Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's five ocean basins (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Southern Ocean and Arctic Ocean). Four critically important access waterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), Bab el Mandeb (Djibouti-Yemen), Strait of Hormuz (Iran-Oman), and Strait of Malacca (Indonesia-Malaysia). The International Hydrographic Organization decided in 2000 to delimit a fifth world ocean basin, the Southern Ocean, which removed the portion of the Indian Ocean south of 60 degrees south latitude.

land

75.96 million sq km

Note

<strong>note:</strong> includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Savu Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies

Total

70.56 million sq km

almost seven times the size of the US

Abyssal plains

the following are examples of features on the abyssal plains of the Indian Ocean (see Figure 2): <br><br>Arabian Basin<br>Crozet Basin<br>Madagascar Basin<br>Mid-Indian Basin<br>Mozambique Basin<br>Wharton Basin

Atolls

the following are examples of atolls in the Indian Ocean (see Figure 2): <br><br>Bassas da India<br>Chagos Archipelago/Diego Garcia<br>Europa Island<br>Juan de Nova Island<br>Lakshadweep Islands<br>Maldive Islands<br>Seychelles

Continental shelf

the following are examples of features on the continental shelf of the Indian Ocean (see Figure 2): <br><br>Exmouth Plateau<br>Indus Canyon <br>The Swatch of No Ground/Ganges Canyon (Bay of Bengal)<br>Sunda Shelf

Continental slope

the following are examples of features on the continental slope of the Indian Ocean (see Figure 2): <br><br>Bengal Fan<br>Indus Fan

Mid-ocean ridge

the following are examples of mid-ocean ridges on the floor of the Indian Ocean (see Figure 2): <br><br>Central Indian Ridge<br>Davie Ridge<br>Southeast Indian Ridge<br>Southwest Indian Ridge

Ocean trenches

the following are examples of ocean trenches on the floor of the Indian Ocean (see Figure 2): <br><br>Java/Sunda Trench (deepest point in the Indian Ocean)

Undersea terrain features

the following are examples of undersea terrain features on the floor of the Indian Ocean (see Figure 2): <br><br>Andaman-Nicobar Ridge<br>Chagos-Laccadive Ridge<br>Kerguelen Plateau<br>Madagascar Plateau<br>Mascarene Plateau<br>Mozambique Plateau<br>Ninetyeast Ridge

northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean

66,526 km

Highest point

sea level

Lowest point

Java Trench -7,192 m unnamed deep

Mean depth

-3,741 m

Ocean zones

the ocean is divided into three zones based on depth and light level; sunlight entering the water may travel about 1,000 m into the oceans under the right conditions, but there is rarely any significant light below 200 m<br><br><em>euphotic zone</em>: the upper 200 m (656 ft) is also called "sunlight" zone; only a small amount of light penetrates beyond this depth<br><br><em>dysphotic zone</em>: between 200 m (656 ft) and 1,000 m (3,280 ft), and also called the twilight zone; the intensity of light rapidly dissipates as depth increases, and photosynthesis is no longer possible<br><br><em>aphotic zone</em>: below 1,000 m (3,280 ft) and also called the midnight zone; sunlight does not penetrate to these depths

20 00 S, 80 00 E

major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait

arable land

11.85%

forest

27.68%

permanent crops

2.19%

body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia, and Australia

the counterclockwise Indian Ocean Gyre comprised of the southward flowing warm Agulhas and East Madagascar Currents in the west, the eastward flowing South Indian Current in the south, the northward flowing cold West Australian Current in the east, and the westward flowing South Equatorial Current in the north; a distinctive annual reversal of surface currents occurs in the northern Indian Ocean; low atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and clockwise currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds and counterclockwise currents

occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches

oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules

Ocean volume

264 million cu km

Percent of World Ocean total volume

19.8%

0-14 years

26.39%

15-64 years

65.3%

65 years and over

8.31%

18 births/1,000 population

7 deaths/1,000 population

adult female

117 per 1,000

adult male

179 per 1,000

elderly dependency ratio

12.73%

total dependency ratio

54.33%

youth dependency ratio

40.41%

4 % of GDP

6 % of GDP

neonatal

19 deaths/1,000 live births

total

40 deaths/1,000 live births

female

74 years

male

70 years

total population

72 years

female

81.93%

male

89.42%

total population

85.67%

0 per 100,000

42 births/1,000 women 15-19

-2,304,090 migrants

40.34%

total

6.56 billion persons

0.99%

2 children born/woman

rate of urbanization

1.56%

urban population

53.23%

measles

83.71%

Etymology

named for the country of India, which makes up much of its northern border

$8.94 trillion

$9.65 trillion

net inflows

$420.75 billion

agriculture

8.82%

industry

32.21%

services

54.82%

$39.4 trillion

$6,002

$38.87 trillion

$5,971

33 % of GDP

$9.49 trillion

3.7%

total

2.93 billion persons

agriculture

30.9%

industry

24.39%

services

44.71%

$103.67 trillion

4.36%

$15,795

$690.74 billion

19 % of GDP

11 % of GDP

4.91%

female

15.64%

male

13.58%

total

13.92%

consumption per capita

2,378 kWh

fossil fuels

2.53%

hydroelectric

38.16%

nuclear

1.8%

renewable

28.54%

1,285 kg of oil equivalent

per 100 inhabitants

15 per 100

subscriptions per 100

104 per 100

total subscriptions

6.51 billion subscriptions

passengers carried

1.66 billion passengers

registered carrier departures

13.07 million departures

2 % of GDP

marine pollution from ocean dumping, improper waste disposal, and oil spills; oil pollution in Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea; threats to coral reefs; loss of biodiversity; endangered marine species&nbsp;

<p>the Indian Ocean fisheries are the third most important in the world, accounting for 15.5%, or 12,220,000 mt of the global catch in 2020; tuna, small pelagic fish, and shrimp are important species in these regions; the Food and Agriculture Organization delineated two fishing regions in the Indian Ocean:</p> <p><em>Eastern Indian Ocean</em> region (Region 57) is the most important and the fifth-largest-producing region in the world with 8.4%, or 6,590,000 mt, of the global catch in 2020; the region encompasses the waters north of 55º South latitude and east of 80º East longitude, including the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea, with the major producers including India (2,362,481 mt), Indonesia (1,940,558 mt), Burma (1,114,777 mt), Bangladesh (877,837 mt), and Sri Lanka (373,369 mt); the principal catches include shad, skipjack tuna, mackerel, shrimp, and sardinellas</p> <em>Western Indian Ocean</em> region (Region 51) is the world’s sixth-largest-producing region with more than 7.1% or 5,630,000 mt of the global catch in 2020; this region encompasses the waters north of 40º South latitude and west of 80º East longitude, including the western Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea, as well as the waters along the east coast of Africa and Madagascar, the south coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and the west coast of India; major producers include India (2,207,125 mt), Oman (580,048 mt), Pakistan (341,730 mt), and Mozambique (274,791 mt); the principal catches include skipjack and yellowfin tuna, mackerel, sardines, shrimp, and cephalopods<br><br><strong>Regional fisheries bodies:</strong> Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna, Regional Commission for Fisheries (Persian Gulf/Gulf of Oman), Southeast Asia Fisheries Development Center, Southwest Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission, South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement

12 % of total land area

11 % of total

11 % of internal resources