Canada

A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

Land

9,093,507 sq km

Total

9,984,670 sq km

Water

891,163 sq km

slightly larger than the US

varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

202,080 km

note

<strong>note:</strong> the Canadian Arctic Archipelago -- consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them among the world's largest -- gives Canada the longest coastline in the world

North America

Highest point

Mount Logan 5,959 m

Lowest point

Atlantic/Pacific/Arctic Oceans 0 m

Mean elevation

487 m

60 00 N, 95 00 W

<strong>note 1:</strong> second-largest country in the world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border <br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> Canada has more fresh water than any other country, and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes, more than all other countries combined

9,045 sq km (2015)

Border countries

US 8,891 km (includes 2,475 km with Alaska); Denmark (Greenland) 1.3 km

number of neighbors

1

Total

8,892 km

Agricultural land

6.5% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 4.3% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 2.1% (2023 est.)

arable land

4.34%

Forest

42% (2023 est.)

Other

51.4% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

0.02%

No

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

Northern Great Plains Aquifer

Fresh water lake(s)

Huron* - 35,972 sq km; Great Bear Lake - 31,328 sq km; Superior* - 28,754 sq km; Great Slave Lake - 28,568 sq km; Lake Winnipeg - 24,387 sq km; Erie* - 12,776 sq km; Ontario* - 9,790 sq km; Lake Athabasca - 7,935 sq km; Reindeer Lake - 6,650 sq km; Nettilling Lake - 5,542 sq km<br>note - Great Lakes* area shown as Canadian waters

Mackenzie - 4,241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 km<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Arctic Ocean drainage

Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage

Mississippi* <em>(Gulf of America)</em> (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson <em>(Hudson Bay)</em> (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)

Note

<strong>note:</strong> watersheds shared with the US shown with *

Pacific Ocean drainage

Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/jmEVLugreeqiZXxbA

OpenStreetMap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1428125

North America

Contiguous zone

24 nm

Continental shelf

200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Exclusive economic zone

200 nm

Territorial sea

12 nm

continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant

bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

vast majority of the population lives in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km (186 mi) of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

North America

mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast

UTC-08:00, UTC-07:00, UTC-06:00, UTC-05:00, UTC-04:00, UTC-03:30

number of time zones

6

0-14 years

15.5% (male 3,098,478/female 2,929,148)

15-64 years

63.4% (male 12,382,422/female 12,227,512)

65 years and over

21% (2024 est.) (male 3,753,829/female 4,403,424)

Beer

3.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

0.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

2.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

8 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

9.12 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

51.6% (2021 est.)

7.75 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

55 per 1,000

adult male

95 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

33.9 (2025 est.)

Potential support ratio

2.9 (2025 est.)

Total dependency ratio

57.7 (2025 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

23.8 (2025 est.)

improved total

96.89%

Improved: rural

rural: 99.1% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 99.3% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 0.9% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0.7% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% GDP)

4.9% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

10.7% national budget (2022 est.)

5 % of GDP

Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)

note

<strong>note:</strong> percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin

0.7 (2025 est.)

11 % of GDP

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

11.2% of GDP (2022)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

19.5% of national budget (2022 est.)

0.1%

2.6 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Female

4 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

4.5 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

3 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

3.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)

Major-language sample(s)

<br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br><br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)

number of languages

2

Female

86.6 years

Male

81.9 years

Total population

84.2 years (2024 est.)

6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital) (2023)

12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

43.8 years

Male

41.4 years

Total

42.8 years (2025 est.)

29.4 years (2019 est.)

Adjective

Canadian

Noun

Canadian(s)

5.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

29.4% (2016)

2.82 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Female

19,671,739

Male

19,515,416

Total

39,187,155 (2025 est.)

0.73% (2025 est.)

Christian 53.3%, Muslim 4.9%, Hindu 2.3%, Sikh 2.1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.9%, Traditional (North American Indigenous) 0.2%, other religions and traditional spirituality 0.6%, none 34.6% (2021 est.)

improved total

81.3%

Improved: rural

rural: 98.8% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 1.2% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)

Female

17 years (2022 est.)

Male

15 years (2022 est.)

Total

16 years (2022 est.)

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.85 male(s)/female

At birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Total population

0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Female

8% (2025 est.)

Male

12.3% (2025 est.)

Total

10.1% (2025 est.)

1.43 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

81.9% of total population (2023)

measles

92%

10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Qu&eacute;bec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*

Daylight saving time

+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November

Etymology

the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word <em>adawe</em>, meaning "to trade"

Geographic coordinates

45 25 N, 75 42 W

Name

Ottawa

Time difference

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Time zone note

Canada has six time zones

Citizenship by birth

yes

Citizenship by descent only

yes

Dual citizenship recognized

yes

Residency requirement for naturalization

minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/ca.svg

Amendment process

proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council

History

consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982

alternative spellings

CA

Conventional long form

none

Conventional short form

Canada

Etymology

the name is probably derived from the Huron or Iroquois word <em>kanata</em>, meaning village or camp

FIFA code

CAN

local long form (eng)

Canada

Chief of mission

Ambassador Pete HOEKSTRA (since 29 April 2025)

Consulate(s)

Winnipeg

Consulate(s) general

Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver

Email address and website

<br>OttawaNIV@state.gov<br><br>https://ca.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8

FAX

[1] (613) 241-7845

Mailing address

5480 Ottawa Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-5480

Telephone

[1] (613) 688-5335

Chancery

501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001

Chief of mission

Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020)

Consulate(s) general

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco, Seattle

Email address and website

<br>ccs.scc@international.gc.ca<br><br>https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/us-eu/washington.aspx?lang=eng

FAX

[1] (202) 682-7738

Telephone

[1] (844) 880-6519

Trade office(s)

Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General

Cabinet

Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament

Chief of state

King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021)

Election/appointment process

the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; after legislative elections, the governor general usually designates the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons as prime minister

Head of government

Prime Minister Mark CARNEY (since 14 March 2025)

Note

<strong>note:</strong> the governor general position is largely ceremonial

<strong>description:</strong> two vertical bands of red on each side, with a white square between them; a large 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square<br><br><strong>meaning:</strong> the maple leaf is a national symbol

The flag of Canada is composed of a red vertical band on the hoist and fly sides and a central white square that is twice the width of the vertical bands. A large eleven-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/ca.svg

federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution

1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges)

Judge selection and term of office

chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75

Note

<strong>note:</strong> in 1999, the Nunavut Court -- a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court -- was established to serve isolated settlements

Subordinate courts

federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts

common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

Legislative structure

bicameral

Legislature name

Parliament of Canada - Parlement du Canada

Chamber name

House of Commons

Electoral system

plurality/majority

Expected date of next election

October 2029

Most recent election date

4/28/2025

Number of seats

343 (all directly elected)

Parties elected and seats per party

Liberal Party (169); Conservative Party (144); Bloc Québécois (BQ) (22); Other (30)

Percentage of women in chamber

30.3%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

4 years

Chamber name

Senate

Number of seats

105 (all appointed)

Percentage of women in chamber

54.8%

<p>The current design of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada was adopted in 1921 and references the four nations that helped found Canada. England is represented with royal lions, a union flag, and a rose, and Scotland with a royal lion, a unicorn, and a thistle. Ireland’s symbols include a harp and a shamrock, and France’s symbols are a royal fleur-de-lis and a royal flag. The maple leaves are the Canadian national symbol. A red circle displays the motto <em>Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam</em> (Desiring a Better Country), and a blue ribbon displays <em>A Mari usque ad Mare</em> (From Sea to Sea).</p>

red, white

Selected World Heritage Site locales

L'Anse aux Meadows (c); Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (n); Dinosaur Provincial Park (n); Historic District of Old Quebec (c); Old Town Lunenburg (c); Wood Buffalo National Park (n); Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (c); Gros Morne National Park (n); Pimachiowin Aki (m)

Total World Heritage Sites

22 (10 cultural, 11 natural, 1 mixed) (2021)

Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

maple leaf, beaver

Bloc Québécois<br>Conservative Party of Canada or CPC<br>Green Party of Canada<br>Liberal Party of Canada<br>New Democratic Party

Sunday

18 years of age; universal

Yes

wheat, rapeseed, maize, milk, barley, soybeans, potatoes, peas, oats, pork (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

On alcohol and tobacco

3.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

On food

9.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Expenditures

$417.421 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Revenues

$428.312 billion (2023 est.)

code

CAD

name

Canadian dollar (CAD) [$]

$-10,348,860,554

Current account balance 2022

-$6.318 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$13.764 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

-$10.349 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

<p>high-income economy and second-largest US trading partner; key timber, oil, and gas industries; trade uncertainties and weak business investments contributing to economic slowdown; high and growing public debt; inflation moderating but remains above target range</p>

Currency

Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

1.341 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

1.254 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

1.302 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

1.35 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

1.369 (2024 est.)

$727.92 billion

Exports 2022

$743.782 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$724.754 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$727.831 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

crude petroleum, cars, gold, natural gas, refined petroleum (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

USA 71%, China 5%, UK 3%, Japan 2%, Mexico 2% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$63.05 billion

Exports of goods and services

33.3% (2023 est.)

Government consumption

20.9% (2023 est.)

Household consumption

54.4% (2023 est.)

Imports of goods and services

-33.3% (2023 est.)

Investment in fixed capital

22.9% (2023 est.)

Investment in inventories

1% (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agriculture

1.6% (2021 est.)

Industry

25.3% (2021 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

66.4% (2021 est.)

$2.241 trillion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$54,340

33.3 (2017)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020

29.9 (2020 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

$2.21 trillion

$53,400

23 % of GDP

Highest 10%

23.4% (2020 est.)

Lowest 10%

3.5% (2020 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$733.81 billion

Imports 2022

$731.058 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$723.399 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$733.778 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

cars, trucks, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

USA 51%, China 11%, Mexico 6%, Germany 3%, Japan 3% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

0% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas

2.38%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

6.8% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

3.9% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

2.4% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices

22.868 million (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

22.84 million persons

agriculture

1.1%

industry

18.75%

services

80.15%

65 % of GDP

Note

<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP

Public debt 2023

61.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

$2.67 trillion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$2.271 trillion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$2.305 trillion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$2.341 trillion (2024 est.)

1.55%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

4.2% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

1.5% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

1.5% (2024 est.)

$64,610

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$58,300 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$57,500 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$56,700 (2024 est.)

$851.44 million

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2022

0% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

0% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

0% of GDP (2024 est.)

$119.78 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$106.952 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$117.551 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$119.778 billion (2024 est.)

21 % of GDP

14 % of GDP

13.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

6.91%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

5.3% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

5.5% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

6.5% (2024 est.)

Female

12.1% (2024 est.)

Male

13.8% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

13% (2024 est.)

Consumption

20.092 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports

35.447 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Imports

7.03 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Production

50.687 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

6.582 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

555.683 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

14,460 kWh

Exports

49.444 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Imports

21.77 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Installed generating capacity

161.988 million kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

31.784 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Biomass and waste

1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Fossil fuels

18.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

57%

Hydroelectricity

58.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Nuclear

13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

renewable

67.02%

Solar

1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind

6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

7,336 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

311.599 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Consumption

131.887 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Exports

82.537 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Imports

29.058 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Production

194.105 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

2.067 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

12.71GW (2025 est.)

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down

8 (2025)

Number of operational nuclear reactors

17 (2025)

Percent of total electricity production

13.7% (2023 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves

170.3 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

2.377 million bbl/day (2024 est.)

Total petroleum production

5.688 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

23.8%

per 100 inhabitants

43 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

43 (2023 est.)

Total

17 million (2023 est.)

2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private commercial networks, also with multiple network affiliates; a total of about 150 TV stations, accessible via multi-channel satellite and cable systems; mix of public and commercial radio, with over 1,000 licensed stations; public broadcaster Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) provides 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to ethnic populations in the north (2016)

.ca

Percent of population

94% (2023 est.)

@#@ #@#

+1

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

28 (2024 est.)

Total subscriptions

11 million (2024 est.)

subscriptions per 100

94 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

94 (2024 est.)

Total subscriptions

37.4 million (2024 est.)

passengers carried

88.62 million passengers

registered carrier departures

1.08 million departures

1,459 (2025)

C

Right

506 (2025)

By type

bulk carrier 22, container ship 1, general cargo 78, oil tanker 15, other 600

Total

716 (2023)

Key ports

Argentia, Canaport (St. John), Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal, New Westminster, Pond Inlet, Prince Rupert, Quebec, Sept Iles, St. John, Sydney, Thunder Bay, Toronto, Trois Rivieres, Vancouver, Victoria Harbor, Windsor

Large

4

Medium

14

Ports with oil terminals

59

Size unknown

59

Small

58

Total ports

284 (2024)

Very small

149

Standard gauge

49,422 km (2021) 1.435-m gauge

Total

49,422 km (2021) note: 129 km electrified (2021)

CDN

armored vehicles

tanks

the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are responsible for external security; the CAF’s core missions include detecting, deterring, and defending against threats to or attacks on Canada; the military also provides assistance to civil authorities and law enforcement as needed for such missions as counterterrorism, search and rescue, and responding to natural disasters or other major emergencies; it regularly participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises with a variety of partners, including NATO (Canada is one of the original members) and the US; the CAF also contributes to international peacekeeping, stability, humanitarian, combat, and capacity building operations, principally through NATO, but also with the UN and other security partners<br><br>Canada is part of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD; established 1958); NORAD is a Canada/US bi-national military command responsible for monitoring and defending North American airspace; traditionally, a CAF officer has served as the deputy commander of NORAD; Canada’s defense relationship with the US extends back to the Ogdensburg Declaration of 1940, when the two countries formally agreed on military cooperation, including the establishment of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense (PJBD), which continues to be the highest-level bilateral defense forum between Canada and the US<br><br>British troops withdrew from Canada in 1871 as part of the US-UK Treaty of Washington; following the withdrawal, the first Canadian militia, known as the Royal Canadian Regiment, was organized in 1883 to protect Canadian territory and defend British interests abroad, which it did in the South African War (1899-1902), Canada’s first overseas conflict; militia units formed the backbone of the more than 425,000 Canadian soldiers that went to Europe during World War I in what was called the Canadian Expeditionary Force; the Royal Canadian Navy was created in 1910, while the Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 and became the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1924; the Canadian Army was officially founded in 1942; a unified Canadian Armed Forces was created in 1968 (2025)

Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force (2025)

active duty personnel

72,000

note

<strong>note 1: </strong>the CAF is comprised of both a Regular Force and a Reserve Force; the Reserve Force is comprised of the Primary Reserve, Canadian Rangers, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Supplementary Reserve; the Canadian Rangers are part of the Army Reserve Force and provide a limited presence in Canada's northern, coastal, and isolated areas for sovereignty, public safety, and surveillance roles <br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP or "Mounties") are under the Department of Public Safety; the Coast Guard is under the Department of Fisheries and Oceans

percent of total labor force

0.35 %

approximately 75,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

approximately 2,000 Latvia (NATO); the CAF also has air and naval assets supporting NATO missions (2025)

note

<strong>note:</strong> in 2024, Canada announced plans to have a full 2,000-person brigade deployed to Latvia by 2026

the CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically produced and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, the UK, and the US; in recent years, the leading supplier has been the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components; it also collaborates with the defense industries of allied countries such as the UK (2025)

1 % of GDP

current USD

$29,346,897,810

Military Expenditures 2021

1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

1.5% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2025

2% of GDP (2025 est.)

percent of central government expenditure

3.08 %

percent of GDP

1.31 % of GDP

17 years of age for men and women for voluntary military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; service obligation 3-9 years depending on the position (2025)

note

<strong>note 1:</strong> Canada opened up all military occupations to women in 2001; women in 2024 comprised about 16% of the CAF<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>the CAF offers waivers to foreign nationals applying for military service only in exceptional cases — to individuals on international military exchanges, for example, or to candidates who have specialized skills in high demand

PowerIndex score

0.5269

USG identification

<br>major precursor-chemical producer (2025)

IDPs

1,981 (2024 est.)

Refugees

561,551 (2024 est.)

Stateless persons

8,166 (2024 est.)

1959-1962 - launched first domestically built sounding rocket (Black Brant 1); first domestically designed and built satellite (Alouette) launched by US<br><br>1972-1973 - first domestic communications satellites (Anik A-1 and Anik A-2) launched by US, making Canada first country to employ satellites for domestic communications<br><br>1970s - began participating in US Space Shuttle (first Canadian in space on Shuttle in 1984) and US Mars probe/exploration programs<br><br>1995 - first Canadian-built, radar-capable remote sensing satellite (Radarsat-1) launched by US<br><br>2019 - began participating in US/NASA Lunar Gateway orbital station program; launched constellation of remote sensing satellites (RADARSAT Constellation Mission)<br><br>2020 - signed the US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration (active participant in planned Moon missions under the Artemis program)

Canadian Space Agency (CSA; established 1989) (2025)

developing commercial space port sites in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (2025)

note

<strong>note:</strong> the Churchill Rocket Research Range in Manitoba was used for rocket testing from 1956-1985

has a national space strategy and a long history of developing space-related technologies; designs, builds, operates, and tracks communications, remote sensing (RS), multi-mission, and scientific/testing satellites; has an astronaut program; involved in the development and production of advanced communications systems, lunar rovers, planetary probes, robotics, sensors, and space telescopes; participates in international space programs, including the International Space Station, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Square Kilometer Array radio telescope, and the James Webb Space Telescope; Cooperating State of the ESA since 1979 and participates in a variety of ESA programs, such as the Copernicus Earth observation project; works with numerous foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of Argentina, Brazil, individual ESA and EU member states, Japan, India, and particularly the US; has an active commercial space sector (2025)

Hizballah; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

note

<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

From coal and metallurgical coke

32.486 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas

259.171 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

294.196 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

585.853 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

air pollution and acid rain from vehicle emissions, coal-burning, and metal smelting severely affecting lakes and forests; seawater pollution from agriculture, industry, mining, and forestry&nbsp;

Global geoparks and regional networks

Perce; Stonehammer; Tumbler Ridge; Cliffs of Fundy; Discovery (2023)

Total global geoparks and regional networks

5

Party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

Signed, but not ratified

Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

Agriculture

1,049.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Energy

2,787.3 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Other

39.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste

816.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)

6.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

12 % of total land area

8 % of total

2.902 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)

1 % of internal resources

Agricultural

3.859 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Industrial

27.357 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal

4.869 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

25.103 million tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled

23.1% (2022 est.)