Email address and website

<br>contactus@jamaicaembassy.org<br><br>Jamaican Embassy (embassyofjamaica.org)

FAX

[1] (202) 452-0036

Telephone

[1] (202) 452-0660

Cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

Chief of state

King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Sir Patrick L. ALLEN (since 26 February 2009)

Election/appointment process

the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the governor general appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Representatives as prime minister

Head of government

Prime Minister Andrew HOLNESS (since 3 March 2016)

<strong>description: </strong>diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles, two green (top and bottom) and two black (left and right)<br><br><strong>meaning: </strong>green stands for hope, vegetation, and agriculture; black for hardships overcome and to be faced; and yellow for sunshine and natural resources

The flag of Jamaica is divided by a gold diagonal cross into four alternating triangular areas of green at the top and bottom, and black on the hoist and fly sides.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/jm.svg

parliamentary democracy (Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm

6 August 1962 (from the UK)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

ACP, ACS, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Highest court(s)

Court of Appeal (consists of president of the court and a minimum of 4 judges); Supreme Court (40 judges organized in specialized divisions)

Judge selection and term of office

chief justice of the Supreme Court and president of the Court of Appeal appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister; other judges of both courts appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission; judges of both courts serve till age 70

Note

<strong>note:</strong> appeals beyond Jamaica's highest courts are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) rather than to the Caribbean Court of Justice (the appellate court for member states of the Caribbean Community)

Subordinate courts

resident magistrate courts, district courts, and petty sessions courts

common law system based on the English model

Legislative structure

bicameral

Legislature name

Parliament

Chamber name

House of Representatives

Electoral system

plurality/majority

Expected date of next election

August 2030

Most recent election date

9/3/2025

Number of seats

63 (all directly elected)

Parties elected and seats per party

Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) (35); People's National Party (PNP) (28)

Percentage of women in chamber

30.2%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

5 years

Chamber name

Senate

Expected date of next election

September 2030

Most recent election date

9/18/2025

Number of seats

21 (all appointed)

Percentage of women in chamber

33.3%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

5 years

green, yellow, black

Selected World Heritage Site locales

Blue and John Crow Mountains (m); The Archaeological Ensemble of 17th Century Port Royal (c)

Total World Heritage Sites

2 ( 1mixed,1 cultural)

Independence Day, 6 August (1962)

green-and-black streamertail (bird), guaiacwood (<em>Guiacum officinale</em>)

Jamaica Labor Party or JLP<br>Jamaica Progressive Party or JPP<br>People's National Party or PNP<br>United Independents' Congress or UIC

Monday

18 years of age; universal

Yes

sugarcane, goat milk, yams, chicken, oranges, coconuts, bananas, plantains, pumpkins/squash, pineapples (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Expenditures

$4.466 billion (2020 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Revenues

$4.041 billion (2020 est.)

code

JMD

name

Jamaican dollar (JMD) [$]

$678.81 million

Current account balance 2022

-$136.401 million (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

$568.932 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

$678.808 million (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$14.84 billion

Debt - external 2023

$9.636 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars

<p>upper-middle-income Caribbean island economy; key agriculture and tourism sectors; high crime, youth unemployment, and poverty; susceptible to natural disasters and global commodity price shocks; progress in reducing public debt and moderating inflation within target range</p>

Currency

Jamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

142.403 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

150.79 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

153.427 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

154.159 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

156.44 (2024 est.)

Exports 2022

$6.424 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$7.275 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$7.124 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

aluminum oxide, refined petroleum, natural gas, liquor, processed fruits and nuts (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

USA 37%, Russia 7%, Latvia 7%, Iceland 7%, UK 5% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$305.08 million

Exports of goods and services

38% (2019 est.)

Government consumption

13.6% (2019 est.)

Household consumption

76.2% (2019 est.)

Imports of goods and services

-52.1% (2019 est.)

Investment in fixed capital

24.1% (2019 est.)

Investment in inventories

0.2% (2019 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agriculture

9.8% (2024 est.)

Industry

18.3% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

60.3% (2024 est.)

$19.93 billion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$7,754

45.5 (2004)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021

39.9 (2021 est.)

Note

<strong>note:</strong> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

$21.66 billion

$7,210

Highest 10%

29.6% (2021 est.)

Lowest 10%

2.2% (2021 est.)

Note

<strong>note:</strong> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports 2022

$9.726 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$9.866 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$9.524 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

refined petroleum, natural gas, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

USA 39%, China 11%, Brazil 4%, Colombia 4%, Japan 4% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

-1.5% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

agriculture, mining, manufacture, construction, financial and insurance services, tourism, telecommunications

5.41%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

10.3% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

6.5% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

5.4% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices

1.57 million (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

1.61 million persons

agriculture

13.94%

industry

17.13%

services

68.93%

16.7% (2021 est.)

note

<strong>note:</strong> % of population with income below national poverty line

Note

<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP

Public debt 2020

106.3% of GDP (2020 est.)

$36.6 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$28.596 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$29.341 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$29.13 billion (2024 est.)

-0.54%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

5.2% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

2.6% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

-0.7% (2024 est.)

$12,890

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$10,100 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$10,300 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$10,300 (2024 est.)

$3.56 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2022

21.6% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

18.5% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

17.9% of GDP (2024 est.)

$4.87 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021

$4.838 billion (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$4.52 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$4.869 billion (2023 est.)

25.7% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

3.29%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

4.1% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

4.4% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

4.9% (2024 est.)

Female

16.4% (2024 est.)

Male

12.9% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

14.5% (2024 est.)

Consumption

106,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports

100 metric tons (2022 est.)

Imports

105,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

3.301 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

1,148 kWh

Installed generating capacity

1.242 million kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

1.181 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Biomass and waste

1.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Fossil fuels

87.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

2.68%

Hydroelectricity

2.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear

0%

renewable

12.75%

Solar

2.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind

6.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

969 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

42.095 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Consumption

822.549 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Imports

822.549 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

41,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Total petroleum production

3,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

10.5%

per 100 inhabitants

16 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

16 (2023 est.)

Total

448,000 (2023 est.)

3 free-to-air TV stations, subscription cable services, and roughly 30 radio stations (2019)

.jm

Percent of population

83% (2023 est.)

+1

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

16 (2023 est.)

Total subscriptions

459,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100

115 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

118 (2024 est.)

Total subscriptions

3.34 million (2024 est.)

20 (2025)

6Y

Left

2 (2025)

By type

bulk carrier 1, general cargo 11, oil tanker 1, other 27

Total

40 (2023)

Key ports

Falmouth, Kingston, Lucea, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, Port Antonio, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Rio Bueno, Rocky Point, Savannah la Mar

Large

0

Medium

1

Ports with oil terminals

5

Small

2

Total ports

11 (2024)

Very small

8

JA

in addition to its responsibility of defending against external aggression, the Jamaican Defense Force's (JDF) primary missions are border, cyber, internal, and maritime security; other missions include search and rescue, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and peacekeeping; it has arrest authority and partners with the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF), particularly in support of combating crime and violence; both the JDF and JCF are under the Ministry of National Security, which directs policy for the security forces; the JDF participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises, including with the armed forces of Canada, the UK, the US, and other Caribbean nations<br><br>while Jamaica had a militia force as early as the 1660s, the JDF was constituted in 1962 from the West India Regiment (WIR), a British colonial regiment which dates back to 1795 (2025)

Jamaica Defense Force (JDF): Jamaica Regiment (Land Force), Maritime, Air, and Cyber Command (MACC), Support Brigade, Caribbean Military Academy, Jamaica National Reserve (2025)

active duty personnel

6,000

note

<strong>note:</strong> the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) is the country’s police force; it has primary responsibility for internal security and has units for community policing, special response, intelligence gathering, and internal affairs; both it and the JDF are under the Ministry of National Security

percent of total labor force

0.41 %

approximately 4,000 active Jamaica Defense Forces (2025)

the JDF's inventory features equipment mostly from Australia, the Netherlands, and the US (2025)

1 % of GDP

current USD

$262,511,270

Military Expenditures 2020

1.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.2% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

1.4% of GDP (2024 est.)

percent of central government expenditure

4.07 %

percent of GDP

1.27 % of GDP

18-23 for voluntary military service (17 with parental consent) for men and women; 18-28 for the reserves; no conscription; since 2017, the JDF's standard mode of recruitment is to enroll recruits ages 18-23 through the Jamaica National Service Corps (JNSC), which has a service requirement of 12 months (2025)

note

<strong>note 1: </strong>the Jamaica Combined Cadet Force (JCCF), a youth organization under the Ministry of Security, also provides a recruitment pool for the JDF, as well as other government agencies <br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>as of 2022, women made up about 20% of the JDF's uniformed personnel

USG identification

<br>major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country (2025)

From coal and metallurgical coke

239,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas

1.611 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

6.04 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

7.89 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston from vehicle emissions; land erosion

Party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

Signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

14.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

2 % of total land area

10 % of total

10.823 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

12 % of internal resources

Agricultural

78.972 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Industrial

43.989 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal

339.867 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

1.052 million tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled

15% (2022 est.)