entral
986 COP 2 itelligence
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THF UBRARV OF THE
06 1986
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Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Six
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The
World
Factbook
Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Six
The World Factbook is produced annually
by the Directorate of Intelligence of the
Central Intelligence Agency. The data are
provided by various components of the
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Intelligence Agency, the Bureau of the
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• Population figures are projected estimates
for 1 July 1986; the average annual
growth rates listed are projected estimates
for the period mid- 1985 to mid- 1986.
• Military manpower estimates are as of 1
January 1986, except the numbers of
males reaching military age, which are
projected averages for the five-year
period 1986-90.
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Contents
Page
Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes
Abu Dhabi (see United Arab Emirates)
Afghanistan
Ajman (see United Arab Emirates)
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla (formerly St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla)
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba 11
Australia 12
Austria 13
Azores (see Portugal)
B Bahamas, The 15
Bahrain 16
Balearic Islands (see Spain)
Bangladesh 17_
Barbados 19^
Belgian Congo (see Zaire)
Belgium 20^
Belize (formerly British Honduras) 22
Benin (formerly Dahomey) 23
Bermuda 24
Bhutan 26^
Bioko (see Equatorial Guinea)
Bolivia 27_
Bophuthatswana (see South Africa)
Botswana 28_
Brazil 30_
British Honduras (see Belize)
British Indian Ocean Territory 31
British Solomon Islands (see Solomon Islands)
British Virgin Islands 32
Brunei 33^
Bulgaria 34
Burkina (formerly Upper Volta) 36
Burma 37
Burundi 38
Cabinda (see Angola)
Cambodia (formerly Kampuchea) 40
Cameroon 41
iii
Page
Canada 12
Canary Islands (see Spain)
Cape Verde 44
Cayman Islands 45
Central African Republic 46
Ceylon (see Sri Lanka)
Chad 48
Channel Islands (see Guernsey and Jersey)
Chile 49
China (Taiwan listed at end of table) ol
Christmas Island 52
Colombia 53
Comoros 55
Congo 56
Cook Islands 57
Costa Rica 58
Cuba 60
Cyprus 61
Czechoslovakia 63
D Dahomey (see Benin)
Denmark 64
Djibouti (formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) 66
Dominica 67
Dominican Republic 68
Dubai (see United Arab Emirates)
Ecuador
Egypt 71
Kllk-e Islands (see Tuvalu)
El Salvador 73
Equatorial Guinea 74
Ethiopia 76
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 77
Faroe Islands 78
Fernando Po (see Equatorial Guinea)
Fiji 79
Finland 80
France 82
French Guiana 84
French Polynesia S5
French Territory of the Afars and Issas (see Djibouti)
Fujayrah, al (see United Arab Emirates)
Gabon 86
Gambia, The 88
Page
Gaza Strip (see West Bank and Gaza Strip, listed at end of table)
German Democratic Republic W)
Germany. Federal Republic of 91
Ghana 92
Gibraltar 94
Gilbert Islands (see Kiribati)
Greece 95
Greenland 96
Grenada 97
Guadeloupe 99
Guatemala 100
Guernsey 102
Guinea 103
Guinea-Bissau (formerly Portuguese Guinea) 104
Guyana 105
H Haiti 107
Honduras 108
Hong Kong 110
Hungary 111
Iceland 112_
India 114
Indonesia 1 15
Iran 117
Iraq 119
Ireland 120
Israel (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) 122
Italy 124
Ivory Coast 125
Jamaica 127
Japan 128
Jersey 130
Jordan (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) 131
Kampuchea (see Cambodia)
Kenya 132
Kiribati (formerly Gilbert Islands) 133
Korea, North 134
Korea. South 136
Kuwait 137
Laos 139
Lebanon 140
Lesotho 142
Liberia 113
Libya 144
Page
Liechtenstein 146
Luxembourg 147
M Macau 148
Madagascar 1 49
Madeira Islands (see Portugal)
Malagasy Republic (see Madagascar)
Malawi 151
Malaysia 152
Maldives 155
Mali 156
Malta 157
Man, Isle of 159
Martinique 160
Mauritania 161
Mauritius 162
Mayotte 164
Mexico 165
Monaco 166
Mongolia 167
Montserrat 168
Morocco 169
Mozambique 171
N Namibia (formerly South- West Africa) 172
Nauru 174
Nepal 175
Netherlands 176
Netherlands Antilles 178
New Caledonia 179
New Hebrides (see Vanuatu)
New Zealand 180
Nicaragua 181
Niger 183
Nigeria 185
Niue 186
Norfolk Island 187
Northern Rhodesia (see Zambia)
Norway 188
Oman 190
Pakistan 191
Panama 193
Papua New Guinea 194
Paraguay 196
Pemba (see Tanzania)
vi
Page
Peru 197
Philippines 198
Pitcairn 200
Poland 201
Portugal 202
Portuguese Guinea (see Guinea-Bissau)
Portuguese Timor (see Indonesia)
Qatar 204
R Ra's al-Khaymah (see United Arab Emirates)
Reunion 205
Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe)
Rio Muni (see Equatorial Guinea)
Romania 206
Rwanda 207
St. Christopher and Nevis (formerly St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla) 209
St. Helena 210
St. Lucia 211
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 212
San Marino 213
Sao Tome and Principe 214
Saudi Arabia 215
Senegal 217
Seychelles 218
Sharjah (see United Arab Emirates)
Sierra Leone 219
Singapore 221
Solomon Islands (formerly British Solomon Islands) 222
Somalia 223
South Africa 224
Southern Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe)
South- West Africa (see Namibia)
Soviet Union 226
Spain 228
Spanish Sahara (see Western Sahara)
Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) 230
Sudan 231
Suriname 233
Swaziland 234
Sweden 235
Switzerland 237
Syria 239
vii
Page
Tanganyika (see Tanzania)
Tanzania 240
Tasmania (see Australia)
Thailand 242
Togo 2-1 o
Tokelau 244
Tonga 245
Transkei (see South Africa)
Trinidad and Tobago 246
Tunisia 248
Turkey 249
Turks and Caicos Islands 251
Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands) 252
U Uganda 253
Umm al-Qaywayn (see United Arab Emirates)
United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, al Fujayrah, 254
Ra's al-Khaymah, Sharjah, Umm al-Qaywayn)
United Arab Republic (see Egypt)
United Kingdom 255
United States 257
Upper Volta (see Burkina)
Uruguay 259
Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides) 2(i()
Vatican City 261
Venda (see South Africa)
Venezuela 2li2
Vietnam 263
W Wallis and Futuna 265
Walvis Bay (see South Africa)
Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) 265
Western Samoa 266
Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) 267
Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of (South Yemen) 268
Yugoslavia 270
Zaire 271
Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia) 27 >
Zanzibar (see Tanzania)
Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia) 274
Taiwan (China listed alphabetically) 275
West Bank and Gaza Strip 277
viii
Page
Appendixes
A. The United Nations System 279
B. Selected UN Organizations 280
C. Selected International Organizations 281
D. Conversion Table 283
E. Country Membership in Selected Organizations 284
Maps
I. The World (Guide to Regional Maps II-XIII)
II. North America
III. Central America and the Caribbean
IV. South America
V. Europe
VI. Middle East
VII. Africa
VIII. Soviet Union, East and South Asia
IX. Southeast Asia
X. Oceania
XI. Arctic Region
XII. Antarctic Region
XIII. Standard Time Zones of the World
ix
Definitions, Abbreviations,
and Explanatory Notes
Fiscal Year: The abbreviation FY stands for fiscal year; all years are
calendar years unless otherwise indicated.
GDP and GNP: GDP is the total market value of all goods and
services produced within the domestic borders of a country over a
particular time period, normally a year. GNP equals GDP plus the
income accruing to domestic residents arising from investment abroad
less income earned in the domestic market accruing to foreigners
abroad.
Imports, Exports, and Aid: Standard abbreviations used in individual
entries throughout this factbook are c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight),
f.o.b. (free on board), ODA (official development assistance), and OOF
(other official flows).
Land Utilization: Most of the land utilization percentages are rough
estimates. Figures for "arable" land in some cases reflect the area
under cultivation rather than the total cultivable area.
Maritime Zones: Fishing and economic zones claimed by coastal
states are included only when they differ from territorial sea limits.
Maritime claims do not necessarily represent the position of the
United States Government.
Money: All money figures are in contemporaneous US dollars unless
otherwise indicated.
Oil Terms: Barrel (bbl) and barrels per day (b/d) are used to express
volume of crude oil and refined products; a barrel equals 42.00
gallons, 158.99 liters, 5.61 cubic feet, or 0.16 cubic meters.
Note: Some of the countries and governments included in this
publication are not fully independent, and others are not officially
recognized by the United States Government.
Afghanistan
300km
See regional mip \ 111
Land
647,497 km2; about the size of Texas; 75%
desert, waste, or urban; 22% arable (12%
cultivated, 10% pasture); 3% forest
Land boundaries: 5,510 km
People
Population: 15,425,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.4%; these estimates
include an adjustment for emigration to
Pakistan during recent years but do not take
into account other demographic
consequences of the Soviet intervention in
Afghanistan
Nationality: noun — Afghan(s); adjective —
Afghan
Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtun, 25% Tajik,
9% Uzbek, 9% Hazara; minor ethnic groups
include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baluchi,
and others
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim, 25% Shi'a
Muslim, 1% other
Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian
(Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily
Uzbek and Turkmen), 10% thirty minor lan-
guages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai); much
bilingualism
Life expectancy: men 39.9, women 40.7
Literacy: 12%
Labor force: 4.98 million (1980 est.); 67.8%
agriculture and animal husbandry, 10.2%
industry, 6.3% construction, 5.0%
commerce, 7.7% services and other; current
figures unavailable because of fighting (1986)
Organized labor: government-controlled
unions are being established
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of Af-
ghanistan
Type: Communist regime backed by multi-
divisional Soviet force
Capital: Kabul
Political subdivisions: 29 provinces with
centrally appointed governors
Legal system: not established; legal educa-
tion at Kabul University; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Revolutionary Council acts as
legislature and final court of appeal; Presi-
dent of Council acts as chief of state; Cabi-
net and judiciary responsible to Council;
Presidium chosen by Council has full au-
thority when Council not in session; Loya
Jirga (Grand National Assembly) supposed to
convene eventually and approve permanent
constitution
Government leaders: BABRAK Karmal,
President of the Revolutionary Council and
head of the People's Democratic Party of
Afghanistan (since December 1979); Soltan
Ali KESHTMAND, Prime Minister (since
June 1981)
Suffrage: universal from age 18
Political parties and leaders: the People's
Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA),
the sole legal political party, has two fac-
tions— the Parchami faction has been in
power since December 1979; members of
the deposed Khalqi faction continue to hold
some important posts; the Sholaye-Jaweid is
a much smaller pro- Beijing group
Communists: the PDPA claims 120,000
members
Other political or pressure groups: the mili-
tary and other branches of internal security
are being rebuilt by the Soviets; insurgency
continues throughout the country;
widespread opposition on religious grounds;
widespread anti-Soviet sentiment
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDE — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO, WSG; suspended from QIC in
January 1980
Economy
GNP: $3.0 billion (1985), $160 per capita
(1984); real growth rate 2.5% (1975-79); cur-
rent growth rate figures not available (1986)
Natural resources: natural gas, oil, coal, cop-
per, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, iron,
salt, precious and semiprecious stones
Agriculture: subsistence farming and animal
husbandry; main crops — wheat, fruits, nuts,
karakul pelts, wool, mutton; an illegal pro-
ducer of opium poppy and cannabis for the
international drug trade
Major industries: small-scale production of
textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and
cement for domestic use; handwoven car-
pets for export
Electric power: 472,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.375 billion kWh produced (1985), 93 kWh
per capita
Exports: $778 million (f.o.b., 1985); mostly
fruits and nuts, natural gas, and carpets
Imports: $902 million (c.i.f., 1985); mostly
food supplies and petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports — mostly
USSR and other Eastern bloc countries; im-
ports— mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc
countries
Budget: current expenditure Af22.7 billion,
capital expenditure Af 10.9 billion for FY82
(est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 50.6
afghanis=US$l (official, January 1985)
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
1
Afghanistan (continued)
Albania
Communications
Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter
gauge, spur of Soviet line from Kushka
(USSR) to Towraghondt and from Termez
(USSR) to Kheyrabad Transhipment Point
(15 km) on south bank Amu Darya (govern-
ment owned)
Highways: 21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km
hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous treated
gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km un-
improved earth and tracks
Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200
km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles
steamers up to about 500 metric tons
Pipelines: natural gas, 180 km
Ports: 3 minor river ports; largest Shir Khan
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 41 total, 34 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 8 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited telephone,
telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; tele-
vision introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones
(0.2 per 100 popl.); 5 AM and no FM stations,
1 TV station, 1 earth satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Air and Defense
Forces, border guard forces, Defense of the
Revolution Force, National Police Force,
Government Information Service, People's
Militia, operational battalions
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
3,657,000; 2,030,000 fit for military service;
about 149,000 reach military age (22) annu-
ally
Supply: dependent on foreign sources, al-
most exclusively the USSR
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20
March 1984, $210 million, about 63% of cen-
tral government budget
Adriatic
Sea
Ionian Set
See regional imp V
Land
28,748 km2; slightly larger than Maryland;
43% forest and wood; 21% arable; 19%
meadows and pasture; 5% permanent crop;
5% inland water; 7% other
Land boundaries: 716 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15
nm
Coastline: 418 km (including Sazan Island)
People
Population: 3,020,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Albanian(s); adjective —
Albanian
Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian; remaining
4% are Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and
Bulgarians
Religion: Albania claims to be the world's
first atheist state; prewar est. — 70% Muslim,
20% Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman Cath-
olic; observances prohibited
Language: Albanian (Tosk is official dialect),
Greek
Infant mortality rate: 86.8/1,000(1971)
Life expectancy: 69
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: 584,000 (1978); about 22% agri-
culture, 40% industry and commerce, 38%
other (1978)
Government
Official name: People's Socialist Republic of
Albania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Tirane
Political subdivisions: 26 rrethet (districts)
Legal system: based on constitution adopted
in 1976; judicial review of legislative acts
only in the Presidium of the People's Assem-
bly, which is not a true court; legal education
at University of Tirane; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 No-
vember
Branches: legislature (People's Assembly),
Council of Ministers, judiciary
Government leaders: Ramiz ALIA, Chair-
man, Presidium of the People's Assembly
(chief of state; since November 1982); Adil
CARCANI, Chairman, Council of Ministers
(premier; since November 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: national elections held every four
years; last elections 12 November 1982;
100% of electorate voted (with one dissent-
ing vote)
Political parties and leaders: Albanian
Workers Party only; First Secretary, Ramiz
Alia (since April 1985)
Communists: 122,600 party members (No-
vember 1981); 4.5% of population
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, IPU, ITU,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO; has not participated in CEMA since
rift with USSR in 1961; officially withdrew
from Warsaw Pact 13 September 1968
Algeria
Economy
GNP: $2.6-2.8 billion (1985); approximately
$900 per capita (1984)
Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, chromium
Agriculture: main crops — corn, wheat, pota-
toes, tobacco, sugar beets, cotton
Major industries: agricultural products and
processing, textiles and clothing, lumber,
and extractive industries (chrome and oil)
Shortages: spare parts, machinery and
equipment, some food products and con-
sumer goods
Electric power: 1,540,000 kW capacity
(1985); 4.7 billion kWh produced (1985),
1, 584 kWh per capita
Exports: $290 million (1983 est); asphalt,
bitumen, petroleum products, metals and
metallic ores, electricity, oil, vegetables,
fruits, and tobacco
Imports: $280 million (1983); machinery,
machine tools, iron and steel products, tex-
tiles, chemicals, Pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports — Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, Poland,
Austria; imports — Yugoslavia, Czechoslova-
kia, FRG, Romania, Poland, Italy, Greece,
France
Budget: (1984 prov.) revenue $1.29 billion,
expenditure $1.28 billion; state investment
$709.7 billion (1984 planned)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.1328
leks=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic
data reported for calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 228 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, single track, government owned
(1980 est.); claims over 400 km (1983); line
connecting Titograd, Yugoslavia, and
Shkodev, Albania, to be completed in 1986
Highways: 4,989 km total; 1,287 km paved,
1,609 km crushed stone and/or gravel, 2,093
km improved or unimproved earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian
sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and
Lake Prespa (1979)
Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; refined prod-
ucts, 65 km; natural gas, 64 km
Freight carried: rail — 2.8 million metric
tons, 180 million metric ton/km (1971);
highways 39 million metric tons, 900 million
metric ton/km (1971)
Ports: 1 major (Durres), 3 minor (1979)
Civil air: no civil airline
Defense Forces
Branches: Albanian People's Army, Frontier
Troops, Interior Troops, Albanian Coastal
Defense Command, Air and Air Defense
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 806,000;
667,000 fit for military service; 32,000 reach
military age (19) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, 1 billion leks;
10.9% of total budget
Mediterranean Sea
Sec rtfional map VII
Land
2,381,471 km2; more than three times the
size of Texas; 80% desert, waste, or urban;
16% pasture and meadows; 3% cultivated;
1% forest
Land boundaries: 6,260 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: 1,183 km
People
Population: 22,817,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Algerian(s); adjective —
Algerian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab- Berbers, less
than 1 % Europeans
Religion: 99% Sunni Muslim (state religion);
1% Christian and Jewish
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber
dialects
Infant mortality rate: 106/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 60
Literacy: 52%
Algeria (continued)
Labor force: 3.7 million (1984); 40% industry
and commerce, 30% agriculture, 17% gov-
ernment, 10% services; at least 1 1% of urban
labor unemployed
Organized labor: 16-19% of labor force
claimed; General Union of Algerian Work-
ers (UGTA) is the only labor organization
and is subordinate to the National Libera-
tion Front
Government
Official name: Democratic and Popular Re-
public of Algeria
Type: republic
Capital: Algiers
Political subdivisions: 31 wilayas (depart-
ments or provinces); 160 dairat (administra-
tive districts); 691 communes
Legal system: based on French and Islamic
law, with socialist principles; new constitu-
tion adopted by referendum November
1976; judicial review of legislative acts in ad
hoc Constitutional Council composed of
various public officials, including several
Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court di-
vided into four chambers; legal education at
Universities of Algiers, Oran, and Constan-
tine; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revo-
lution, 1 November
Branches: executive; unicameral legislature
(National People's Assembly); judiciary
Government leaders: Col. Chadli BENDJE-
DID, President (since February 1979);
Abdelhamid BRAHIMI, Prime Minister
(since January 1984)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: presidential, 12 January 1984;
departmental assemblies, 2 June 1974; local
assemblies, 30 March 1975; legislative, 5
March 1982
Political parties and leaders: National Lib-
eration Front (FLN), Secretary General
Chadli Bendjedid
Communists: 400 (est.); Communist Party
illegal (banned 1962)
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League,
ASSIMER, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU,
NAM, OAPEC, OAU, QIC, OPEC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $51.9 billion (1984 est.), $2,430 per
capita; 5.0% real growth in 1985
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas,
iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc,
mercury
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, barley,
oats, grapes, olives, citrus fruits, dates, vege-
tables, sheep, cattle, industrial crops
Major industries: petroleum, light indus-
tries, natural gas, mining, petrochemical,
electrical, automotive plants (under con-
struction), and food processing
Crude steel: 842,000 metric tons produced
(1982)
Electric power: 3,142,300 kW capacity
(1985); 11. 148 billion kWh produced (1985),
506 kWh per capita
Exports: $12.6 billion (f .o.b., 1984); petro-
leum and gas account for 98.0% of exports;
US 39.0%, France 23.0% (1984)
Imports: $10.0 billion (f .o.b., 1984); major
items — capital goods 35.0%, semifinished
goods 25.0%, foodstuffs 18.0%; France
25.7%, US 6.0%
Major trade partners: US, FRG, France,
Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Canada
Budget: $20 billion revenue, $20 billion ex-
penditure (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 5. 1 Algerian
dinars=US$l (August 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,950 km total; 2,690 km stand-
ard gauge (1.435 m), 1,140 km 1.055-meter
gauge, 120 km 1.000-meter gauge; 320 km
electrified; 193 km double track
Highways: 78,410 km total; 45,070 km con-
crete or bituminous, 33,340 km gravel,
crushed stone, unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 6,612 km; refined prod-
ucts, 298 km; natural gas, 2,948 km
Ports: 6 major, 6 secondary, 10 minor
Civil air: 42 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 155 total, 149 usable; 56 with
permanent-surface runways; 28 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 73 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Army, Navy, Air
Force, National Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,892,000;
3,024,000 fit for military service; 248,000
reach military age (19) annually
Andorra
Sec regional map V
Land
466 km2; half the size of New York City
Land boundaries: 105 km
People
Population: 49,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 5.1%
Nationality: noun — Andorran(s);
adjective — Andorran
Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 61% Span-
ish, 30% Andorran, 6% French, 3% other
Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
Language: Catalan (official); many also
speak some French and Castilian
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: largely shepherds and farmers
Government
Official name: Principality of Andorra
Type: unique co-principality under formal
sovereignty of President of France and
Spanish Bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are rep-
resented locally by officials called verguers
Capital: Andorra la Vella
Political subdivisions: 7 districts
Legal system: based on French and Spanish
civil codes; Plan of Reform adopted 1866
serves as constitution; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative (General Council of the
Valleys) consisting of 28 members; execu-
tive— syndic (manager) and a deputy
subsyndic chosen by General Council; judi-
ciary chosen by Co-princes who appoint two
civil judges, a judge of appeals, and two
batlles (court prosecutors); final appeal to the
Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan,
France, or to the Ecclesiastical Court of the
Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain
Government leaders: head of state — Fran-
cois MITTERRAND (President of France;
since 1981) and Juan Marti ALANIS (Bishop
of Seo de Urgel, Spain; since 1971),
Co-Princes; Syndic — Francesc
CERQUEDA Pasquet (since 1982); Subsyn-
dic—Josep Maria MAS Pens (since 1982);
head of government — Josep PINTAT (Chief
Executive; since 1986)
Suffrage: those of 21 or over who are third-
generation Andorrans can vote for General
Council members
Elections: General Council chosen every
four years; last election December 1981
Political parties and leaders: political par-
ties not yet legally recognized; traditionally
no political parties but partisans for particu-
lar independent candidates for the General
Council on the basis of competence, person-
ality, and orientation toward Spain or
France; various small pressure groups devel-
oped in 1972; first formal political party,
Andorran Democratic Association, was
formed in 1976 and reorganized in 1979 as
Andorran Democratic Party
Communisms.- negligible
Member of: UNESCO
Economy
Natural resources: hydroelectric power,
mineral water
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities
of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and
some vegetables (less than 4% of land is ara-
ble)
Major industries: tourism (particularly ski-
ing), sheep, timber, tobacco, and smuggling
Electric power: 35,000 kW capacity (1985);
141 million kWh produced (1985), 3,000
kWh per capita; power is mainly exported to
Spain and France
Major trade partners: Spain, France
Monetary conversion rate: 9.375 French
francs=US$l (October 1984); 169.96 Span-
ish pesetas=US$l (October 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 96 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: international landline
circuits to Spain and France; 1 AM station;
about 12,800 telephones (43.5 per 100 popl.)
(1982)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Spain and
France
Angola
300km
Cab
Scr regional map \ 1 1
Land
1,246,700 km2; larger than California and
Texas combined; 44% forest; 22% meadow
and pasture; 1% cultivated; 33% other (in-
cluding fallow)
Land boundaries: 5,070 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 20
nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,600 km
People
Population: 8,164,000, including Cabinda
(July 1986), average annual growth rate
2.7%; Cabinda, 133,372 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Angolan(s); adjective —
Angolan
Ethnic divisions: 37% Ovimbundu, 25%
Kimbundu, 13% Bakongo, 2% Mestico, 1%
European
Religion: 68% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes-
tant, about 10% indigenous beliefs
Language: Portuguese (official); various
Bantu dialects
Infant mortality rate: 148/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 40.6, women 42.9
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 2,783,000 economically active
(mid-1985 est.); 85% agriculture, 15% indus-
try
Organized labor: approx. 450,695 (1980)
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Angola
Type: Marxist people's republic
Capital: Luanda
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces includ-
ing the coastal exclave of Cabinda
Legal system: formerly based on Portuguese
civil law system and customary law; being
modified along "socialist" model
National holiday: Independence Day, 11
November
Branches: the official party is the supreme
political institution; legislative — National
People's Assembly
Government leader: Jose Eduardo dos
SANTOS, President (since September 1979)
Suffrage: to be determined
Elections: none held to date
Political parties and leaders: Popular Move-
ment for the Liberation of Angola-Labor
Party (MPLA-Labor Party), led by dos
Santos, is the only legal party; National
Union for the Total Independence of Angola
(UNITA), lost to the MPLA in immediate
postindependence struggle, now carrying
out insurgency
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO,
INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC,
UN, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $4.0 billion (1985 est.), $500 per cap-
ita, 0% real growth (1985)
Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds,
iron, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold,
bauxite, uranium
Agriculture: cash crops — coffee, sisal, corn,
cotton, sugar, manioc, and tobacco; food
crops — cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains,
bananas, and other local foodstuffs; drought
and disruptions caused by civil war require
food imports
Fishing: catch 1 12,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: mining (oil, diamonds),
fish processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar
processing, textiles, cement, food processing
plants, building construction
Electric power: (including Cabinda) 630,000
kW capacity (1985); 1.655 billion kWh pro-
duced (1985), 208 kWh per capita
Exports: est. $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1985); oil,
coffee, diamonds, sisal, fish and fish prod-
ucts, iron ore, timber, and cotton
Imports: est. $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1985); capi-
tal equipment (machinery and electrical
equipment), wines, bulk iron and ironwork,
steel and metals, vehicles and spare parts,
textiles and clothing, medicines, food; sub-
stantial military deliveries
Major trade partners: Cuba, USSR, Portu-
gal, and US
Budget: (1981) est. revenues $2.0 billion; est.
total expenditures $3.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 30.214
kwanza=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km -
bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km
crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth,
remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,165 km navigable
Anguilla
Ports: 3 major (Luanda, Lobito, Namibe), 5
minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 179km
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 351 total, 263 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 12 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 69 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of wire,
radio-relay, and troposcatter routes; high
frequency used extensively for military/
Cuban links; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta-
tions; 40,300 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.);
16 AM, 13 FM, and 2 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/ Air De-
fense; paramilitary forces — People's Police
Corps, People's Defense Organization and
Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,973,000;
993,000 fit for military service; 83,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $587 million; 25% of cen-
tral government budget
20 k:r
Sombrero
Caribbean
Sea
Prickly Pear Cays
Anguilla
THE VALLEY!
Blowing Point
See rcfionil map III
Land
Anguilla, 91 km2; about one-half the size of
Washington, D. C.; Sombrero, 5 km2
People
Population: 6,680 (1984)
Nationality: noun — Anguillan(s); adjec-
tive— Anguillan
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent
Religion: Anglican and Methodist
Language: English (official)
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 2,000 Anguillans living overseas
send remittances home; 26.4% unemployed
(1984)
Government
Official name: Anguilla
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: The Valley
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution came into effect on 1 April
1982
Branches: 1 1-member House of Assembly,
seven-member Executive Council
Government leaders: Allistair BAILLE,
Governor (since February 1984); Emile
GUMBS, Chief Minister (since March 1984)
Suffrage: native born; resident before sepa-
ration from St. Christopher and Nevis; 15
years residence for "belonger" status
Elections: general election, March 1984
Political parties and leaders: Anguilla
National Alliance (ANA), Emile Gumbs;
Anguillan People's Party (APP), Ronald
Webster
Voting strength: ANA, 6 seats; APP, 0 seats;
1 independent
Communists: none
Member of: Commonwealth
Economy
GDP: $6 million (1983 est.), $6,000 per cap-
ita (1983 est.)
Agriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet pota-
toes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry
Fishing: inshore and reef fishing
Major industries: tourism, lobster exports,
salt, fishing
Electric power: 1,500,000 kW capacity
(1984); 2 million kWh produced (1984), 285
kWh per capita
Exports: lobsters
Budget: revenue, $3.7 million (1983); ex-
penditure, $3.9 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=$USl (December 1985)
Fiscal year: probably calendar
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: approximately 60 km surfaced
Inland waterways: none
Anguilla (continued)
Antigua and Barbuda
Ports: 1 major (Road Bay), 1 minor (Blowing
Point)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfield: 1 with permanent-surface runways
of 1,100 m at Wallblake Airport
Telecommunications: modern internal tele-
phone system; 890 telephones (13.6 per 100
popl.); 1 FM and 2 AM stations; radio-relay
link to St. Martin's Island
Defense Forces
External defense is the responsibility of UK
Branches: Police
Barbuda
ington
Caribbean Sea
SAINT JOHN
^Antigua
o Redonda
See regional mip III
Land
280 km2; less than two-thirds the size of New
York City; 54% arable; 18% waste and built
on; 14% forest; 9% unused but potentially
productive; 5% pasture; the islands of Re-
donda (less than 2.6 km and uninhabited)
and Barbuda (161 km) are dependencies
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 153 km
People
Population: 82,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Antiguan(s); adjective —
Antiguan
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely of black
African origin; some of British, Portuguese,
Lebanese, and Syrian origin
Religion: Anglican (predominant), other
Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic
Language: English (official), local dialects
Infant mortality rate: 31.5/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 70
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 30,000 (1983); 20% unemploy-
ment (1983); agriculture 11%, industry 7%,
and commerce and services 82%
Government
Official name: Antigua and Barbuda
Type: independent state recognizing Eliza-
beth II as Chief of State
Capital: St. John's on the island of Antigua
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 de-
pendencies (Barbuda, Redonda)
Legal system: based on English common
law; British Caribbean Court of Appeal,
which has exclusive original jurisdiction and
an appellate jurisdiction, consists of Chief
Justice and five justices
Branches: bicameral legislative, 17-member
popularly elected House of Representatives
and 17-member Senate; executive, Prime
Minister and Cabinet; judiciary, Court of
Appeals
Government leaders: Vere Cornwall BIRD,
Sr., Prime Minister (since 1976); Lester
BIRD, Deputy Prime Minister (since 1976);
Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS, Governor
General (since 1967)
Suffrage: universal suffrage at age 18
Elections: every five years; last general elec-
tion 17 April 1984
Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor
Party (ALP), Vere C. Bird, Sr., Lester Bird;
United People's Movement (UPM), George
Herbert Walter; National Democratic Party
(NDP), Dr. Ivor Heath
Voting strength: (1984 election) House of
Representatives — ALP, 16 seats; inde-
pendent, 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Antigua
Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM), a
small leftist nationalist group led by
Leonard "Tim" Hector
Argentina
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ISO,
OAS, UN, UNESCO, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $158 million (1984), $1,990 per capita
Natural resources: negligible
Agriculture: cotton (main crop), sugar, live-
stock
Major industries: tourism 15.2%, construc-
tion 7.7%, manufacturing 0.5%
Electric power: 27,000 kW capacity (1985);
60.5 million kWh produced (1985), 756 kWh
per capita
Exports: $41 million (1984 prelim.); cloth-
ing, rum, lobsters
Imports: $146.9 million (c.i.f., 1984 prelim.);
fuel, food, machinery
Major trade partners: exports — 47% Trin-
idad and Tobago, 8% Barbados, 1% US
(1983); imports— 49% US, 13% UK, 4% Ja-
maica, 2% Trinidad and Tobago (1983)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments,
ODA and OOF (1970-80) from Western
(non-US) countries, $20 million; no military
aid
Budget: (current) revenues, $40 million
(1984); expenditures, $44 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean (EC)dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-30 March
Communications
Railroads: 64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge,
13 km 0.610-meter gauge, employed almost
exclusively for handling cane
Highways: 240 km main
Ports: 1 major (St. John's), 1 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 1 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: good automatic tele-
phone system; 6,700 telephones (9.2 per 100
popl.); tropospheric scatter links with Saba
and Guadeloupe; 6 AM and 2 FM stations; 1
TV station; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 sat-
ellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Antigua and Barbuda Defense
Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police
Force
Major ground units: Defense Force
Aircraft: none
1000 km
See regional map IV
Land
2,766,889 km2; four times the size of Texas;
57% agricultural (46% natural meadow, 11%
crop, improved pasture, and fallow); 25%
forest; 18% mountain, urban, or waste
Land boundaries: 9,414 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (continental shelf, including sovereignty
over superjacent waters); overflight and nav-
igation permitted beyond 12 nm
Coastline: 4,989 km
People
Population: 31, 186,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun — Argentine(s); adjec-
tive— Argentine
Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white,
15% mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite
groups
Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic
(less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant, 2%
Jewish, 6% other
Language: Spanish (official), English, Italian,
German, French
Infant mortality rate: 36/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 68
Argentina (continued)
Literacy: 94%
Labor force: 16.8 million (1984 prelim.);
15.9% agriculture, 24.3% manufacturing,
13.2% commerce, 11.5% transport and com-
munications, 7.7% finance and banking,
4.4% utilities, 3.6% construction, 2.7% min-
ing, 16.8% services and other; 4.6% unem-
ployment (1984)
Organized labor: 3 million; about 33% of
labor force (est.)
Government
Official name: Argentine Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Buenos Aires
Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 dis-
trict (Federal Capital), and 1 territory
Legal system: mixture of US and West Eu-
ropean legal systems; constitution adopted
1853 is in effect; legal education at Univer-
sity of Buenos Aires and other public and
private universities; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
May
Branches: executive (President, Vice Presi-
dent, Cabinet); legislative (National Con-
gress— Senate, Chamber of Deputies); na-
tional judiciary
Government leaders: Raul ALFONSIN,
President (since December 1983); Victor
MARTINEZ, Vice President (since Decem-
ber 1983)
Elections: general elections held 30 October
1983; Senate elections scheduled for 1986
Political parties: operate under statute
passed in 1983 that sets out criteria for par-
ticipation in national elections; Radical
Civic Union (UCR) — moderately left of cen-
ter; Justicialist Party (JP) — Peronist
umbrella political organization; Movement
for Industrial Development (MID); Intransi-
gent Party (PI); several provincial parties
Communists: some 70,000 members in vari-
ous party organizations, including a small
nucleus of activists
Other political or pressure groups: Peronist-
dominated labor movement, General Con-
federation of Labor (Peronist-leaning associ-
ation of small businessmen), Argentine In-
dustrial Union (manufacturers' association),
Argentine Rural Society (large landowners'
association), business organizations, students,
the Catholic Church
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDE—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC— Inter-
national Whaling Commission, IWC — In-
ternational Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM,
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $74.4 billion (1984), $2,470 per capita;
80% consumption, 15% investment; 5% net
exports; 2.0% real GDP growth rate (1984)
Natural resources: pampas, lead, zinc, tin,
copper, iron, manganese, oil, uranium
Agriculture: main products — cereals, oil-
seed, livestock products; major world ex-
porter of temperate zone foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 290,000 metric tons (1984);
exports $139.7 million (1984)
Major industries: food processing (espe-
cially meat packing), motor vehicles, con-
sumer durables, textiles, chemicals, printing,
and metallurgy
Steel: 2.6 million metric tons produced
(1984)
Electric power: 15,210,000 kW capacity
(1985); 40.5 billion kWh produced (1985),
1, 319 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); wheat,
corn, oilseed, hides, wool
Imports: $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); chemical
products, machinery, metallurgical prod-
ucts, fuel and lubricants
Major trade partners: (1984) exports— 15%
USSR, 11% Netherlands, 11% US, 6% Brazil,
5% Italy, 4% FRG, 3% Japan; imports— 20%
US, 19% Brazil, 12% FRG, 9% Bolivia, 8%
Japan, 5% France
Budget: (1984) general government reve-
nues $16.9 billion; expenditures $21.7 billion
at official exchange rate
Monetary conversion rate: 0.8
australes=US$l (December 1985); Argen-
tina introduced a new currency, the austral,
in June 1985; new currency to be exchanged
for the peso argentine at 1,000 pesos to the
austral
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 35,476 km total; 3,086 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 22,788 km 1.676-
meter broad gauge, 13,461 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 403 km 0.750-meter gauge; of total in
country, 142 km are electrified
Highways: 208,100 km total, of which
47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000
km improved earth, 20,300 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 1 1,000 km navigable
Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil; 2,200 km re-
fined products; 9,918 km natural gas
Ports: 1 major, 30 minor
Civil air: 54 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,827 total, 1,663 usable; 125 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,695 m, 32 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 327 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: extensive modern
system; 3.23 million telephones (10.3 per 100
popl.), radio relay widely used; 2 satellite
stations with 3 Atlantic Ocean antennas; 163
AM and 190 TV stations; 30-station domestic
satellite network
10
Aruba
Defense Forces
Branches: Argentine Army, Navy of the
Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force,
National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval
Prefecture, National Aeronautical Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,719,000;
6,264,000 fit for military service; 255,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: revised defense budget for
fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $1.0
billion; 7% of central government budget
Caribbean
Sea
ORANJESTAD
regional roip III
Land
193 km2; larger than Washington, D.C.
People
Population: 67,014 (1986 est.)
Nationality: noun — Aruban(s); adjective —
Aruban
Ethnic divisions: 85% mixed African; re-
mainder Carib Indian, European, Latin, and
Oriental
Religion: 82% Roman Catholic, 8% Protes-
tant; also small Hindu, Muslim, Confucian,
and Jewish minority
Language: Dutch (official), Papiamento (a
Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dia-
lect), English (widely spoken), Spanish
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 30% oil refining; 10% unem-
ployment
Government
Official name: Aruba
Main town: Oranjestad
Type: self-governing until complete inde-
pendence from the Netherlands is granted in
1996
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law sys-
tem, with some English common law influ-
ence
Government leader: Felipe TROMP, Gov-
ernor (since January 1986); Henny EMAN,
Prime Minister (since January 1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Political parties and leaders: People's Elec-
toral Movement (MEP), G. F. "Betico"
Croes; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny
Nisbet; Aruban People's Party (A VP), He-
nny Eman; Democratic Party of Aruba
(PDA), Dr. Leo Berlinski; National Demo-
cratic Action Party (ADN), John Booi
Economy
Agriculture: little production
Major industries: petrochemicals, oil re-
fining, petroleum transshipment facilities,
tourism, light manufacturing
Communications
Ports: 2 (Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas)
Airfield: government-owned airport east of
Oranjestad
Telecommunications: facilities, which in-
clude extensive interisland radio-relay links,
are generally adequate; 49,600 telephones
Defense
Defense is the responsibility of the Nether-
lands until 1996
11
Australia
Indian
Ocean
Coral Sea
» + /Sydney
CANBERRA
Indian Ocean
See regional n»p X
Land
7,686,848 km2; almost as large as the conti-
nental US; 58% pasture; 6% arable; 2% for-
est; 34% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 25,760 km
People
Population: 15,793,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Australian(s); adjec-
tive— Australian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Caucasian, 1% Asian
and Aboriginal
Religion: 26.1% Anglican, 26.0% Roman
Catholic, 24.3% other Christian
Language: English, native languages
Infant mortality rate: 10/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 71.2, women 78.2
Literacy: 98.5%
Labor force: 7.2 million (March 1985); 30.6%
industry, 6.5% agriculture; 7.8% unemploy-
ment (December 1985)
Organized labor: 55% of total employees
(Dc.embci 1983)
Government
Official name: Commonwealth of Australia
Type: federal parliamentary state recogniz-
ing Elizabeth II as sovereign or head of state
Capital: Canberra
Political subdivisions: 6 states and 2 territo-
ries
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution adopted 1900; High Court
has jurisdiction over cases involving inter-
pretation of the constitution; accepts com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Australia Day, 26 January
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal
Parliament — Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives); Prime Minister and Cabinet re-
sponsible to House; independent judiciary
Government leaders: Sir Ninian STEPHEN,
Governor General (since July 1982); Robert
HA WKE, Prime Minister (since March
1983)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: held at three- year intervals or
sooner if Parliament is dissolved by Prime
Minister; last election 1 December 1984
Political parties and leaders: government —
Australian Labor Party (Robert Hawke);
opposition — Liberal Party (John Howard),
National Party (Ian Sinclair), Australian
Democratic Party (Donald L. Chipp), Nu-
clear Disarmament Party (Michael
Denborough)
Voting strength: (1984 parliamentary elec-
tion) House of Representatives — Labor
Party 82 seats, Liberal-National coalition 66
seats; Senate — Labor Party 34 seats, Liberal-
National coalition 33 seats, Australian Dem-
ocratic Party 7 seats, Nuclear Disarmament
Party 1 seat, independents 1 seat
Communists.- 4,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Austra-
lian Democratic Labor Party (anti-
Communist Labor Party splinter group)
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANZUS, CIPEC
(associate), Colombo Plan, Commonwealth,
DAC, ELDO, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IATP, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whal-
ing Commission, IWC — International
Wheat Council, OECD, SPF, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GDP: $173.6 billion (1984), $1 1,172 per cap-
ita; 60% private consumption, 22% invest-
ment, 17.1% government expenditure; 2.8%
real average annual growth (1978-84)
Natural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore,
copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tung-
sten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds,
natural gas, oil
Agriculture: large areas devoted to grazing;
60% of area used for crops is planted in
wheat; major products — wool, lamb, beef,
wheat, fruits, sugarcane; self-sufficient in
food
Major industries: mining, industrial and
transportation equipment, food processing,
chemicals
Crude steel: 5.6 million metric tons pro-
duced (1983)
Electric power: 30,000,000 kW capacity
(1985); 1 10 billion kWh produced (1985),
7,040 kWh per capita
Exports: $24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); principal
products — coal, wool, iron ore, lamb, other
meat, dairy products
Imports: $26.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); princi-
pal products — manufactured raw materials,
capital equipment, consumer goods
12
Austria
Major trade partners: (1983-84) exports —
26% Japan, 11% US, 6% New Zealand, 4%
North Korea, 4% Singapore, 3% USSR; im-
ports—22% US, 22% Japan, 7% UK, 6%
FRG, 4% New Zealand
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83), $6.3 billion
Budget: (FY85-86 proj.) expenditures, $48
billion; receipts, $51.5 billion; deficit, $3.5
billion
Monetarsy conversion rate: 1.44 Australian
dollar=US$l (6 February 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 42,855 km total (1980); 9,689 km
1.600-meter gauge, 15,783 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 17,383 km 1.067-meter
gauge; 900 km electrified (June 1979); gov-
ernment owned (except for a few hundred
kilometers of privately owned track)
Highways: 837,872 km total (1980); 243,750
km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed
stone, or stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by
small, shallow-draft craft
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,400 km; refined prod-
ucts, 500 km; natural gas, 5,600 km
Ports: 12 major, numerous minor
Civil air: around 150 major transport air-
craft
•
Airfields: 1,052 total, 1,009 usable; 221 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 18 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 498 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good interna-
tional and domestic service; 7.4 million tele-
phones (52 per 100 popl.); 223 AM, 5 FM,
and 1 1 1 TV stations; 3 earth satellite sta-
tions; submarine cables to New Zealand,
Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Malaysia,
Hong Kong, and Guam
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Australian Air Force, Royal
Australian Navy, Australian Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,194,000;
3,542,000 fit for military service; 140,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1986, $4.4 billion; about 9.5% of total
central government budget
See regional mip V
Land
83,835 km2; slightly smaller than M&ine;
38% forest; 26% meadow and pasture; 20%
cultivated; 15% waste or urban; 1% inland
water
Land boundaries: 2,582 km
People
Population: 7,546,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0%
Nationality: noun — Austrian(s); adjective —
Austrian
Ethnic divisions: 99.4% German, 0.3%
Croatian, 0.2% Slovene, 0.1% other
Religion: 88% Roman Catholic, 6% Protes-
tant, 6% none or other
Language: German
Infant mortality rate: 16/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 73
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2.9 million (1984); 41. 10% in-
dustry and crafts, 57.55% services, 1.35%
agriculture and forestry; 4.5% unemployed
(average 1984); an estimated 200,000 Austri-
ans are employed in other European coun-
tries; foreign laborers in Austria number
138,700, about 5.4% of labor force (1984)
13
Austria (continued)
Organized labor: 1 ,672,820 members of
Austrian Trade Union Federation (1984)
Government
Official name: Republic of Austria
Type: federal republic
Capital: Vienna
Political subdivisions: 9 states (lander) in-
cluding the capital
Legal system: civil law system with Roman
law origin; constitution adopted 1920, re-
promulgated 1945; judicial review of legisla-
tive acts by a Constitutional Court; separate
administrative and civil/penal supreme
courts; legal education at Universities of
Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg, and
Linz; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: 26 October
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal
Assembly — Federal Council, National
Council), directly elected President whose
functions are largely representational, inde-
pendent federal judiciary
Government leaders: Rudolf
KIRCHSCHLAGER, President (since July
1974); Fred SINOWATZ, Chancellor (since
May 1983), leads a Socialist/Freedom Party
of Austria coalition
Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory
for presidential elections
Elections: presidential, every six years (next
1986); parliamentary, every four years (next
1987)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party
of Austria (SPO), Fred Sinowatz, chairman;
Austrian People's Party (OVP), Alois Mock,
chairman; Liberal Party (FPO), Norbert
Steger, chairman; Communist Party (KPO),
Franz Muhri, chairman; Alternative List
Austria (ALO), no leader; United Greens
(VGO), Josef Buchner, leader
Voting strengt h: (1983 election) parliamen-
tary— SPO 47.65%, OVP 43.22%, FPO
4.98%, VGO 1.93%, ALO 1.36%, KPO 0.66%
Communists: membership 15,000 est.; ac-
tivists 7,000-8,000
Other political or pressure groups: Federal
Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Aus-
trian Trade Union Federation (primarily
Socialist); three composite leagues of the
Austrian People's Party (OVP) representing
business, labor, and farmers; OVP-oriented
League of Austrian Industrialists; Roman
Catholic Church, including its chief lay or-
ganization, Catholic Action
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
ECE, EFTA, EMA, ESRO (observer), FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IDB— Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC— In-
ternational Wheat Council, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $64.21 billion (1984), $8,500 per cap-
ita; 57% private consumption, 22% invest-
ment, 19% public consumption; 1984 real
GNP growth rate, 2.2%
Natural resources: iron ore, petroleum, tim-
ber, magnesite, aluminum, coal, lignite, ce-
ment, copper
Agriculture: livestock, forest products, cere-
als, potatoes, sugar beets; 84% self-sufficient
Major industries: foods, iron and steel, ma-
chinery, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper
and pulp
Crude steel: 5.3 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984)
Electric power: 14,71 1,000 kW capacity
(1985); 45.11 billion kWh produced (1985),
5,983 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.72 billion (f.o.b., 1984); iron
and steel products, machinery and
equipment, lumber, textiles, paper products,
chemicals
Imports: $19.59 billion (c.i.f., 1984); machin-
ery and equipment, chemicals, textiles and
clothing, petroleum, foodstuffs, vehicles,
office machines, Pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: (1984) imports —
39.9% FRG, 8.6% Italy, 6.6% East Europe
(excluding USSR), 5.0% USSR, 4.4% Switzer-
land, 3.5% US, exports— 29.6% FRG, 9.4%
Italy, 7.6% East Europe (excluding USSR),
6.9% Switzerland, 6.4% OPEC, 4.1% US
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83), $1.3 billion
Budget: expenditures, $23.2 billion; reve-
nues, $18.5 billion; deficit, $4.7 billion (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 20.01
schillings=US$l (1984 average); 22.28
schillings=US$l (first half 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 6,497 km total; 5.857 km govern-
ment owned; 5,403 km 1.435-meter stand-
ard gauge of which 3,017 km electrified and
1,520 km double tracked; 454 km 0.760-
meter narrow gauge of which 91 km electri-
fied; 640 km privately owned 1.435- and
1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 95,412 km total; 34,612 km are
the classified network (including 1,012 km of
autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and 23,200
km of provincial roads); of this number, ap-
proximately 21,812 km are paved and
12,800 km are unpaved; additionally, there
are 60,800 km of communal roads (mostly
gravel, crushed stone, earth)
Inland waterways: 427 km
Ports: 2 major river (Vienna, Linz)
Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,61 1 km natu-
ral gas; 171 km refined products
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
14
The Bahamas
Airfields: 56 total, 54 usable; 18 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed and
efficient; extensive TV and radiobroadcast
systems with 9 AM, 669 FM, and 988 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT sta-
tion; 3.47 million telephones (45.9 per 100
popl.)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Flying Division
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,946,000;
1,647,000 fit for military service; 65,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $849 million; about 3.9% of
the proposed federal budget
200km
Great Inagua
Sec region*! map III
Land
13,934 km2; about the size of Connecticut;
an archipelago of some 700 islands and keys;
29% forest; 1% cultivated; 70% built on,
wasteland, and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,542 km (New Providence
Island, 76 km)
People
Population: 235,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Bahamian(s); adjec-
tive— Bahamian
Ethnic divisions: 85% black, 15% white
Religion: Baptist 29%, Anglican 23%,
Roman Catholic 22%, smaller groups of
other Protestants, Greek Orthodox, and Jews
Language: English; some Creole among
Haitian immigrants
Infant mortality rate: 20.20/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 64, women 70
Literacy: 89%
Labor force: 82,000(1982); 30% govern-
ment, 25% hotels and restaurants, 10%
business services, 6% agriculture; 30% unem-
ployment (1983)
Organized labor: 25% organized
Government
Official name: The Commonwealth of The
Bahamas
Type: independent commonwealth recog-
nizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Nassau on New Providence Island
Legal system: based on English common
law
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
July
Branches: bicameral legislature
(Parliament — 16-member appointed Senate,
43-member elected House of Assembly);
executive (Prime Minister and Cabinet);
judiciary
Government leaders: Sir Lynden Oscar
PINDLING, Prime Minister (since 1969); Sir
Gerald C. CASH, Governor General (since
1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly (June 1982);
next election constitutionally due in five
years
Political parties and leaders: Progressive
Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden O. Pindling;
Free National Movement (FNM), Kendal
Isaacs, Cecil Wallace- Whitfield
Voting strength: 73,309 registered voters
(July 1977); (1982 election) House of Assem-
bly—PLP (55%) 32 seats, FNM (45%) 1 1
seats, others (3%) 0 seats
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: Van-
guard Nationalist and Socialist Party
(VNSP), a small leftist party headed by
Lionel Carey; Trade Union Congress (TUC),
headed by Leonard Archer
15
The Bahamas (continued)
Bahrain
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, Common-
wealth, FAO, G-77, GATT(de facto), IBRD,
ICAO, IDE — Inter-American Development
Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAS, PAHO, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
CNP: $1.8 billion (1984), $7,950 per capita;
real growth rate 2% (1984)
Natural resources: salt, aragonite, timber
Agriculture: food importer; main crops fish,
fruits, vegetables
Major industries: banking, tourism, cement,
oil refining and transshipment, lumber, salt
production, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuti-
cals, spiral weld, and steel pipe
Electric power: 348,000 kW capacity (1985);
880 million kWh produced (1985), 3,793
kWh per capita
Exports: $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984); pharma-
ceuticals, cement, rum, crayfish
Imports: $3.0 billion (c. i. f . , 1 984); foodstuffs,
manufactured goods, mineral fuels
Major trade partners: exports — US 90%,
UK 10%; imports— Iran 30%, Nigeria 20%,
US 10%, EC 10%, Gabon 10% (1981)
Aid: economic — US economic
commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-80),
from US, $42 million; ODA and OOF eco-
nomic commitments (1970-83), $140 mil-
lion; no military aid
Budget: (1984 prelim.) revenues, $347 mil-
lion; expenditures, $363 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahamian
dollar=US$l (September 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved,
1,050 km gravel
Ports: 2 major (Freeport, Nassau), 9 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 61 total, 56 usable; 29 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telecom facilities
highly developed, including 84,000 tele-
phones (37.9 per 100 popl.) in totally auto-
matic system; tropospheric scatter and cable
links with Florida; 3 AM and 2 FM stations;
1 TV station; 3 coaxial submarine cables;
satellite ground station under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Bahamas Defense Force (a
coast guard element only), Royal Bahamas
Police Force
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1982 $9.2 million, about 2.5% of
the total budget
Persian Gutf
S*e rffionil map VI
Land
676 km2 plus group of 32 smaller islands;
smaller than New York City; 5% cultivated,
negligible forest; remainder desert, waste, or
urban
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 161 km
People
Population: 422,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.5%
Nationality: noun — Bahraini(s); adjective —
Bahrain*
Ethnic divisions: 63% Bahraini, 13% Asian,
10% other Arab, 8% Iranian, 6% other
Religion: Muslim (70% Shi'a, 30% Sunni)
Language: Arabic (official); English also
widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 140,000 (1982); 42% of labor
force is Bahraini; 85% industry and com-
merce, 5% agriculture, 5% services, 3% gov-
ernment
Government
Official name: State of Bahrain
Type: traditional monarchy; independent
since 1971
16
Bangladesh
Capital: Manama
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
English common law; constitution went into
effect in December 1973
National holiday: 16 December
Branches: Amir rules with help of a Cabinet
led by Prime Minister; Amir dissolved the
National Assembly in August 1975 and sus-
pended the constitutional provision for elec-
tion of the Assembly; independent judiciary
Government leader: Isa bin Sulman Al
KHALIFA, Amir (since November 1961)
Suffrage: none
Political parties and pressure groups: politi-
cal parties prohibited; several small, clandes-
tine leftist and Shi'a fundamentalist groups
are active
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT(de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO,
IDE — Islamic Development Bank, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAPEC, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GDP: $4.0 billion at current prices (1982
est), $10,000 per capita; real growth rate 9%
(1981)
Natural resources: oil, associated and nonas-
sociated natural gas, fish
Agriculture: not self-sufficient in food pro-
duction; produces some fruit and vegetables;
engages in dairy and poultry farming and in
shrimping and fishing
Major industries: petroleum processing and
refining, aluminum smelting, offshore bank-
ing, ship repairing
Electric power: 1,407,800 kW capacity
(1985); 6. 166 billion kWh produced (1985),
14,440 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); nonoil
exports $400 million (1984); oil exports $2.7
billion (1984)
Imports: $3.5 billion (c.i.f., 1984); nonoil
imports $1.9 billion (1984); oil imports $1.6
billion (1984)
Major trade partners: Japan, UK, US, Saudi
Arabia
Budget: (1985) $967 million current expend-
iture, $556 million capital
Monetary conversion rate: 0.38 Bahrain
dinar=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 225 km bituminous surfaced;
undetermined kilometers of natural surface
tracks; 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi
Arabia is under construction with comple-
tion scheduled for January 1986
Ports: 1 major (Mlna' Sulman), 1 minor
(Mina' al Manamah), 1 petroleum, oil, and
lubricant terminal (Sitrah)
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km; refined prod-
ucts, 16 km; natural gas, 32 km
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional telecommunications; adequate do-
mestic services; 98,000 telephones (25.4 per
100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean, and 1 Arab
satellite station; tropospheric scatter and
microwave to Qatar, United Arab Emirates,
Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar and
United Arab Emirates
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Naval Wing, Air Wing
Military manpower: males 15-49, 125,000;
73,000 fit for military service
Supply: from several West European coun-
tries, especially France and UK
Bey of Bengal
Set regional map VIII
Land
143,998 km2; slightly smaller than Wiscon-
sin; 66% arable (including cultivated and
fallow), 18% uncultivated (not available),
16% forest
Land boundaries: 2,535 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 580 km
People
Population: 104,205,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Bangladeshi(s); adjec-
tive— Bangladesh
Ethnic divisions: 98% Bengali; 250,000
"Biharis" and fewer than one million tribals
Religion: 83% Muslim, about 16% Hindu,
less than 1% Buddhist, Christian, and other
Language: Bangla (official), English widely
used
Infant mortality rate: 119.4/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 53
Literacy: 29%
17
Bangladesh (continued)
Labor force: 35. 1 million (FY86); extensive
export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE,
Oman, and Kuwait; 74% of labor force is in
agriculture, 15% services, 11% industry and
commerce (FY81/82); unemployment and
underemployment 40% (est.)
Government
Official name: People's Republic of
Bangladesh
Type: republic; under martial law since 24
March 1982
Capital: Dhaka
Political subdivisions: 4 divisions, 21 re-
gions, 64 districts, 495 thanas (rural town-
ships consisting of 4,472 unions or village
groupings)
Legal system: martial law currently prevails
and civilian legal system suspended; tradi-
tionally based on English common law; con-
stitution adopted December 1972, amended
January 1975 to more authoritarian presi-
dential system, and changed by proclama-
tion in April 1977 to reflect Islamic charac-
ter of nation; further change, by proclama-
tion in December 1978, provided for the
appointment of the Prime Minister, Deputy
Prime Minister, and other Cabinet-rank
ministers and defined the powers of the
President
National holiday: National Day, 26 March;
Victory Day, 16 December
Branches: constitution (currently suspended)
provides for unicameral legislature (Parlia-
ment), strong President; independent judi-
ciary; President has substantial control over
the judiciary
Government leaders: Lt. Gen. Hussain
Mohammad ERSHAD, President (since De-
cember 1983) and Chief Martial Law Ad-
ministrator (since March 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: some local elections held in De-
cember 1983; higher local elections held in
May 1985; presidential and parliamentary
elections may be held in 1986
Political parties and leaders: Bangladesh
Nationalist Party, Begum Ziaur Rahman;
Awami League, Sheikh Hasina Wazed;
United People's Party, Kazi Zafar Ahmed;
Democratic League, Khondakar Mushtaque
Ahmed; Muslim League, Khan A. Sabur;
Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (National Socialist
Party), M. A. Jalil; Bangladesh Communist
Party (pro-Soviet), Mohammad Farhad; nu-
merous small parties; political activity
banned following March 1982 coup; ban
lifted in March 1984, reimposed in March
1985, and lifted again in January 1986
Communists: 2,500 members (est.)
Member of: ADB, Afro- Asian People's Soli-
darity Organization, Colombo Plan, Com-
monwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IRC,
ITU, NAM, QIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $1 1.6 billion (FY83, current prices),
$130 per capita; 3.8% real growth (FY85)
Natural resources: natural gas, uranium
Agriculture: large-scale subsistence farming,
heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall;
main crops are jute, tea, and rice; grain, cot-
ton, and oilseed shortages
Fishing: production 751,000 metric tons
(1984)
Major industries: jute manufactures, food
processing, and cotton textiles
Electric power: 1,1 18,000 kW capacity
(1985); 4.21 billion kWh produced (1985), 42
kWh per capita
Exports: $81 1 million (f.o.b., FY84); raw and
manufactured jute, leather, tea
Imports: $2.3 billion (c.i.f., FY84); food-
grains, fuels, raw cotton, fertilizer, manufac-
tured products
Major trade partners: exports — Middle East
29%, US 13%, Italy 8.6%, Japan 7.5%; im-
ports— Middle East 17%, Western Europe
12%, Japan 1 1%, US 11% (FY84)
Budget: (FY86) current expenditures, $1.2
billion; capital expenditures, $1.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 32. 15
takas=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 4,085 km total (1985); 1,912 km
1.000-meter gauge, 978 km 1.676-meter
broad gauge; government owned
Highways: 45,633 km total (1985); 4,076 km
paved, 2,693 km gravel, 38,864 km earth
Inland waterways: 7,000 km; river steamers
navigate main waterways
Ports: 2 sea (Chittagong, Chalna), 7 inland
Pipelines: 650 km natural gas
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 18 total, 13 usable; 14 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate interna-
tional radio communications and landline
service; fair domestic wire and microwave
service; fair broadcast service; 100,000 (est.)
telephones (0. 1 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 6 FM, 8
TV stations, and 1 ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramili-
tary forces — Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh
Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Coastal Po-
lice
Military manpower: males 15-49,
24,622,000; 15,144,000 fit for military ser-
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1986, $285 million; about 15% of cen-
tral government budget
18
Barbados
Caribbean
Sea
Set regional map III
The Crane
Land
430 km2; about half the size of New York
City; 60% crop; 30% unused, built on, or
waste; 10% meadow
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 97 km
People
Population: 253,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Barbadian(s); adjec-
tive— Barbadian
Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 16% mixed,
4% European
Religion: 70% Anglican, 9% Methodist, 4%
Roman Catholic, 17% other, including
Moravian
Language: English
Infant mortality rate: 26.3/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 70.8
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 1 12,300 (1985 est); 36.8% ser-
vices and government; 22.4% commerce;
21.8% manufacturing and construction;
9.3% transportation, storage,
communications, and finanacial institutions;
8. 1 % agriculture; and 2.1% utilities
Organized labor: 32%
Government
Official name: Barbados
Type: independent sovereign state within
the Commonwealth recognizing Elizabeth II
as Chief of State
Capital: Bridgetown
Political subdivisions: 11 parishes and city
of Bridgetown
Legal system: English common law; consti-
tution came into effect upon independence
in 1966; no judicial review of legislative acts;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
November
Branches: bicameral legislature
(Parliament — 21-member appointed Senate
and 27-member elected House of Assembly);
Cabinet headed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: H. Bernard ST.
JOHN, Prime Minister (since March 1985);
Sir Hugh SPRINGER, Governor General
(since 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly members
have terms no longer than five years; last
general election held 18 June 1981
Political parties and leaders: Barbados La-
bor Party (BLP; leader not yet named
[former leader was Prime Minister Tom
Adams, who died in March 1985] ); Demo-
cratic Labor Party (DLP), Errol Barrow
Voting strength: (1981 election) BLP,
52.4%; DLP, 46.8%; independent, negligi-
ble; House of Assembly seats— BLP 17, DLP
10
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: People's
Progressive Movement, Bobby Clarke;
People's Pressure Movement, Eric Sealy;
Workers' Party of Barbados, Dr. George Bell
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1,151.7 million (1984), $4,560 per
capita; real GDP growth rate 0% (1984)
Natural resources: negligible
Agriculture: main products — sugarcane,
subsistence foods
Major industries: tourism, sugar milling,
light manufacturing, component assembly
for export
Electric power: 145,000 kW capacity (1985);
360 million kWh produced (1985), 1,429
kWh per capita
Exports: $390 million (f.o.b., 1984); sugar
and sugarcane byproducts, electrical parts,
clothing
Imports: $656.2 million (f.o.b., 1984); food-
stuffs, consumer durables, machinery, fuels
Major trade partners: exports — 42% US,
22% CARICOM, 7% UK; imports— 48% US,
12% CARICOM, 8% UK, 6% Canada (1984
prelim.)
Aid: economic — US economic
commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84),
$14 million; ODA and OOF commitments
from other Western countries (1970-83),
$107 million; no military aid
Budget: (FY84 prelim.) revenues, $288 mil-
lion; expenditures, $323 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.01 13 Barbados
dollars=US$l (September 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
19
Barbados (continued)
Belgium
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,570 km total; 1,475 km paved,
95 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Bridgetown), 2 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: island wide automatic
telephone system with 75,000 telephones
(30.0 per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter link
to Trinidad and St. Lucia; 2 AM stations, 1
FM station, 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Barbados Defense Force, Royal
Barbados Police Force
Major ground units: Defense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 67,000;
48,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year 1985, $10. 1
million; 3% of central government budget
50km
SrtrtfionilmipV
Land
30,540 km2; slightly larger than Maryland;
28% cultivated; 24% meadow and pasture;
20% forest; 28% waste, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 1,377 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone, with equidistant lines
between neighboring countries)
Coastline: 64 km
People
Population: 9,868,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Belgian(s); adjective —
Belgian
Ethnic divisions: 55% Fleming, 33% Wal-
loon, 12% mixed or other
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, remainder
Protestant, none, or other
Language: 56% Flemish (Dutch), 32%
French, 1% German; 11% legally bilingual;
divided along ethnic lines
Infant mortality rate: 1 1. 15/1,000 (1979)
Life expectancy: men 68.6, women 75.1
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4 million (1985); 59% services,
37% industry, 5% agriculture; 13.6% unem-
ployed (1985)
Organized labor: 70% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Belgium
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Brussels
Political subdivisions: nine provinces; as of 1
October 1980, Wallonia and Flanders have
regional "subgovernments" with elected
regional councils and executive officials;
those regional authorities have limited pow-
ers over revenues and certain areas of eco-
nomic, urban, environmental, and housing
policy; Wallonia also has a separate Walloon
Cultural Council
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
English constitutional theory; constitution
adopted 1831, since amended; judicial re-
view of legislative acts; legal education at
four law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 21 July
Branches: executive branch consists of King
and Cabinet; Cabinet responsible to bicam-
eral parliament (Senate and Chamber of
Representatives); independent judiciary;
coalition governments are usual
Government leaders: BAUDOUIN I, King
(since August 1950); Wilfried MARTENS,
Prime Minister (since 1979, with a nine-
month interruption in 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held at least once every four
years; last held 13 October 1985
Political parties and leaders: Flemish Social
Christian (CVP), Frank Swaelen, president;
Walloon Social Christian (PSC), Gerard
Deprez, president; Flemish Socialist (SP),
Karel van Miert, president; Walloon Social-
ist (PS), Guy Spitaels, president; Flemish
Liberal (PVV), Annemie Neyts, interim
president; Walloon Liberal (PRL), Louis
Michel, president; Francophone Democratic
Front (FDF), Georges Clerfayt, president;
Volksunie(VU), Vic Anciaux, president;
Communist Party (PCB), Louis van Geyt,
president; Walloon Rally (RW), Fernand
Massart; Ecologist Party (ECOLO-
AGALEV), loosely organized with no presi-
dent; Anti-Tax Party (UDRT-RAD), Robert
Hendrick and Thomas Delahaye, presidents;
Vlaams Blok (VB), president unknown
Voting strength: (1985 election) 212-seat
Chamber of Representatives — CVP 49 seats,
PS 35 seats, PVV 22 seats, SP 32 seats, PRL
24 seats, VU 16 seats, PSC 20 seats, FDF 3,
ECOLO-AGALEV 9 seats, UDRT-RAD 1
seat, VB 1
Communists: under 5,000 members (est,
December 1985)
Other political or pressure groups: Christian
and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of
Belgian Industries; numerous other associa-
tions representing bankers, manufacturers,
middle-class artisans, and the legal and med-
ical professions; various organizations repre-
sent the cultural interests of Flanders and
Wallonia; various peace groups such as
Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear
Weapons and Pax Christi
Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, Council
of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, ECOSOC, EIB,
ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $76.3 billion (1984), $7,870 per capita;
66% consumption, 16% investment, 18%
government consumption, 0.0% net foreign
balance (1983); 2.2% real growth rate in
1984
Natural resources: coal
Agriculture: livestock production predomi-
nates; main crops — grains, sugar beets, flax,
potatoes, other vegetables, fruits
Fishing: catch 40,580 metric tons (1983);
exports $29,991 million, imports $25,787
million
Major industries: engineering and metal
products, processed food and beverages,
chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petro-
leum
Crude steel: 17.9 million metric tons capac-
ity (December 1981); 11.3 million metric
tons produced, 1,147 kg per capita (1984)
Electric power: 15,91 1 ,000 kW capacity
(1985); 55.885 billion kWh produced (1985),
5,669 kWh per capita
Exports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
Union) $51.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); iron and
steel products (cars), petroleum products,
chemicals
Imports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
Union) $54.7 billion (c.i.f., 1984); fuels, food-
stuffs, chemicals
Major trade partners:
(Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union,
1984) exports— 69.1% EC (19.5% FRG,
14.3% Netherlands, 14.0% France, 9.8%
UK), 6.1% US, 2.6% Communist; imports—
67.3% EC (20.0% FRG, 19.0% Netherlands,
14.8% France, 8.8% UK), 6.1% US, 4.4%
Communist
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83), $3.6 billion
Budget: (1984) revenues, $23. 1 billion; ex-
penditures, $28.5 billion; deficit, $5.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 51.6 Belgian
francs=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: Belgian National Railways
(SNCB) operates 3,471 km 1.435-meter stand-
ard gauge, government owned; 2,563 km
double track; 1,907 km electrified; 191 km
1.000-meter gauge, government owned and
electrified
Highways: 103,396 km total; approximately
1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute;
11,717 km national highway; 1,362km pro-
vincial road; approximately 38,000 km other
paved; approximately 51,000 km unpaved
rural
Inland waterways: 2,043 km, of which 1,528
km are in regular use by commercial trans-
port
Ports: 5 major, 1 minor
Pipelines: refined products, 1,115 km;
crude, 161 km; natural gas, 3,218 km
Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 44 total, 43 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 14 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international telephone and telegraph
facilities; 4. 11 million telephones (41. 7 per
100 popl.); 7 AM, 37 FM, 32 TV stations; 6
submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,500,000;
2,1 15,000 fit for military service; 80,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $2.5 billion; 8.2% of the
central government budget
21
Belize
(formerly British Honduras)
• •Caribbean
Sea
Punta Gorda
Stt rtfiond tnip III
Land
22,963 km2; slightly larger than Massachu-
setts; 46% exploitable forest, 38% agricul-
tural (5% cultivated); 16% urban, waste, wa-
ter, offshore islands, or other
Land boundaries: 515 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 386 km
People
Population: 168,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun — Belizean(s); adjective —
Belizean
Ethnic divisions: 51 % black, 22% mestizo,
19% Amerindian, 8% other
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic; Anglican,
Seventh-Day Adventist, Methodist, Baptist,
Jehovah's Witnesses, Mennonite
Language: English (official), Spanish Maya,
Carib
Infant mortality rate: 56/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 66
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 51,500 (1984); 30.0% agricul-
ture, 16.0% services, 15.4% government,
11.2% commerce, 10.3% manufacturing;
shortage of skilled labor and all types of
technical personnel; over 14% are unem-
ployed
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
Government
Official name: Belize
Type: parliamentary; independent state; a
member of the Commonwealth
Capital: Belmopan
Political subdivisions: 6 districts
Legal system: English law
Branches: bicameral legislature (National
Assembly — electoral redistricting in Octo-
ber 1984 expanded House of Representa-
tives from 18 to 28 seats; eight-member ap-
pointed Senate; either house may choose its
speaker or president, respectively, from out-
side its membership); Cabinet; judiciary
Government leaders: Manuel A.
ESQUIVEL, Prime Minister (since Decem-
ber 1984); Dr. Elmira Minita GORDON,
Governor General (since December 1981)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: parliamentary elections held De-
cember 1984
Political parties and leaders: United Demo-
cratic Party (UDP), Manuel Esquivel, Curl
Thompson, Dean Lindo; People's United
Party (PUP), George Price
Voting strength: (December 1984) National
Assembly— UDP 21 seats (25,785— 54.1%),
PUP 7 seats (20,971—44.0%); before redis-
tricting, PUP held 13 seats, UDP 4 seats, and
independents 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: United
Workers Union, which is connected with
PUP
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, Common-
wealth, FAO, GATT, IBRD, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, G-77, ISO, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $193 million (1985), $1,200 per capita
(1985); real growth rate 1.5% (1983)
Natural resources: arable land, timber, fish
Agriculture: main products — sugarcane,
citrus fruits, corn, molasses, rice, beans, ba-
nanas, livestock products, honey; net im-
porter of food; an illegal producer of canna-
bis for the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 1,349 metric tons(1980)
Major industries: sugar refining, garments,
timber and forest products, furniture, rum,
soap, beverages, cigarettes
Electric power: 23,000 k W capacity (1985);
56 million kWh produced (1985), 340 kWh
per capita
Exports: $93 million (f.o.b., 1984 est); sugar,
garments, seafood, molasses, citrus fruits,
wood and wood products
Imports: $126 million (c.i.f., 1984 est.); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment, food,
manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals, phar-
maceuticals
Major trade partners: exports — US 36%,
UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 11%, Canada
10%; imports— US 55%, UK 17%, Nether-
lands Antilles 8%, Mexico 7% (1983)
Aid: US economic commitments, including
Ex-Im (FY70-84), $3.0 million; ODA and
OOF commitments from Western (non-US)
countries (1970-83), $160 million
Budget: revenues, $49 million; expendi-
tures, $90 million (budget for 1984/85)
Monetary conversion rate: 2 Belize
dollars=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
22
Benin
(formerly Dahomey)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,575 km total; 340 km paved,
1,190 km gravel, 735 km improved earth,
and 310 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 825 km river network
used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navi-
gable
Ports: 2 major (Belize City, Belize City
Southwest), 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 41 total, 36 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 8,650 telephones; (4.5
per 100 popl.); above average system based
on radio-relay; 5 AM and 5 FM stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: British Forces Belize, Belize De-
fense Force, Police Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 41,000;
25,000 fit for military service; 1,800 reach
military age (18) annually; the nucleus of the
Belize Defense Force (BDF) is the former
Special Force of the Belize Police, which
was transferred intact to the new organiza-
tion; the bulk of the early recruits were
drawn from the Belize Volunteer Guard, a
home guard force that had previously acted
as a police reserve; the BDF currently con-
sists of full-time soldiers known as the
"Regulars" and an essentially reserve group,
which has maintained the "Volunteer
Guard" name; recruitment is voluntary and
the terms of service vary
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1986, $3.5 million; 3.3% of central
government budget
150km
PORTO-NOVO
Set regional map VII
Bight of Benin
Land
112,622 km2; slightly smaller than Pennsyl-
vania; southern third of country is most fer-
tile; 80% arable land (11% actually culti-
vated); 19% forest and game preserves; 1%
nonarable
Land boundaries: 1,963 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 121 km
People
Population: 4,141,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Beninese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Beninese
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42 ethnic
groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba); 5,500 Europeans
Religion: 70% indigenous beliefs, 15% Mus-
lim, 15% Christian
Language: French (official); Fon and Yoruba
most common vernaculars in south; at least
six major tribal languages in north
Infant mortality rate: 45/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 46.9
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 1.5 million (1982); 70% of labor
force employed in agriculture; less than 2%
of the labor force work in the industrial sec-
tor, and the remainder are employed in
transport, commerce, and public services
Organized labor: approximately 75% of
wage earners, divided among two major and
several minor unions
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Benin
Type: Soviet-modeled civilian government
Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de
facto)
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces, 84 dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on French civil law and
customary law; legal education generally
obtained in France; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 30 November
Branches: Revolutionary National Assem-
bly, National Executive Council
Government leader: Brig. Gen. Mathieu
KEREKOU, President and Chief of State
(since 1972)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: National Assembly elections were
held in November 1979; Assembly then for-
mally elected Kerekou President in Febru-
ary 1980
Political parties: People's Revolutionary
Party of Benin (PRPB) is sole party
Communists: PRPB espouses Marxism-
Leninism
Member of: AfDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, Niger River
Commission, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
23
Benin (continued)
Bermuda
Economy
GNP: $974.2 million (1984 est.), $270 per
capita (1983); 1.6% growth during 1984
Natural resources: small offshore oil depos-
its; no other known minerals in commercial
quantity
Agriculture: major cash crop is oil palms;
peanuts, cotton, coffee, sheanuts, and to-
bacco also produced commercially; main
food crops — corn, cassava, yams, rice, sor-
ghum, millet; livestock, fish
Fishing: catch 21,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: palm oil and palm kernel
oil processing, textiles, beverages
Electric power: 21,000 kW capacity (1985);
27 million kWh produced (1985), 7 kWh per
capita
Exports: $172.5 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.);
palm products, cotton, other agricultural
products
Imports: $225.4 million (f.o.b. 1984 est.);
thread, cloth, clothing and other consumer
goods, construction materials, iron, steel,
fuels, foodstuffs, machinery, and transport
equipment
Major trade partners: France, EC, franc
zone; preferential tariffs to EC and franc
zone countries
Budget: (1985 est.) revenues $1 19 million;
expenditures, $1 19 million
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commu-
naute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 580 km, all 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 8,550 km total; 828 km paved,
5,722 km improved earth
Inland waterways: small sections, only im-
portant locally
Ports: 1 major (Cotonou)
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 9 total, 8 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open
wire and radio relay; 16,200 telephones (0.5
per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM stations; 1 TV
station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
1,814,000; of the 894,000 males 15-49,
453,000 are fit for military service; of the
920,000 females 15-49, 465,000 are fit for
military service; about 41,000 males and
42,000 females reach military age (18) annu-
ally; both sexes are liable for military service
North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean
St< re|ionil mip II
Land
53.3 km2; about one-third the size of Wash-
ington, D. C.; consists of about 360 small
coral islands; 60% forest; 21% built on, waste
land, and other; 1 1 % leased for air and naval
bases; 8% arable
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 103 km
People
Population: 59,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun — Bermudian(s); adjec-
tive— Bermudian
Ethnic divisions: 61 % black, 39% white and
other
Religion: 37% Anglican, 21% other Protes-
tant, 14% Roman Catholic, 28% Black Mus-
lim and other
Language: English
Infant mortality rate: 7.1/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: men 69, women 76
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 32,000 employed (1984); 25%
clerical, 22% services, 21% laborers, 13%
24
professional and technical, 10% administra-
tive and managerial, 7% sales, 2% agricul-
ture and fishing
Organized labor: 8,700 members; largest
union is Bermuda Industrial Union
Government
Official name: Bermuda
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Hamilton
Political subdivisions: 9 parishes
Legal system: English law
Branches: Executive Council (cabinet) ap-
pointed by governor, led by government
leader; bicameral legislature with an ap-
pointed Senate and a 40-member directly
elected House of Assembly; Supreme Court
Government leaders: Viscount
DUNROSSIL, Governor (since 1983); John
William David SWAN, Premier (since 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 21
Elections: at least once every five years; last
general election October 1985
Political parties and leaders: United Ber-
muda Party (UBP), John W. D. Swan; Pro-
gressive Labor Party (PLP), Frederick
Wade; National Liberal Party, Gilbert
Darrell; PLP Members for Change (infor-
mal)
Voting strength: 1985 elections— UBP 31
House of Assembly seats; PLP, 7; National
Liberal Party, 2
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups:
Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), headed by
Ottiwell Simmons
Member of: INTERPOL, WHO
Economy
GDP: $1,003 million (1983-84), $18,040 per
capita (1983-84); real growth rate 1.1%
(1983-84); average inflation rate 3.8%
(1984-85)
Natural resources: limestone (used pri-
marily for building)
Agriculture: main products — bananas, vege-
tables, Easter lilies, dairy products, citrus
fruits
Major industries: tourism (33%), finance,
structural concrete products, paints, per-
fumes, furniture
Electric power: 1 10,000 kW capacity (1985);
350 million kWh produced (1985), 6,034
kWh per capita
Exports: $40.5 million (1984); semitropical
produce, light manufactures
Imports: $41 1.094 million (1984); fuel, food-
stuffs, machinery
Major trade partners: 57% US, 9% Carib-
bean countries, 8% UK, 6% Canada, 20%
other; tourists, 90% US
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments,
including Ex-Im (FY70-81), from US $34
million; from Western (non-US) countries,
ODA and OOF (1970-82), $252 million; no
military aid
Budget: revenues, $159 million; expendi-
tures, $143 million (FY82/83)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda
dollar=US$l (September 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 210 km public roads, all paved
(approximately 400 km of private roads)
Ports: 3 major (Hamilton, St. George)
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern telecom sys-
tem, includes fully automatic telephone sys-
tem with 46,290 sets (84.6 per 100 popl.); 4
AM, 3 FM, 2 TV stations; 3 submarine ca-
bles; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of United King-
dom
Branches: The Bermuda Regiment
25
Bhutan
75km
Lingthi
Dzong
THIMPHU
*
" Paro Dzong
Phunchholinfl
Trad!1
Stf regional map VIII
Land
46,620 km2; the size of Vermont and New
Hampshire combined; 70% forest; 15% agri-
cultural; 15% desert, waste, urban
Land boundaries: about 870 km
People
Population: 1,446,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Bhutanese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Bhutanese
Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhote, 25% ethnic
Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant tribes
Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25%
Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism
Language: Bhotes speak various Tibetan
dialects — most widely spoken dialect is
Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various
Nepalese dialects
Infant mortality rate: 162/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 43
Literacy: 5%
Labor force: 95% agriculture, 1% industry
and commerce (1983); massive lack of skilled
labor
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Bhutan
Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship
with India
Capital: Thimphu; Paro (administrative
capital)
Political subdivisions: 4 regions (east, cen-
tral, west, south), further divided into 18
districts
Legal system: based on Indian law and
English common law; in 1907 the monarch
assumed full power — no written constitution
or bill of rights; in 1968-69 a separate judi-
ciary that provided for local, district, and
national courts with appellate jurisdiction
was established; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 17 December
Branches: appointed ministers; 150-member
indirectly elected National Assembly con-
sisting of 1 10 village elders or heads of fam-
ily, 10 monastic representatives, and 30 se-
nior government administrators
Government leader: Jigme Singye
WANGCHUCK, King (since 1974)
Suffrage: each family has one vote
Elections: popular elections on village level
held every three years
Political parties: no legal parties
Communists: no overt Communist presence
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist
clergy, Indian merchant community, ethnic
Nepalese organizations
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IMF, NAM,
SAARC, UNESCO, UPU, UN, WHO
Economy
GDP: $300 million (FY84/85), $250 per cap-
ita; 6.7% real GDP growth in FY84/85
Natural resources: timber, hydroelectric
power
Agriculture: rice, corn, barley, wheat, pota-
toes, fruit, spices
Major industries: cement, chemical prod-
ucts, mining, distilling, food processing,
handicrafts
Electric power: 15,720 kW capacity (1985);
9 million kWh produced (1985), 6 kWh per
capita
Exports: $15.1 million (FY84/85); agricul-
tural and forestry products, coal
Imports: total imports $69.4 million
(FY84/85); imports from India $61.0 million
(FY84/85); textiles, cereals, vehicles, fuels,
machinery
Major trade partner: India
Budget: total receipts, $59. 168 million; ex-
penditures, $66.861 million (FY85/86 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: both ngultrums
and Indian rupees are legal tender; 12.882
ngultrums=12.882 Indian rupees=US$l
(October 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Highways: 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced,
515 km improved, 371 km unimproved
earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft; in Feb-
ruary 1983 Druk Air began direct flights
between Paro and Calcutta
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities inadequate;
1,300 telephones (0.1 per lOOpopl.); 11,000
est. radio sets; no TV sets; 20 AM stations; no
TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Bhutan Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 357,000;
192,000 fit for military service; about 17,000
reach military age (18) annually
Supply: dependent on India
26
Bolivia
See regional map IV
Land
1,098,581 km2; the size of Texas and Califor-
nia combined; 45% urban, desert, waste, or
other; 40% forest; 11% pasture and meadow;
2% cultivated and fallow; 2% inland water
Land boundaries: 6,083 km
People
Population: 6,358,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Bolivian(s); adjective
Bolivian
Ethnic divisions: 30% Quechua, 25%
Aymara, 25-30% mixed, 5-15% European
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic; active Prot-
estant minority, especially Methodist
Language: Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara
(all official)
Infant mortality rate: 142/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 49
Literacy: 63%
Labor force: 1.7 million (1983); 50% agricul-
ture, 26% services and utilities, 10% manu-
facturing, 4% mining, 10% other
Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concen-
trated in mining, industry, construction, and
transportation; mostly organized under
Bolivian Woerkers' Central (COB) labor
federation
Government
Official name: Republic of Bolivia
Type: republic
Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre
(legal capital and seat of judiciary)
Political subdivisions: nine departments
with limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish law and
Code Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967;
constitution in force except where contrary
to dispositions dictated by governments
since 1969; legal education at University of
San Andres and several others; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 Au-
gust
Branches: executive; bicameral legislature
(National Congress — Senate and Chamber
of Deputies); Congress began meeting again
in October 1982; judiciary
Government leader: Victor PAZ Estenssoro,
President (since August 1985)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age
18 if married, 21 if single
Elections: presidential elections on 14 July
1985 did not produce the required majority
for any of the three leading candidates;
Victor Paz Estenssoro, center-left leader of
the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement
(MNR), placed second in the popular vote to
center-right Hugo Banzer, head of the Na-
tionalist Democratic Action (ADN); how-
ever, the MNR won 94 congressional seats
compared to the ADN's 51 ; as a result, the
Bolivian Congress on 5 August chose Paz
Estenssoro to head the government; he was
inaugurated on 6 August
Political parties and leaders: the two parties
which garnered the most votes in the 1985
elections, the Nationalist Revolutionary
Movement (MNR) and the Nationalist Dem-
ocratic Action (ADN), continue to have a
tactical alliance; MNR, Victor Paz
Estenssoro; ADN, Hugo Banzer; Movement
of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime Paz
Zamora; Nationalist Revolutionary Move-
ment of the Left (MNRI), Hernan Siles
Zuazo; Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB),
Mario Gutierrez; Authentic Revolutionary
Party (PRA), Walter Guevara; Christian
Democratic Party (PDC), Benjamin Miguel;
Nationalist Revolutionary Party of the Left,
Juan Lechin Oquendo
Voting strength: (1985 election) ADN
28.11%, MNR 26.66%; MIR 8.86%
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO,
ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional
Group (created in May 1969 within LAIA,
formerly LAFTA), NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $4 billion (1985 est), $400 per capita;
94% private consumption, 9% public con-
sumption, 7% gross domestic investment;
— 10.0% current account balance (1983);
real growth rate -4% (1984)
Natural resources: tin, natural gas, petro-
leum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron
ore
Agriculture: main crops — potatoes, corn,
rice, sugarcane, yucca, bananas, coffee; im-
ports significant quantities of wheat; an ille-
gal producer of coca for the international
drug trade
Major industries: mining, smelting, petro-
leum refining, food processing, textiles, and
clothing
Electric power: 490,000 kW capacity (1985);
2 billion kWh produced (1985), 323 kWh per
capita
Exports: $730 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.); tin,
natural gas, silver, tungsten, zinc, antimony,
lead, bismuth, gold, coffee, sugar, cotton
27
Bolivia (continued)
Botswana
Imports: $477 million (c.i.f., 1984 est.); food-
stuffs, chemicals, capital goods, Pharmaceu-
ticals, transportation
Major trade partners: exports — Argentina
44%, US 24%, EC 19%, FRG 6%, UK 4%;
imports— Brazil 22%, US 16%, EC 16%, Ar-
gentina 14%, Japan 13%, FRG 4% (1984)
Budget: $257 million revenues, $1,856 mil-
lion expenditures (1984 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 75,000
pesos=US$l (August 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,675 km total; 3,538 km 1.000-
meter gauge and 32 km 0.760-meter gauge,
all government owned, single track; 105 km
1,000-meter gauge, privately owned
Highways: 38,830 km total; 1,300 km paved,
6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: officially estimated to be
10,000 km of commercially navigable wa-
terways
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,670 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,495 km; natural gas, 580 km
Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through
Arica and Antofagasta, Chile, and Matarani,
Peru)
Civil air: 56 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 592 total, 527 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 8 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 128 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: radio-relay system
being expanded; improved international
services; 144,300 telephones (2.6 per 100
popl.); 160 AM, 29 FM, 42 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Bolivian Army, Bolivian Navy,
Bolivian Air Force (literally, the Army of the
Nation, the Navy of the Nation, the Air
Force of the Nation)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,416,000;
927,000 fit for military service; 65,000 reach
military age (19) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, $273.0 million;
22.8% of central government budget
20° km
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Set regional map VII
Land
600,372 km2; slightly smaller than Texas;
about 6% arable; less than 1% cultivated;
mostly desert
•
Land boundaries: 3,774 km
People
Population: 1,104,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Motswana (sing.),
Botswana (pi.); adjective — Botswana
Ethnic divisions: 95% Batswana; about 4%
Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi; about 1%
white
Religion: 50% indigenous beliefs, 50% Chris-
tian
Language: English (official), Setswana
Infant mortality rate: about 68.4/1,000
(1981)
Life expectancy: 56
Literacy: about 24% in English; about 35%
in Tswana; less than 1% secondary school
graduates
Labor force: about 400,000 total; 1 10,000
formal sector employees (1984); most others
are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence
agriculture; 40,000 formal sector employees
spend at least six to nine months per year as
28
wage earners in South Africa (1980); 17%
unemployment (1983)
Organized labor: 16 trade unions organized
Government
Official name: Republic of Botswana
Type: parliamentary republic; independent
member of Commonwealth
Capital: Gaborone
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative
districts
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and local customary law; constitution came
into effect 1966; judicial review limited to
matters of interpretation; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Botswana Day, 30 Sep-
tember
Branches: executive — President appoints
and presides over the Cabinet, which is re-
sponsible to National Assembly; bicameral
legislature (National Assembly with 34 pop-
ularly elected members and four members
elected by the 34 representatives; House of
Chiefs with deliberative powers only); judi-
cial— local courts administer customary law,
High Court and subordinate courts have
criminal jurisdiction over all residents,
Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: Dr. Quett K. J.
MASIRE, President (since July 1980)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 21
Elections: general elections held 8 Septem-
ber 1984
Political parties and leaders: Botswana
Democratic Party (BDP), Quett Masire;
Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth
Koma; Botswana People's Party (BPP);
Botswana Independence Party (BIP),
Motsamai Mpho
Voting strength: (September 1984 election)
Legislative Assembly— BDP, 28 seats; BNF,
5 seats; BPP, 1 seat
Communists: no known Communist organi-
zation; Koma of BNF has long history of
Communist contacts
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $905 million (1984); average annual
real growth, 9.7% during 1976-84, 2% in
FY83/84
Natural resources: diamonds, copper,
nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal
Agriculture: principal crops are corn, sor-
ghum, millet, cowpeas; livestock raised and
exported; heavy dependence on imported
food
Major industries: livestock processing; min-
ing of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt,
soda ash, potash; tourism
Electric power: 105,000 kW capacity (1985);
505 million kWh produced (1985), 472 kWh
per capita
Exports: $670 million (f .o.b. 1984);
diamonds, cattle, animal products, copper,
nickel
Imports: $690 million (c.i.f., 1984); food-
stuffs, vehicles, textiles, petroleum products
Major trade partners: Switzerland, US, UK,
other EC members of Southern African Cus-
toms Union
Budget: (FY84/85 est.) revenues $433 mil-
lion, expenditures $351 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.88 pula=US$l
(24 January 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 726 km 1.0 67-meter gauge
Highways: 1 1,500 km total; 1,600 km paved;
1,700km crushed stone or gravel; 5,177 km
improved earth and 3,037 km unimproved
earth
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 103 total, 95 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 24 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the small system is a
combination of open-wire lines, radio-relay
links, and a few radiocommunication sta-
tions; 17,900 telephones (1.8 per 100 popl.); 3
AM, 2 FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Wing, Botswana Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 21 1,000;
1 12,000 fit for military service; 12,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984, $26.6 million; 7% of central
government budget
29
Brazil
North Atlantic
Ocean
South Atlantic
Ocean
orto Alegre
See regional map IV
Land
8,512,100 k2m; larger than contiguous US;
60% forest; 23% built-on area, waste, and
other; 13% pasture; 4% cultivated
Land boundaries: 13,076 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 7,491 km
People
Population: 143,277,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Brazilian(s); adjective —
Brazilian
Ethnic divisions: Portuguese, Italian, Ger-
man, Japanese, black, Amerindian; 55%
white, 38% mixed, 6% black, 1% other
Religion: (1980) 89% Roman Catholic (nomi-
nal)
Language: Portuguese (official), English
Infant mortality rate: 92/1,000 (1981)
Life expectancy: 62.8
Literacy: 76%
Labor force: 50 million in 1984; 40% ser-
vices, 35% agriculture, 25% industry
Organized labor: about 6 million (1984)
Government
Official name: Federative Republic of Brazil
Type: federal republic; democratically
elected president since March 1985
Capital: Brasilia
Political subdivisions: 22 states, 4 territories,
1 federal district (Brasilia)
Legal system: based on Latin codes; dual
system of courts, state and federal; constitu-
tion adopted in 1967 and extensively
amended in 1969; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 7
September
Branches: strong executive with very broad
powers; bicameral legislature (National Con-
gress— Senate, Chamber of Deputies; pow-
ers of the two bodies are growing); 1 1-man
Supreme Court
Government leader: Jose SARNEY Costa,
President (since April 1985)
Suffrage: compulsory over age 18
Elections: Tancredo Neves indirectly
elected by an electoral college composed of
members of congress and delegates from the
state legislatures, ending 20 years of military
rule; died before assuming office; municipal
elections held November 1985; congres-
sional and gubernatorial elections scheduled
for November 1986
Political parties and leaders: Brazilian
Democratic Movement Party (PMDB),
Ulysses Guimaraes, president; Liberal Front
Party of President Sarney's government coa-
lition, Jorge Bornhausen, president; other
parties — Workers Party (PT), Brazilian La-
bor Party (PTB), Democratic Labor Party
(PDT), and Democratic Social Party (PDS);
Communist parties legalized in March
1985— Brazilian Communist Party (PCB)
and Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB)
Voting strength: (November 1982 federal
and state elections) 37% then progovern-
ment PDS; 63% divided among four opposi-
tion parties (PMDB, PT, PTB, and PDT)
Communists: 6,000, less than 1,000 mili-
tants
Other political or pressure groups: left wing
of the Catholic Church and labor unions
allied to leftist Worker's Party were critical
of military government's social and eco-
nomic policies
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
1FAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $321.4 billion, $1,610 per capita (1984
est); 83% consumption, 16% gross invest-
ment, 2% net foreign balance (1984 est.); real
growth rate 8.3% (1985)
Natural resources: iron ore, manganese,
bauxite, nickel, uranium, tin, gemstones,
hydroelectric power
Agriculture: main products — coffee, rice,
corn, sugarcane, cocoa, soybeans, cotton,
manioc, oranges; nearly self-sufficient ex-
cept for wheat; an illegal producer of coca
and cannabis for the international drug
trade
Fishing: catch 828,900 metric tons (1982);
exports, $162 million (f .o.b., 1982); imports,
$80 million (f.o.b., 1982)
Major industries: textiles and other con-
sumer goods, chemicals, cement, lumber,
iron ore, steel, motor vehicles, other metal-
working industries, capital goods, tin
Crude steel: 20.0 million metric tons capac-
ity; 18.4 million metric tons produced (1984)
Electric power: 42,000,000 kW capacity
(1985); 167 billion kWh produced (1985), •
1, 195 kWh per capita
30
British Indian Ocean Territory
Exports: $25.1 billion (f.o.b., 1985);
soybeans, coffee, transport equipment, iron
ore, steel products, chemicals, machinery,
orange juice, shoes, sugar
Imports: $12.7 billion (f.o.b., 1985); petro-
leum, machinery, chemicals, fertilizers,
wheat, copper
Major trade partners: exports — 29% US,
23% EC, 11% Latin America, 6% Japan, 31%
other (1984); imports — 36% oil exporters,
17% US, 16% Latin America, 12% EC, 4%
Japan, 15% other (1984)
Budget: (1984) public sector; revenue 64,235
billion cruzeiros; current expenditure,
59,997 billion curezeros; capital expendi-
ture, 18,111 billion cruzeiros
Monetary conversion rate: 8,900
cruzeiros=US$l (November 1985), with an
inflation rate of 230% per year at the end of
1985; new currency introduced in March
1986; 13.8cruzados=US$l (March 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 29,300 km total; 25,500 km 1.000-
meter gauge, 3,500 km 1.600-meter gauge,
200 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 2,400
km 0.760-meter gauge; 879 km electrified
Highways: 1,498,000 km total; 48,000 km
paved, 1 ,400,000 km gravel or earth
Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable
Ports: 8 major, 23 significant minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 km; refined prod-
ucts, 465 km; natural gas, 257 km
Civil air: 176 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4,188 total, 3,163 usable; 306 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 23 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 449 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good telecom system;
extensive radio relay facilities; 2 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT stations with total of 3
antennas; 64 domestic satellite stations; 9.86
million telephones (7.3 per 100 pop].); 1,500
AM, 200 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine
cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil,
Brazilian Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
35,989,000; 24,344,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 1,527,000 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, $3.0 billion; 6.5%
of central government budget
Salomon Islands
Peros Banhos
Chagos
Archipelago
Eagle Islands
Egmont Islands
Indian Ocean
'\Diego Garcia
See regional map 1
Land
60 km2; one-third the size of Washington,
D. C.; 2,300 islands of the Chagos Archipel-
ago, including the coral atolls Diego Garcia
(36 km2), Peros Banhos (29 islands), Salomon
(11 islands), Eagle, and Egmont
Water
Coastline: ranges from less than 1 km to ap-
proximately 100 km around atoll of Diego
Garcia
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing)
People
Population: no permanent civilian popula-
tion; formerly about 3,000 islanders
Ethnic divisions: original inhabitants,
known as the Hois, evacuated to Mauritius
before construction of US and UK defense
facilities
Government
Official name: British Indian Ocean Terri-
tory
Type: colony administered by United King-
dom; control disputed by Mauritius
Capital: none
Government leader: William N. WENBEN-
SMITH, Commissioner (since 1982; resident
in UK); D. H. DOBLE, administrator (since
1985; resident in UK)
31
British Indian Ocean Territory
(continued)
British Virgin Islands
Economy
Electric power: provided by US military
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: short stretch of paved road be-
tween port and airfield on Diego Garcia
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Diego Garcia)
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways over 3,659 m on Diego Garcia
Telecommunications: minimal telecommu-
nications facilities; US Navy operates 1 AM,
1 FM, and 1 TV station
Defense Forces
United States and United Kingdom defense
facilities
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Josl
Hp > ^~>=O ^
- - »*•* • ' ^-_ -To
ROADTOWN^^^ r
<Z*!&~^ ^^o a
Tortola
Anegada
Caribbean Sea
Sre regional map III
Land
153 km2; about the size of Wahington, D. C.;
consists of more than 40 islands; main islands
are Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, and Jost
Van Dyke
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing)
Coastline: about 80 km
People
Population: 12,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Virgin Islander(s); ad-
jective— Virgin Islander
Ethnic divisions: over 90% black, remainder
of white and Asian origin
Religion: majority Methodist; others include
Anglican, Church of God, Seventh-day
Adventist, Baptist, and Roman Catholic
Language: English (official)
Literacy: 98.3%
Workforce: 4,91 1(1980)
Government
Official name: British Virgin Islands
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Road Town on the island of Tortola
Political subdivisions: 9 electoral districts
Legal system: English law; justice is admin-
istered by the Eastern Caribbean Supreme
Court; there is a resident puisne judge on the
islands
Na tional holiday: Territory Day, 1 July
Branches: Executive Council (cabinet) con-
sists of the governor as chairman, four minis-
ters of the legislature, and an ex officio mem-
ber who is the attorney general; Legislative
Council consists of the Speaker (elected from
outside the Council), nine elected members,
and an ex officio member who is the attorney
general
Government leaders: David Robert
BARWICK, Governor (since 1982); Cyril B.
ROMNEY, Chief Minister (since November
1983)
Suffrage: universal adult over 18
Elections: at least once every five years; last
general election held November 1983
Political parties and leaders: United Party
(UP), Conrad Maduro; Virgin Islands Party
(VIP), H. Lavity Stoutt; Independent, C. B.
Romney
Voting strength: 1983 elections — UP 4
seats; VIP 4 seats; Independents 1 seat
Communists: probably none
Member of: Commonwealth
Economy
GDP: $77.1 million (1983)
Agriculture: limited — livestock (including
poultry), fish, fruit, and vegetables
Fishing: 293 metric tons fish, 25 metric tons
crustaceans (1975)
Major industries: tourism (over 45%), con-
struction, rum, concrete block
32
Brunei
Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity (1985);
22 million kWh produced (1985), 1,833 kWh
per capita (1985)
Exports: $2.0 million (1981); fresh fish,
gravel, sand, fruits, and vegetables
Imports: $49.8 million (1981); building ma-
terials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery
Major trade partners: mostly with neighbor-
ing US Virgin Islands
Budget: (1984 est.) revenue, $19.79 million;
expenditures, $19.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: US currency
used; 1 pound sterling= US$1. 443 (October
1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 106 km motorable roads (1983)
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Road Town)
Airfields: 3 total; 3 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones —
worldwide external telephone service and
cable communication links; 1 AM and 1 TV
station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
25km
South China
Sea
BANDAR
SERI BEGAWAN
See regional map IX
Land
5,788 km2; slightly larger than Delaware;
75% forest; 22% industry, waste, urban, or
other; 3% cultivable, of which only 10% is
cultivated
Land boundaries: 381 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm fishing zone or median line)
Coastline: 161 km
People
Population: 240,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.7%
Nationality: noun — Bruneian(s); adjective —
Bruneian
Ethnic divisions: 64% Malay, 20% Chinese,
16% other
Religion: 60% Muslim (official); 8% Chris-
tian; 32% Buddhist and indigenous beliefs
Language: Malay (official), English, and
Chinese
Life expectancy: 73.7
Literacy: 45%
Labor force: 68, 128 (includes members of
the Army); 50.4% production of oil, natural
gas, and construction; 47.6% trade, services,
and other; 2.0% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing (1984)
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
Government
Official name: State of Brunei Darussalam
Type: became independent on 1 January
1984; constitutional sultanate
Capital: Bandar Serf Begawan
National holiday: National Day, 23 Febru-
ary
Political subdivisions: four administrative
districts
Legal system: based on Islamic law; consti-
tution promulgated by the Sultan in 1959
Branches: chief of state is Sultan (advised by
appointed Privy Council), who appoints Ex-
ecutive Council and Legislative Council
Government leader: Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah, Sultan and Prime Minister (since
August 1968)
Suffrage: universal at 21; three-tiered sys-
tem of indirect elections; popular vote cast
for lowest level (district councilors)
Elections: last elections — March 1965; fur-
ther elections postponed indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: Brunei Na-
tional Democratic Party (the first legal polit-
ical party; it was established on 18 Septem-
ber 1985), Abdul Latif bin Abdul Hamid,
Chairman; Brunei National United Party
(established on 4 February 1986), Anak
Hasanuddin, chairman
Communists: probably none
Member of: ASEAN, ESCAP (associate
member), IMO, INTERPOL, QIC, UN
Economy
GDP: $1.7 billion (1984), $7,300 per capita
(1984)
Natural resources: oil, natural gas
33
Brunei (continued)
Bulgaria
Agriculture: main crops — rice, pepper; must
import most food
Major industry: crude petroleum, liquefied
natural gas, construction
Electric power: 153,000 kW capacity (1985);
470 million kWh produced (1985), 2,026
kWh per capita
Exports: $3.26 billion (1983); 98-99% crude
oil, liquefied natural gas, and petroleum
products
Imports: $701 million (1983); includes ma-
chinery and transport equipment, manufac-
tured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, and
other; most consumer goods imported
Major trade partners: exports — (crude pe-
troleum and liquefied natural gas) Japan
68.4%; imports— Japan 30%, US 24%, UK
15%, Singapore 9%
Budget: (1984) revenues $3,497 million, ex-
penditures $1,970 million; surplus $1,528
million; 11% defense
Monetary conversion rate: 2.119 Brunei
dollars=US$ 1 (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge
private line
Highways: 1,090 km total; 370 km paved
(bituminous treated) and another 52 km un-
der construction, 720 km gravel or unim-
proved
Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by
craft drawing less than 1.2 meters
Ports: 1 major (Muara), 4 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km; refined prod-
ucts, 418 km; natural gas, 920 km
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service throughout
country is adequate for present needs; inter-
national service good to adjacent Sabah and
Sarawak; radiobroadcast coverage good;
17,930 telephones (8.0 per lOOpopl.); Radio
Brunei broadcasts from 6 AM/FM stations
and 1 TV station; 32,000 radio receivers; 1
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Brunei Armed Forces, in-
cluding air wing, navy, and ground forces;
British Gurkha Battalion; Royal Brunei Po-
lice; Gurkha Reserve Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49, 61,000;
37,000 fit for military service; about 3,300
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $160.1 million; about 17%
of central government budget
125km
Seeretionil mip V
Land
1 10,912 km2; slightly larger than Ohio; 41%
arable; 33% forest; 15% other; 11% agricul-
tural
Land boundaries: 1,883 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: 354 km
People
Population: 8,990,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.2%
Nationality: noun — Bulgarian(s); adjec-
tive— Bulgarian
Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarian, 8.5%
Turk, 2.6% Gypsy, 2.5% Macedonian, 0.3%
Armenian, 0.2% Russian, 0.6% other
Religion: regime promotes atheism; reli-
gious background of population is 85% Bul-
garian Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish,
0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5% Protestant,
Gregorian-Armenian, and other
Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages
closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Infant mortality rate: 20.2/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 69, women 74
34
Literacy: 95% (est.)
Labor force: 4,1 13,546 (1983); 34% industry,
22% agriculture, 46% other
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Bulgaria
Type: Communist state
Capital: Sofia
Political subdivisions: 27 okrugs (districts);
capital city of Sofia has equivalent status
Legal system: based on civil law system,
with Soviet law influence; new constitution
adopted in 1971; judicial review of legisla-
tive acts in the State Council; legal education
at University of Sofia; has accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day,
9 September
Branches: legislative (National Assembly);
judiciary, Supreme Court
Government leaders: Todor Khristov
ZHIVKOV, Chairman, State Council (Presi-
dent and Chief of State; since July 1971);
Georgi Ivanov ATANASOV, Chairman,
Council of Ministers (Premier; since March
1986)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: held every five years for National
Assembly; last election held on 7 June 1981;
99.96% of the electorate voted
Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian
Communist Party, Todor Zhivkov, General
Secretary; Bulgarian National Agrarian
Union, a puppet party, Petur Tanchev, sec-
retary of Permanent Board
Communists: 825,81 1 party members (April
1981)
Moss organizations and front groups:
Fatherland Front, Dimitrov Communist
Youth Union, Central Council of Trade
Unions, National Committee for Defense of
Peace, Union of Fighters Against Fascism
and Capitalism, Committee of Bulgarian
Women, All-National Committee for
Bulgarian-Soviet Friendship
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMO, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC— Inter-
national Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO;
Warsaw Pact, International Organization of
Journalists, International Medical Associa-
tion, International Radio and Television
Organization
Economy
GNP: $56.4 billion, 1984 (1984 dollars),
$6,295 per capita; 1984 real growth rate,
3.1%
Natural resources: bauxite, copper, lead,
zinc, coal, lignite, lumber
Agriculture: mainly self-sufficient; main
crops — grain, tobacco, fruits, vegetables,
sheep, hogs, poultry, cheese, sunflower seeds
Fishing: catch 151,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: food processing, machine
and metal building, electronics, chemicals
Shortages: some raw materials; scattered
energy and food shortages in 1985
Crude steel: 2.9 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 324 kg per capita
Electric power: 10,200,000 kW capacity
(1985); 45.8 billion kWh produced (1985),
5,100 kWh per capita
Exports: $12.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 48% ma-
chinery and equipment; 18% agricultural
products; 11% fuels, mineral raw materials,
and metals; 10% manufactured consumer
goods; 13% other
Imports: $12.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 47%
fuels and minerals, 34% machinery and
equipment, 5% chemicals, 4% manufac-
tured consumer goods, 10% other (1982)
Major trade partners: 57% Soviet Union,
18.5% other Communist countries, 24.5%
non-Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 1.016 leva=
US$1 (September 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,278 km total; all government
owned (1983); about 4,033 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 770
km double track; 1,994 km electrified
Highways: 36,292 km total; 2,923 km trunk
roads, 3,740 km class I concrete, asphalt,
stone block; 5,915 km class II asphalt
treated, gravel, crushed stone; 20,064 km
class III earth; 3,650 km other (1983)
Inland waterways: 41 1 km (1981)
Pipelines: crude, 193 km; refined product,
418 km; natural gas, 1,120km
Freight carried: rail — 83.4 million metric
tons, 18.1 billion metric ton/km (1985);
highway — 900 million metric tons, 16.9 bil-
lion metric ton/km (1985); waterway — 4.9
million metric tons, 2.6 billion metric
ton/km (excluding international transit
traffic; 1985)
Ports: 3 major (Varna, Varna West, Burgas),
6 minor (1981); principal river ports are
Ruse and Lorn (1984)
Defense Forces
Branches: Bulgarian People's Army, Fron-
tier Troops, Air and Air Defense Forces,
Bulgarian Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,172,000;
1,822,000 fit for military service; 65,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending
31 December 1985, 1.2 billion leva; 6.2% of
total budget
35
Burkina
(formerly Upper Volta)
Boundary
not necessarily authontali*
Srr rriiunm! m«p Ml
Land
240,200 km2; the size of Colorado; 50% pas-
ture, 21% fallow, 10% cultivated, 9% forest
and scrub, 10% waste and other
Land boundaries: 3,307 km
People
Population: 7,094,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Burkinabe; adjective —
Burkinan
Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes; prin-
cipal tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other
important groups are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi,
Bobo, Mande, and Fulani
Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, about 25%
Muslim, 10% Christian (mainly Catholic)
Language: French (official); tribal languages
belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 50% of
the population
Infant mortality rate: 182/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 42
Literacy: 1%
Labor force: 90% agriculture; 10% industry,
commerce, services, and government; about
30,000 are wage earners; about 20% of male
labor force migrates annually to neighboring
countries for seasonal employment
Organized labor: four principal trade union
groups represent less than 1% of population
Government
Official name: Burkina Faso
Type: military; established by coup on 4
August 1983
Capital: Ouagadougou
Political subdivisions: 30 provinces, 250
departments
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law
National holiday: Independence Day, 4
August
Branches: President is an army officer; mili-
tary council of unknown number;
21-member military and civilian Cabinet;
judiciary
Government leaders: Cdr. Thomas
SANKARA, President (since August 1983)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: political process suspended; no
talk of returning to constitutional rule
Political parties and leaders: all political
parties banned following November 1980
coup
Communists: small Communist party front
group; some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: commit-
tees for the defense of the revolution,
watchdog/political action groups
established by current regime throughout
the country in both organizations and com-
munities
Member of: AfDB, CEAO, KAMA, EGA,
EIB (associate), Entente, FAO, GATT, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU,
OCAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP. $66 million (1984), $160 per capita
(1984); real growth, - 1.3% (1983)
Natural resources: manganese, limestone,
marble, gold, antimony, copper, nickel,
bauxite, lead, phosphates
Agriculture: cash crops — peanuts, shea nuts,
sesame, cotton; food crops — sorghum, mil-
let, corn, rice; livestock; food deficiency
Fishing: catch 7,000 metric tons (1983 est.)
Major industries: agricultural processing
plants, brewery, bottling, and brick plants; a
few other light industries
Electric power: 55,000 kW capacity (1985);
134 million kWh produced (1985), 19 kWh
per capita
Exports: $1 10 million (f.o.b., 1983); livestock
(on the hoof), peanuts, shea nut products,
cotton, sesame
Imports: $230 million (f.o.b., 1983); textiles,
food, and other consumer goods, transport
equipment, machinery, fuels
Major trade partners: Ivory Coast and
Ghana; overseas trade mainly with France
and other EC countries; preferential tariff to
EC and franc zone countries
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $1.6 billion; US authorized in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-84) $196 million;
Communist countries (1970-84), $62 million;
OPEC ODA commitments (1974-83), $100
million
Budget: (1983) revenue $220 million, cur-
rent expenditures $148 million, develop-
ment expenditures $161 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 475 Com-
munaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
36
Burma
Communications
Railroads: 1,173 km Ouagadougou to
Abidjan (Ivory Coast line); 516 km 1.000-
meter gauge, single track in Burkina
Highways: 16,500 km total; 967 km paved,
7,733 km improved, 7,800 km unimproved
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 51 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: all services only fair;
radio relay, wire, radio communication sta-
tions in use; 8,600 telephones (under 0. 14 per
100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV stations; 1 At-
lantic Ocean INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,582,000;
797,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Supply: mainly dependent on France, FRG,
and UK
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $26.9 million; about 18.1%
of central government budget
Sittwe
Bay of
Bengal
Tavo
Andaman
Sea
Seere|iontl map VIM and IX
Land
676,552 km2; nearly as large as Texas; 62%
forest; 28% arable, of which 12% is culti-
vated; 10% urban and other
Land boundaries: 5,850 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (24 nm security zone and 200 nm eco-
nomic zone, including fishing)
Coastline: 3,060 km
People
Population: 37,651 ,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality, noun — Burmese; adjective —
Burmese
Ethnic divisions: 72% Burman, 7% Karen,
6% Shan, 6% Indian, 3% Chinese, 2%
Kachin, 2% Chin, 2% other
Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% indigenous
beliefs, Christian, or other
Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups
have their own languages
Infant mortality rate: 93.2/1,000 (1984 est.)
Life expectancy: 57
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: 14.7 million (1984/85); 63.6%
agriculture, 12.0% government, 9.5% trade,
9.4% industry, 5.5% other
Organized labor: Workers' Asiayone or
"association" (1.8 million members) and
Peasants' Asiayone (7.6 million members)
integrated into the country's sole political
party
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of the
Union of Burma
Type: republic under 1974 constitution
Capital: Rangoon
Political subdivisions: seven divisions (pre-
dominantly Burman population) and seven
states (based on ethnic minorities), subdi-
vided into townships, village-tracts (rural),
and wards (urban)
Legal system: People's Justice system and
People's Courts instituted under 1974 consti-
tution; legal education at Universities of
Rangoon and Mandalay; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4
January
Branches: Council of State rules through a
Council of Ministers; National Assembly
(Pyithu Hluttaw or People's Congress) has
legislative power
Government leader: U SAN YU, President
and Chairman of Council of State (since
November 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: National Assembly and local
People's Councils elected in 1985
Political parties and leaders: government-
sponsored Burma Socialist Program Party
only legal party; U Ne Win, party chairman
Communists: est. 15,000 .(primarily as an
insurgent group on the northeast frontier)
37
Burma (continued)
Burundi
Other political or pressure groups: Kachin
Independence Army; Karen Nationalist
Union, several Shan factions (all insurgent
groups)
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP. $6.5 billion (FY84/85, in current
prices), $180 per capita; real growth rate
4.5% (FY84/85)
Natural resources: oil, copper, asbestos,
some marble, limestone; possibly chromium,
gypsum
Agriculture: accounts for 64% of total em-
ployment and about 29% of GDP; main
crops — paddy, pulses, sugarcane, beans,
peanuts; almost 100% self-sufficient; most
rice grown in deltaic land; an illegal pro-
ducer of opium poppy and cannabis for the
international drug trade
Fishing: catch 585,800 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: agricultural processing;
textiles and footwear; wood and wood prod-
ucts; petroleum refining; mining of copper,
tin, tungsten, iron
Electric power: 818,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.73 billion kWh produced (1985), 48 kWh
per capita
Exports: $349.3 million (f.o.b., FY84/85);
teak, rice, pulses, beans, base metals, ores
Imports: $672.3 million (f.o.b., FY84/85);
machinery and transportation equipment,
building materials, oil industry equipment
Major trade partners: exports — Singapore,
Western Europe, China, UK, Japan; im-
ports— Japan, Western Europe, Singapore,
UK
Budget: (FY84/85) $826.5 million est. reve-
nue, $954 million est. expenditure
Monetary conversion rate: 8.5586
kyats=US$l (FY84/85)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 4,353 km total; all government
owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 1 13
km narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km
double track
Highways: 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bitu-
minous, 17,700 km improved earth or
gravel, 6,100 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km
navigable by large commercial vessels
Pipelines: crude, 660 km; natural gas, 1 1 km
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft (includ-
ing 3 helicopters)
Airfields: 89 total, 83 usable; 29 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 37 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: meets minimum re-
quirements for local and intercity service;
international service is good; radiobroadcast
coverage is limited to the most populous
areas; 49,597 telephones (1982/83; 1 per
1,000 popl.); 1 AM station, no FM stations, 2
TV stations (December 1982); 1 ground sat-
ellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
17,410,000; of the 8,684,000 males 15-49,
4,806,000 are fit for military service; of the
8,726,000 females 15-49, 4,816,000 are fit
for military service; about 41 1,000 males
and 401,000 females reach military age (18)
annually; both sexes are liable for military
service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1986, $228.29 million; about 22.2% of
central government budget
fiD km
See regional mip VII
Land
27,834 km2; the size of Maryland; about 37%
arable (about 66% cultivated); 23% pasture;
10% scrub and forest; 30% other
Land boundaries: 974 km
People
Population: 4,807,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Burundian(s); adjec-
tive— Burundi
Ethnic divisions: Africans— 85% Hutu
(Bantu), 14% Tutsi (Hamitic), 1% Twa
(Pygmy); other Africans include around
70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zair-
ians; non- Africans include about 3,000 Euro-
peans and 2,000 South Asians
Religion: about 67% Christian (62% Roman
Catholic, 5% Protestant), 32% indigenous
beliefs, 1% Muslim
Language: Kirundi and French (official);
Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the
Bujumbura area)
Infant mortality rate: 121/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 42.3
Literacy: 25%
38
Labor force: about 1.9 million (1983); 93.0%
agriculture, 4.0% government, 1.5% indus-
try and commerce, 1.5% services
Organized labor: sole group is the Union of
Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter, mem-
bership is extended to all Burundi workers
(informally); figures denoting "active
membership" unobtainable
Government
Official name: Republic of Burundi
Type: republic; presidential system
Capital: Bujumbura
Political subdivisions: 15 provinces, subdi-
vided into arrondissements and communes
according to a 1982 redistricting
Legal system: based on German and French
civil codes and customary law; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July
Branches: executive (President and Cabi-
net); judicial; legislature (National Assembly)
reestablished in 1982
Government leader: Col. Jean-Baptiste
BAGAZA, President and Head of State
(since 1976)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: new constitution approved by
national referendum in November 1981;
election to National Assembly held in Octo-
ber 1982
Political parties and leaders: National Party
of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), a
Tutsi-led party, declared sole legitimate
party in 1966; second national party con-
gress held in 1984; Col. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza
confirmed as party president for five-year
term
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, KAMA, ECA, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, UN, UNE SCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $963 million (1984 est), $250 per cap-
ita; 3% real growth rate (1983)
Natural resources: nickel, uranium, rare
earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum
(not yet exploited)
Agriculture: major cash crops — coffee, cot-
ton, tea; main food crops — manioc, yams,
peas, corn, sorghum, bananas, haricot beans
Major industries: light consumer goods such
as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports;
public works construction; food processing
Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1985);
26 million kWh produced (1985), 5 kWh per
capita •
Exports: $83.5 million (1984); coffee (87%),
tea, cotton, hides and skins
Imports: $158 million (1984); textiles, food-
stuffs, transport equipment, petroleum
products
Major trade partners: US, EC countries
Budget: (1983) revenue $121.4 million, ex-
penditure $146.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 120 Burundi
francs=US$ 1 (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,900 km total; 400 km paved,
2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km im-
proved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika; 1 lake
port, at Bujumbura, connects to transporta-
tion systems of Zaire and Tanzania
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of wire
and low-capacity radio- relay links; about
6,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2
FM, no TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite
ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army (including naval and air
units); paramilitary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,095,000;
569,000 fit for military service; 53,000 reach
military age (16) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $33.8 million; about 18% of
central government budget
39
Cambodia
(formerly Kampuchea)
Cull of
Thailand
Scf regional map IX
Land
181,035 km2; the size of Missouri; 74% for-
est; 16% cultivated; 10% built on, waste, and
other
Land boundaries: 2,438 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: about 443 km
People
Population: 6,388,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun — Cambodian(s); adjec-
tive— Cambodian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Khmer (Cambodian),
5% Chinese, 5% other minorities
Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5%
other
Language: Khmer (official), French
Life expectancy: men 42, women 44.9
Literacy: 48%
Government
Official name: Coalition Government of
Democratic Cambodia (CGDK; composed
of three resistance groups deployed along
the Thai border); People's Republic of
Cambodia (PRK; pro-Vietnamese, in Phnom
Penh)
Type: CGDK is nationalist coalition of one
Communist and two non-Communist fac-
tions; PRK is Communist
Capital: Phnom Penh
Political subdivisions: 19 provinces
Legal system: Judicial Committee chosen by
People's Representative Assembly in Demo-
cratic Cambodia; no information for PRK
National holiday: 17 April for both regimes
Branches: Cabinet, State Presidium, and
some form of People's Representative As-
sembly in Democratic Cambodia; People's
Revolutionary Council, various ministries,
and a "National Congress" held in early
1979 and a second held in September 1979
in PRK
Government leaders: CGDK — Prince
NORODOM SIHANOUK, President (since
July 1982); SON SANN, Prime Minister
(since July 1982); KHIEU SAMPHAN, Vice
President (since July 1982); PRK— HENG
SAMRIN, President (since January 1979);
HUN SEN, Foreign Minister (since January
1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Political parties and leaders: CGDK — an
umbrella organization for three resistance
groups including Democratic Kampuchea
under Son Sen, Khmer People's National
Liberation Front (KPNLF) under Son Sann,
and National United Front for an Independ-
ent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative
Cambodia under Prince Norodom
Sihanouk; PRK — Cambodian Peoples Revo-
lutionary Party, the Communist party in-
stalled by Vietnam in 1979, and Cambodian
United Front for National Construction and
Defense (KUFNCD)
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee (inactive),
NAM, UN, UNE SCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO for CGDK; none for
PRK
Economy
Natural resources: timber, gemstones, some
iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydroelec-
tric power (potential)
Agriculture: mainly subsistence except for
rubber plantations; main crops- — rice, rub-
ber, corn; food shortages — rice, meat, vege-
tables, dairy products, sugar, flour
Major industries: rice milling, fishing, wood
and wood products
Shortages: fossil fuels
Electric power: 123,500 kW capacity (1985);
141 million kWh produced (1985), 23 kWh
per capita
Exports: probably less than $10 million
(1983 est.); natural rubber, rice, pepper,
wood
Imports: probably less than $30 million
(1983); international food aid; Soviet bloc
economic development aid (post- 1979)
Trade partners: Vietnam and USSR
Aid: economic commitments — US (FY70-
84), $714 million; other Western (1970-83),
$254 million; military (FY70-82)— US, $1.2
billion; Communist data not available
Monetary conversion rate: 4 riels=US$l
(1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 612 km 1 .000-meter gauge; gov-
ernment owned
Highways: 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bitu-
minous, 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or
improved earth; and 3,624 km unimproved
earth; some roads in disrepair
Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all
year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km
navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters
40
Cameroon
Ports: 2 major, 5 minor
Airfields: 33 total, 14 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service barely ade-
quate for government requirements and
virtually nonexistent for general public; in-
ternational service limited to Vietnam and
other adjacent countries; radiobroadcasts
limited to 1 station; 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: CGDK consists of National Army
of Democratic Cambodia, Khmer Peoples
National Liberation Front, and Sihanoukist
National Army; PRK — People's Republic of
Cambodia Armed Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,749,000;
939,000 fit for military service; about 82,000
reach military age (18) annually
B2i""a ^YAOUNDE
Sangmelima
Gull of Guinea
Stt regional map VII
Land
475,439 km2; somewhat larger than Califor-
nia; 50% forest; 18% meadow; 13% fallow;
4% cultivated; 15% other
Land boundaries: 4,554 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50
nm
Coastline: 402 km
People
Population: 10,009,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Cameroonian(s); adjec-
tive— Cameroonian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 tribes of widely
differing background; 31 % Cameroon High-
landers, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 11% Kirdi,
10% Fulani, 8% Northwestern Bantu, 7%
Eastern Nigritic, 13% other African, less
than 1% non- African
Religion: 51% indigenous beliefs, 33% Chris-
tian, 16% Muslim
Language: English and French (official), 24
major African language groups
In/ant mortality rate: 113/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: 47
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: (1983) 74.4% agriculture, 11.4%
industry and transport, 9.7% other services
Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of Cameroon
Type: unitary republic; one- party presiden-
tial regime
Capital: Yaounde
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces divided
into departments, arrondissements, districts
Legal system: based on French civiHaw
system, with common law influence; unitary
constitution adopted 1972; judicial review
by Supreme Court, when a question of con-
stitutionality is referred to it by the Presi-
dent; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: National Day, 20 May
Branches: executive (President), legislative
(National Assembly), and judicial (Supreme
Court)
Government leader: Paul BIYA, President
(since November 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: parliamentary elections held May
1983; presidential elections held January
1984
Political parties and leaders: Cameroon
People's Democratic Movement (known as
the Cameroon People's National Union dur-
ing 1966-85), Paul Biya, president
Communists: no Communist party or signif-
icant number of sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups:
Cameroon People's Union (UPC), remains
an illegal group with its factional leaders in
exile
41
Cameroon (continued)
Canada
Member of: AfBD, EAMA, ECA, EIB (asso-
ciate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Islamic De-
velopment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO,
ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, NAM,
Niger River Commission, OAU, OIC,
UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WI
PO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP. $7.3 billion (1983-84), about $800 per
capita; average annual growth rate, 6.5%
(1984); average inflation rate, 15% (1984)
Natural resources: oil, natural gas, bauxite,
iron ore, timber
Agriculture: commercial and food crops —
coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, ba-
nanas, peanuts, palm oil and palm kernels;
root starches, livestock, millet, sorghum, and
Fishing: 23,000 metric tons (1982/83)
Major industries: crude oil production,
small aluminum plant, food processing, light
consumer goods industries; sawmills
Electric power: 586,600 kW capacity (1985);
2.241 billion kWh produced (1985), 229
kWh per capita
Exports: $855.2 million (f.o.b., 1984); crude
oil, cocoa, coffee, timber, aluminum, cotton,
natural rubber, bananas, peanuts, tobacco,
tea, mineral products, food, alcohol, metal
and metal products, textiles, wood products
Imports: $1.101 billion (f.o.b., 1984); con-
sumer goods, machinery, transport equip-
ment, alumina for refining, petroleum prod-
ucts, food, beverages, electrical equipment,
chemical products
Major trade partners: most trade with
France, other EC countries, and the US
Budget: (1984 est.) revenues $1,777 million,
current expenditures $1,696 million
Monetary conversion rate: 417.4 Commu-
naute Financiere Africaine francs=US$l
(October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,173 km total; 858 km 1.000-
meter gauge, 1 45 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: approximately 65,000 km total,
including 2,682 km bituminous, 30,000 km
unimproved earth, 32,318 km gravel, earth,
and improved earth
Inland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing
importance
Ports: 1 major (Douala), 3 minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 62 total, 57 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 24 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system of open
wire and radio relay; 47,200 telephones (0.5
per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 1 FM, no TV stations;
1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; planned
TV network
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramili-
tary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,223,000;
1,119,000 fit for military service; about
92,000 reach military age ( 1 8) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $130 million; 9.1% of central gov-
ernment budget
See regional map II
Land
9,970,610 km2; slightly larger than the US;
44% forest; 42% waste or urban; 8% inland
water; 4% cultivated; 2% meadow and pas-
ture
Land boundaries: 9,010 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 58,808 km coastline, 243,791 km
including all islands
People
Population: 25,644,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Canadian(s);
adjective — Canadian
Ethnic divisions: 45% British Isles origin,
29% French origin, 23% other European,
1.5% indigenous Indian and Eskimo
Religion: 46% Roman Catholic, 16% United
Church, 10% Anglican
Language: English and French (official)
Infant mortality rate: 9.1/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: men 71.9, women 79
Literacy: 99%
42
Labor force: 12.6 million (1985 average);
68% services (37% government, 23% trade
and finance, 8% transportation), 18% manu-
facturing, 6% construction, 3.8% agriculture,
5% other; 10.6% unemployment (1985 aver-
age); 10.2% unemployment (November
1985)
Organized labor: 30.6% of labor force;
39.6% of nonagricultural paid workers
Government
Official name: Canada
Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II
as sovereign
Capital: Ottawa
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 2
territories
Legal system: based on English common
law, except in Quebec, where civil law sys-
tem based on French law prevails; constitu-
tion as of 1982 (formerly British North
America Act of 1867 and various amend-
ments); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July
Branches: federal executive power vested in
cabinet collectively responsible to House of
Commons and headed by Prime Minister;
federal legislative authority resides in Parlia-
ment (282 seats) consisting of Queen repre-
sented by Governor General, Senate, and
House of Commons; judges appointed by
Governor General on the advice of the gov-
ernment; Supreme Court is highest tribunal
Government leaders: Brian MULRONEY,
Prime Minister (since September 1984);
Jeanne SAUVE, Governor General (since
May 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legal limit of five years but in
practice usually held within four years; last
election September 1984; 75% voter turnout
Political parties and leaders: Liberal, John
Turner; Progressive Conservative, Brian
Mulroney; New Democratic, Edward
Broadbent
Voting strength: (1984 election) Progressive
Conservative, 50%; Liberal, 28%; New
Democratic Party, 19%; parliamentary seats
as of December 1984 — Progressive Conser-
vative (211), Liberal (40), New Democratic
Party (30), independent (1)
Communisms: approx. 2,000
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth, DAC, FAQ, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICES, ICO, ICRC, IDA, IDE— Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Whaling Commission, IWC —
International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS
(observer), OECD, PAHO, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GNP: $334. 1 billion (1984), $12,940 per cap-
ita (1984); 61.4% consumption, 19.7% invest-
ment, 17.2% government, 0.8% net foreign
trade; 0.4% change in inventories; real
growth rate 4.7% (1984-85)
Natural resources: nickel, zinc, copper,
gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish,
forests, wildlife
Agriculture: main products — livestock,
grains (principally wheat), dairy products,
feedgrains, oilseeds, tobacco; food short-
ages— fresh fruits and vegetables
Fishing: catch 1.34 million metric tons
(1983)
Major industries: processed and unproc-
essed minerals, food products, wood and
paper products, transportation equipment,
chemicals, fish products, petroleum and nat-
ural gas
Shortages: rubber, rolled steel, fruits, preci-
sion instruments
Crude steel: 14.7 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984)
Electric power: 95,600,000 kW capacity
(1985); 437.885 billion kWh produced
(1985), 17,240 kWh per capita
Exports: $86.244 billion (f.o.b., 1984); prin-
cipal items — transportation equipment,
wood and wood products including paper,
ferrous and nonferrous ores, crude petro-
leum, wheat; Canada is a major food ex-
porter
Imports: $70.346 billion (f.o.b., 1984); prin-
cipal items — transportation equipment, ma-
chinery, crude petroleum, communication
equipment, textiles, steel, fabricated metals,
office machines, fruits and vegetables
Major trade partners: imports — 71.5% US,
5.9% Japan, 2.4% UK; exports— 75.6% US,
5.1% Japan, 2.2% UK, 1.9% USSR (1984)
Aid: economic — (received US, $1.8 billion
Ex-Im Bank, FY70-81); ODA and OOF eco-
nomic aid commitments (1970-83), $15.8
billion
Budget: total revenues $58.78 billion; cur-
rent expenditures $80.50 billion; budget def-
icit $22.8 billion (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.402 C$=US$1
(2 January 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 81,607 km total; 80,258 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 129 km electrified;
1,171 km 1.067-meter gauge (in New-
foundland); 178 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 884,272 km total; 712,936 km
surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km
earth
Inland waterways: 3,000 km
Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and
refined; natural gas, 74,980 km
Ports: 25 deep water, numerous minor
Civil air: 636 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,472 total, 1,252 usable; 408 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 31 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 324 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
43
Canada (continued)
Cape Verde
Telecommunications: excellent service pro-
vided by modern telecom media; 16.6 mil-
lion telephones (66.4 per 100 popl.); country-
wide AM, FM, and TV coverage, including
900 AM, 80 FM, 1,1007V stations; 6 coaxial
submarine cables; 3 satellite stations with a
total of 5 antennas and 100 domestic satellite
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Mobile Command, Maritime
Command, Air Command, Communica-
tions Command, Canadian Forces Europe,
Training Command
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,961,000;
6,072,000 fit for military service; 199,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1985, $6.6 billion; about 10.0% of
central government budget
into Antio
Sio
Vicente
•Si. *+
Nicoltu
Bo» vi
North Atlantic Ocean
Mh9s
do Sotavento
SioTitgo
See refional mip VII
Land
4,040 km2, divided among 10 islands and
several islets; slightly larger than Rhode
Island
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone); maritime limits
measured from claimed "archipelagic
baselines" that generally connect the outer-
most points of outer islands or drying reefs
Coastline: 965 km
People
Population: 318,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun — Cape Verdean(s); adjec-
tive— Cape Verdean
Ethnic divisions: about 71% Creole
(mulatto), 28% African, 1% European
Religion: Catholicism fused with local
superstitions
Language: Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend
of Portuguese and West African words
Infant mortality rate: 60/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 61
Literacy: 37%
Labor force: bulk of population engaged in
subsistence agriculture
Government
Official name: Republic of Cape Verde
Type: republic
Capital: Praia
Political subdivisions: 14 administrative
districts
Legal system: based on constitution
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July
Branches: 56-member National People's
Assembly; the official party is the supreme
political organization
Government leaders: Aristides PEREIRA,
President (since July 1975); Pedro PIRES,
Prime Minister (since July 1975)
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: National Assembly election held
December 1985, the second since inde-
pendence
Political parties and leaders: only legal
party, African Party for Independence of
Cape Verde (PAICV), led by Aristides Per-
eira, secretary general; PAICV established
in January 1981 to replace the former ruling
party in both Cape Verde and Guinea-
Bissau, the African Party for the Indepen-
dence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde
(PAIGC), in protest of the November 1980
coup in Guinea-Bissau
Communists: a few Communists and some
sympathizers
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $106 million (1982 prov.); $350 per
capita GNP (1982); 0% growth rate (1978)
44
Cayman Islands
Natural resources: salt, basalt rock, pozzo-
lana, limestone, kaolin
Agriculture: main crops — corn, beans, man-
ioc, sweet potatoes; barely self-sufficient in
food
Fishing: catch 13,205 metric tons (1983);
largely undeveloped but provides major
source of export earnings
Major industries: salt mining
Electric power: 14,174 kW capacity (1985);
16 million kWh produced (1985); 50 kWh
per capita
Exports: $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); fish, ba-
nanas, salt, flour
Imports: $68.1 million (c.i.f., 1983); petro-
leum products, corn, rice, machinery, tex-
tiles
Major trade partners: Portugal, UK, Japan,
African neighbors
Budget: $20.4 million public revenue, $26.7
million current expenditures (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 89.27
escudos=US$l (November 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Ports: 2 major (Mindelo and Praia), 2 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: interisland radio-
relay system, high frequency radio to main-
land Portugal and Guinea-Bissau, about
1,740 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 FM 2
AM, stations; 1 small TV station; 2 coaxial
submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed
Forces (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air Force
are separate components of FARP
Military manpower: males 15-49, 87,000;
50,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1980, $15 million; about 5% of
central government budget
Caribbean Sea
Cayman
Little**
Cayman
<7 Grand Cayman
GEORGE TOWN
Caribbean Sea
See regional map 111
Land
260 km2; about one-third the size of New
York City; consists of three low-lying islands
formed of calcareous rock, with maximum
elevations of 12 m (Little Cayman), 18m
(Grand Cayman), and 42.7 m (Cayman
Brae); about two-thirds of land consists of
mangrove swamps
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: about 160 km
People
Population: 22,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Caymanian(s); adjec-
tive— Caymanian
Ethnic divisions: 40% mixed, 20% white,
20% black, 20% expatriates of various ethnic
groups
Religion: United Church (Presbyterian and
Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman
Catholic, Church of God, and other Protes-
tant denominations
Language: English
Literacy: 97.5%
Labor force: 8,061; 18.7% service workers,
18.6% clerical, 12.5% construction, 6.7%
45
Cayman Islands (continued)
Central African Republic
finance and investment, 5.9% directors and
business managers (1979)
Organized labor: Global Seaman's Union;
Cayman All Trade Union
Government
Official name: Cayman Islands
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: George Town, on the island of
Grand Cayman
Political subdivisions: 6 electoral districts
Legal system: British common law and local
statutes
National holiday: Constitution Day, 8 July
Branches: executive — Governor and Execu-
tive Council (3 appointed "official
members" and 4 elected "members" chosen
by the Legislative Assembly from its elected
members); legislative — unicameral Legisla-
tive Assembly (12 elected members and 3
appointed by Governor); judicial — Sum-
mary Court, Grand Court, Cayman Islands
Court of Appeal, Her Majesty's Privy Coun-
cil
Government leader: George Peter LLOYD,
Governor (since 1982); also serves as presi-
dent of the Legislative Assembly
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Elections: elections held every four years
Political parties and leaders: no formal po-
litical parties
Communists: none
Member of: Commonwealth
Economy
CNP: $8,333 per capita (1983 est.)
Agriculture: minor production of vegetables
and livestock, turtle farming
Major industries: tourism, banking, insur-
ance and finance, real estate and construc-
tion
Electric power: 29,000 kW capacity (1985);
90 million kWh produced (1985), 4,110 kWh
per capita
Exports: $2.4 million (1983); turtle products
Imports: $140.4 million (1983)
Major trade partners: exports — mostly US;
imports — US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK,
Netherlands Antilles
Budget: current revenue $41.6 million; cur-
rent expenditure $31 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cayman
dollar=US$1.20(1985est.)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 160 km of main roads
Ports: 1 major (George Town), 1 minor
Airfields: 3 total; 3 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways 1220-2439 m
Telecommunications: telephone system
links islands and to worldwide services via
submarine coaxial cable and new satellite
ground station; 2 AM and 2 FM radio sta-
tions
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Branches: police force
Set rr|lonil mip VII
Land
622,984 km2; slightly smaller than Texas;
80-85% meadow, fallow, vacant arable land,
urban, or waste; 10-15% cultivated; 5%
dense forest
Land boundaries: 4,981 km
People
Population: 2,744,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Central African(s); ad-
jective—Central African
Ethnic divisions: approximately 80 ethnic
groups, the majority of which have related
ethnic and linguistic characteristics; 34%
Baya, 28% Banda, 10% Sara, 9% Mandjia,
9% Mboum, 7% M'Baka; 6,500 Europeans,
of whom 3,600 are French
Religion: 25% Protestant, 25% Roman Cath-
olic, 24% indigenous beliefs, 10% Muslim;
animistic beliefs and practices strongly in-
fluence the Christian majority
Language: French (official); Sango is the
lingua franca and the national language
Infant mortality rate: 142/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: 47
Literacy: est. 33%
46
Labor force: 1,320,000(1983); 90% agricul-
ture, 4% industry and commerce, 4% ser-
vices, 4% government; approximately
64,000 salaried workers
Organized labor: 1% of labor force
Government
Official name: Central African Republic
Type: republic, under military rule since
September 1981; the president shuffled the
government in September 1985 and dis-
solved the Military Committee for National
Recovery; the president now rules through
the Provisional Organization of Public
Powers
Capital: Bangui
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 47
subprefectures
Legal system: based on French law; consti-
tution, which was approved in February
1981 referendum, was suspended after Sep-
tember 1981 military takeover; judiciary,
Supreme Court, court of appeals, criminal
court, and numerous lower courts
National holiday: Independence Day, 13
August; National Day, 1 December
Branches: Gen. Andre-Dieudonne Kolingba
is Chief of State and President of the Provi-
sional Organization of Public Powers, which
replaced the Council of Ministers; no legisla-
ture; separate judiciary
Government leader: Gen. Andre-
Dieudonne KOLINGBA, Chief of State and
President of the Provisional Organization of
Public Powers (since September 1985; head
of government since September 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: political par-
ties banned in September 1981
Communists: no Communist party; small
number of Communist sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, Conference of East and
Central African States, KAMA, EGA, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UEAC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $764 million (1984), $280 per capita,
-8.7% real growth (1984)
Natural resources: diamonds, uranium, tim-
ber
Agriculture: commercial — cotton, coffee,
peanuts, sesame, wood; main food crops
manioc, corn, peanuts, rice, potatoes
Major industries: sawmills, brewery, dia-
mond mining and splitting
Electric power: 46,000 kW capacity (1985);
80 million kWh produced (1985), 29 kWh
per capita
Exports: $114.6 million (f.o.b., 1984); cotton,
coffee, diamonds, timber
Imports: $139.6 million (f.o.b., 1984 est);
textiles, petroleum products, machinery,
electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chem-
icals, Pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports — France,
Belgium, Japan, US; imports — France and
other EC countries, Japan, Algeria, Yugosla-
Budget: (1984) revenues $93.3 million; cur-
rent expenditures $90.8 million; official for-
eign debt $223 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commu-
naute Financiere Af ricaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 20,800 km total; 454 km bitumi-
nous, 7,656 km improved earth, 12,690 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km; traditional trade
carried on by means of shallow-draft dug-
outs
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 67 total, 59 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are meagef;
network is composed of low-capacity, low-
powered radiocommunication stations and
radio-relay links; 6,000 telephones (0.2 per
100 pop!.); 1 AM station, 1 FM station, 1 TV
station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 603,000;
312,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983; $12.2 million; about 14.5%
of central government budget
:
'•
.
•
47
Chad
See regional map VII
Land
1,284,634 km2; about the size of Texas, Okla-
homa, and New Mexico combined; 35% pas-
ture; 17% arable; 2% forest and scrub; 46%
other use and waste
Land boundaries: 5,987 km
People
Population: 5,23 1,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.8%
Nationality: noun — Chadian(s); adjective —
Chadian
Ethnic divisions: some 200 distinct ethnic
groups, most of whom are Muslims (Arabs,
Toubou, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Kanembou,
Baguirmi, Boulala, and Maba) in the north
and center and non-Muslims (Sara,
Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moudang,
Moussei, Massa) in the south; some 150,000
nonindigenous, of whom 1,000 are French
Religion: 52% Muslim, 43% indigenous be-
liefs, 5% Christian
Language: French and Arabic (official); Sara
and Sango in south; more than 100 different
languages and dialects are spoken
Infant mortality rate: 142/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 41.5, women 43.9
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: 85% agriculture (engaged in
unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and
fishing)
Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of Chad
Type: republic
Capital: N'Djamena
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 54
subprefectures, 27 administrative posts, 9
municipalities
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and Chadian customary law; consti-
tution adopted in 1962; constitution sus-
pended and National Assembly dissolved in
April 1975; Fundamental Act, a quasi-
constitution decreed in October 1982, pro-
vides juridical framework whereby decrees
are promulgated by the president; judicial
review of legislative acts in theory a power
of the Supreme Court; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 11
August
Branches: presidency; Council of Ministers;
National Consultative Council, Supreme
Court and several lower courts
Government leaders: Hissein HABRE, Pres-
ident (since June 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: none planned
Political parties and leaders: National
Union for Independence and Revolution
(UNIR) established June 1984 with Habre as
president; numerous dissident groups
Communists: no front organizations or un-
derground party; probably a few Commu-
nists and some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: the de-
velopment of a stable government continues
to be hampered by prolonged tribal and re-
gional antagonisms; ex-President Goukouni
Weddeye heads a rebel government, with
Libyan backing, that occupies the northern
third of Chad
Member of: Af DB, CEAO, Conference of
East and Central African States, EAMA,
ECA, EC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, Lake Chad
Basin Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
During the last decade droughts and plagues
of locusts have caused widespread food
shortages, and years of civil war have devas-
tated the economy
GDP: $360 million (1984 est.), $88 per capita
(1984 est.); real annual growth rate —2.8%
(1960-82 est.)
Natural resources: petroleum (unexploited
but exploration beginning), uranium, na-
tron, kaolin
Agriculture: commercial — cotton, gum ara-
bic, livestock, peanuts, fish; food crops —
millet, sorghum, rice, sweet potatoes, yams,
cassava, dates; imports food
Fishing: catch 1 10,000 metric tons (1983
est.)
Major industries: agricultural and livestock
processing plants (cotton textile mills,
slaughterhouses, brewery), natron
Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity (1985);
32 million kWh produced (1985), 6 kWh per
capita
Exports: $113. 15 million (f.o.b., 1984); cot-
ton (80%), meat, fish, animal products
Imports: $1 14.38 million (f.o.b., 1984); ce-
ment, petroleum, flour, sugar, tea, machin-
ery, textiles, motor vehicles
48
Chile
Major trade partners: France and Central
African Customs and Economic Union
countries
Budget: (1978 est.) total revenue $34.1 mil-
lion, total expenditures $36.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commu-
naute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 31,300 km total; 28 km bitumi-
nous, 7,300 km gravel and laterite, remain-
der unimproved
Inland waterways: approximately 2,000 km
navigable
• t*J i '-
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 80 total, 70 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of
radiocommunication stations for intercity
links; 5,000 telephones (0. 1 per 100 popl.); 1
FM, 3 AM stations; many facilities, includ-
ing satellite ground station, inoperative
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary
Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,194,000;
616,000 fit for military service; about 49,000
reach military age (20) annually
Supply: primarily dependent on France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $8.7 million; about 25% of
total budget
South
Pacific
Ocean
Punta Arenas.
Sec regional map IV
Conception
Land
756,945 km2; larger than Texas; 47% barren
mountain, desert, and urban; 29% forest;
15% permanent pasture, meadow; 7% other
arable; 2% cultivated
Land boundaries: 6,325 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 6,435 km
People
Population: 12,261,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Chilean(s); adjective —
Chilean
Ethnic divisions: 95% European and
European-Indian, 3% Indian, 2% other
Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protes-
tant
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 27.2/1,000(1981)
Life expectancy: men 63.8, women 70.4
Literacy: 90%
Labor force: 3.0 million total employment
(1982); 33% industry and commerce; 31%
services; 9% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 9% mining; 5% construction
Organized labor: 12% of labor force orga-
nized into labor unions (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of Chile
Type: republic
Capital: Santiago
Political subdivisions: 12 regions plus one
metropolitan district, 41 provincial subdivi-
sions
Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived
from Spanish law and subsequent codes in-
fluenced by French and Austrian law; cur-
rent constitution came into effect in March
1981; the constitution provides for contin-
ued direct rule until 1989, with a phased
return to full civilian rule by 1997; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; legal education at University of
Chile, Catholic University, and several
others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
September
Branches: four-man Military Junta, which
exercises constituent and legislative powers
and has delegated executive powers to Presi-
dent; the President has announced a plan for
transition from military to civilian rule pur-
suant to Constitution; state of siege lifted
June 1985; National Congress (Senate, House
of Representatives) dissolved; civilian judi-
ciary remains
Government leaders: Gen. Augusto
PINOCHET Ugarte, President (since Sep-
tember 1973); Adm. Jose Toribio MERINO
Castro (since September 1973), Air Force
Gen. Fernando MATTHEI Aubel (since July
1978), Army Lt. Gen. Julio CANESSA
Roberts (since December 1985), Gen.
Rodolfo STANCE Oelkers (since August
1985), Junta members
Suffrage: none
Chile (continued)
Elections: prohibited by decree; all electoral
registers were destroyed in 1974
Political parties and leaders: all political
parties are officially recessed or outlawed
but have been allowed to function on a very
limited basis since 1982; National Party
(PN), Patricio Philips; Independent Demo-
cratic Union (UDI), Sergio Fernandez; Na-
tional Unity Movement (MUN), Andres
Allamand; Movement of National Action
(MAN), Federico Willoughby; Radical Party
(PR), Enrique Silva Cimma; Social Demo-
cratic Party (PSD), Luis Bossay; Christian
Democratic Party (PDC), Gabriel Valdes;
Republican Right, Hugo Zepeda; Socialist
Party, Ramon Silva Ulloa and Julio Stuardo
(the PR, PSD, PDC, Republican Right, and
some elements of the Socialist Party form
the Democratic Alliance [AD] ); Movement
of Unitary Popular Action (MAPU); Move-
ment of Unitary Popular Action — Workers/
Peasants (M APU-OC), Bias Tomic and Oscar
Garreton Purcell; Christian Left (1C), Luis
Maira; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh),
Luis Corvalan Lepe (in exile); Socialist
Party— Almeyda faction (PSCh/Alm),
Clodomiro Almeyda (in exile); Socialist
Party— Altamirano faction (PSCh/Alt),
Carlos Altamirano (in exile); Movement of
the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Andres Pascal
Allende (in exile); the MIR, PSCh/Alm, and
PCCh form the leftist Popular Democratic
Movement (MDP)
Voting strengt h: (1970 presidential election)
36.6% Popular Unity coalition, 35.3% con-
servative independent, 28.1% Christian
Democrat; (1973 congressional election) 56%
Democratic Confederation (PDC and PN),
44% Popular Unity coalition
Communists: 120,000 when PCCh was legal
in 1973; active militants now estimated at
about 20,000-50,000
Other political or pressure groups: revital-
ized university student federations at all
major universities dominated by political
groups; labor — National Workers Command
(CNT) includes trade unionists from the
country's five largest labor confederations;
Roman Catholic Church
Member of: CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, LAIA,
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $19.2 billion (1984), $1,590 per capita;
71% private consumption, 15% government
consumption; 14% gross investment (1984);
real growth rate 6.3% (1984)
Natural resources: copper, timber, iron ore,
nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, potatoes,
corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits; net
agricultural importer
Fishing: catch 4 million metric tons (1983);
exports $275.5 million (1984)
Major industries: copper, other minerals,
foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel,
pulp, paper, and forestry products
Crude steel: 765,000 metric tons capacity
(1980); 700,000 metric tons produced (1980);
683,000 metric tons produced (1984)
Electric power: 3,300,000 kW capacity
(1985); 13 billion kWh produced (1985),
1, 094 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1984); copper,
molybdenum, iron ore, paper products, steel
products, fishmeal, fruits, wood products
Imports: $3.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum, sugar, wheat, capital goods, vehicles
Major trade partners: exports — 26% US,
11% Japan, 10% FRG, 6.2% Brazil, 5.4% UK
(1984); imports— 21.5% US, 9% Japan, 8.5%
Brazil, 7.2% Venezuela, 6.2% FRG (1983)
Budget: revenues, $6.5 billion; expenditures,
$7.2 billion (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 178 pesos=US$l
(November 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
50
Communications
Railroads: 8,478 km total; 4,257 km 1.676-
meter gauge, 135km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 4,221 km 1.000-meter gauge; electri-
fication, 1,578km, 1.676-meter gauge, 76
km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 78,025 km total; 9,365 km paved,
37,700 km gravel, 32,000 km improved and
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 725 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km; refined prod-
ucts, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km
Ports: 10 major, 13 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 375 total, 339 usable; 50 with
permanent-surface runways; 13 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 53 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern telephone
system based on extensive radio-relay facili-
ties; 629,000 telephones (5.4 per 100 popl.); 2
Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas; 3 domes-
tic satellite stations; 153 AM, 126 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of the Nation, National
Navy, Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros
of Chile
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,249,000;
2,445,000 fit for military service; about
123,000 reach military age (19) annually
China
(Taiwan listed
at end of table)
1200km
See rrgional map VIII
Hainan /
Da° South China
Sea
Land
9.6 million km2; slightly larger than US;
74.3% desert, waste, or urban (32% of this
area consists largely of denuded wasteland,
plains, rolling hills, and basins from which
about 3% could be reclaimed); 11.0% culti-
vated (sown area extended by multicrop-
ping); 12.7% forest and woodland; 2.0% in-
land water
Land boundaries: 24,000 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
Coastline: 14,500 km
People
Population: 1,045,537,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.8%
Nationality: noun — Chinese (sing., pi); ad-
jective— Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 93.3% Han Chinese; 6.7%
Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and numer-
ous lesser nationalities
Religion: officially atheist; since even before
1949 most people have been pragmatic,
eclectic, and not seriously religious; most
important elements of religion are Confu-
cianism, Taoism, Buddhism, ancestor wor-
ship; about 2-3% Muslim, 1% Christian
Language: Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or
Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also
Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese),
Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-
Taiwanese), Xiang, Can, Hakka dialects,
and minority languages (see ethnic divisions)
Life expectancy: 68
Literacy: over 75%
Labor force: est. 460 million (December
1983); 74.4% agriculture, 15.0% industry
and commerce, 10.6% other
Organized labor: All-China Federation of
Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leader-
ship of the Chinese Communist Party; mem-
bership about 77 million
Government
Official name: People's Republic of China
Type: Communist state; real authority lies
with Communist Party's Politburo; the Na-
tional People's Congress, in theory the high-
est organ of government, usually ratifies the
party's programs; the State Council actually
directs the government
Capital: Beijing
Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 3 cen-
trally governed municipalities, 5 autono-
mous regions
Legal system: a complex amalgam of cus-
tom and statute, largely criminal; little os-
tensible development of uniform code of
administrative and civil law; highest judicial
organ is Supreme People's Court, which re-
views lower court decisions; laws and legal
procedure subordinate to priorities of party
policy; regime has attempted to write civil
and Communist codes; new legal codes in
effect since 1 January 1980; party and state
constitutions revised in September and No-
vember 1982, respectively; continuing ef-
forts are being made to improve civil and
commercial law
National holiday: National Day, 1 October
Branches: control is exercised by Chinese
Communist Party, through State Council,
which supervises ministries, commissions,
bureaus, etc., all technically under the
Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress
Government leaders: ZHAO Ziyang, Pre-
mier of State Council (since September
1980); LI Xiannian, President (since June
1983); PENG Zhen, Chairman of NPC
Standing Committee (since June 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections held for People's Con-
gress representatives at county level
Political parties and leaders: Chinese Com-
munist Party (CCP), headed by Hu Yaobang
as General Secretary of Central Committee
Communists: about 42 million party mem-
bers in 1984
Other political or pressure groups: such op-
position as exists consists of loose coalitions
that vary by issue rather than organized
groups
Member of: ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, Multifiber Arrange-
ment, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $343 billion (1985 est.), $330 per cap-
ita
Natural resources: coal, iron, petroleum,
mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manga-
nese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite,
aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydroelec-
tric power (world's largest potential)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, wheat, other
grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture mainly
subsistence; grain imports 9.8 million metric
tons in 1984; grain exports (mostly corn) 3. 4
million metric tons (1984)
Major industries: iron, steel, coal, machine
building, armaments, textiles, petroleum
51
China (continued)
Christmas Island
Shortages: complex machinery and equip-
ment, highly skilled scientists and techni-
cians, energy, and transport
Crude steel: 43.4 million metric tons pro-
duced, 42 kg per capita (1984)
Electric power: 86,220,000 kW capacity
(1985); 406 billion kWh produced (1985),
389 kWh per capita
Exports: $27.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); manu-
factured goods, agricultural products, oil,
minerals
Imports: $25. 1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); grain,
chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw ma-
terials, machinery, equipment
Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong,
US, FRG, Jordan, Canada, Brazil, Singapore
(1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.06 renminbi
yuan=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: networks total about 52,500 route
km common carrier lines; about 600 km
1.000-meter gauge; rest 1.435-meter stand-
ard gauge; all single track except approxi-
mately 9,500 km double track on standard
gauge lines; approximately 4,200 km electri-
fied; about 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges
range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)
Highways: about 950,000 km all types roads;
about 240,000 km unimproved natural earth
roads and tracks, 540,000 km improved
earth roads, 150,000 km paved roads
Inland waterways: 138,600 km; about
108,900 km navigable
Pipelines: crude, 6,500 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,100 km; natural gas, 4,200 km
Ports: 15 major, approximately 180 minor
Airfields: 325 total; 266 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 1 with runways 3,500 m
and over; 80 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m;
203 with runways 1 ,200 to 2,499 m; 28 with
runways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane sta-
tions; 4 heliports, 5 airfields under construc-
tion
Telecommunications: domestic and inter-
national services exist primarily for official
purposes; unevenly distributed internal sys-
tem serves principal cities, industrial cen-
ters, and most townships; services in interior
and border regions limited; nearly 3 million
equipped telephone exchange lines, includ-
ing 30,000 long-distance telephone exchange
lines with direct, automatic service to 24
cities; 5.2 million telephones (3-5 telephones
per 100 pop!, in large cities, 1 telephone per
200 popl. national average); 50,000 post and
telegraph offices with about 700 main tele-
graph centers capable of general message
service at the county level and above; sub-
scriber teleprinter exchange (telex) services
available in 25 main metropolitan areas;
unknown number of facsimile and data in-
formation transfer points; domestic audio
radio broadcast coverage provided by 122
main AM centers and about 525 transmitter
relay stations; unknown number of FM ra-
dio and wired rebroadcast stations with 215
million receivers; at least 52 TV centers;
about 400 local and network TV relay trans-
mitter stations; 7,000 supplementary video
recorder and redistribution facilities; 40 mil-
lion monochrome and color TV receiver sets;
2 major international switching centers; sat-
ellite communications, long-haul point-to-
point radio circuits, regional cable and wire
landlines, directional radio- relay, and sea-
bed coaxial telephone cable (damaged) per-
mit linkage with most countries; direct voice
and message communications with 46 coun-
tries and regions; TV exchange to major cit-
ies on 5 continents through INTELSAT Pa-
cific and Indian Ocean earth satellite; AM
radio broadcasts in 38 languages to 140
countries and regions
Defense Forces
Branches: Chinese People's Liberation
Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy (including ma-
rines), CPLA Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
291,558,000; 162,738,000 fit for military
service; 13,270,000 reach military age (18)
annually
s •••
Indian Ocean
THE SETTLEMENT/
Indian Ocean
Sec regional m"P IX
Land
135 km2; slightly smaller than Washington,
D. C.; mostly tropical rain forest
Water:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing)
People
Population: 2,965 (as of June 1983), average
annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun — Christmas Islanders),
adjective — Christmas Island
Ethnic divisions: 61% Chinese, 25% Malay,
11% European, 3% other; no indigenous
population
Language: English
Labor force: all workers are employees of
the Phosphate Mining Company of Christ-
mas Island, Ltd.
Government
Official name: Territory of Christmas Island
Type: Australian territory
Capital: settlement on Flying Fish Cove
(principal settlement)
Legal system: Australian territory since 10
October 1958; administrator appointed by
Governor General of Australia; Supreme
Court; legislative, judicial, and administra-
tive system regulated by the Christmas Is-
land Act of 1958
52
Colombia
Branches: Advisory Council advises
appointed administrator
Government leader: T. F. PATERSON, Ad-
ministrator
Communists: none
Economy
National resources: phosphates
Major industries: phosphate extraction
(near depletion)
Electric power: 1 1,000 kW capacity (1985);
38 million kWh produced (1985), 12,900
kWh per capita
Exports: about 1.2 million metric tons of
phosphate exported to Australia, New
Zealand, and other Asian nations
Major trade partners: Australia, New
Zealand
Monetarsy conversion rate: 1.44 Australian
dollar=US$l (6 February 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Ports: Flying Fish Cove
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runway 1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: 4,000 radio receivers
(1982)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Australia
San Felipe
See regional map IV
Land
1,138,914 km2; about the size of Texas and
New Mexico combined; 72% unsettled
(mostly forest and savannah); 28% settled
(consisting of 5% crop and fallow; 14% pas-
ture, 6% forest, swamp, and water; 3% urban
and other)
Land boundaries: 6,035 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 2,414 km
People
Population: 29,956,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Colombian(s); adjec-
tive— Colombian
Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% white,
14% mulatto, 4% black, 3% mixed black-
Indian, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 65/1,000(1982)
Life expectancy: 62
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 9 million (1982); 53% services,
26% agriculture, 21% industry (1981); 14%
official unemployment (1985)
Organized labor: 1,418,321 members (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of Colombia
Type: republic; executive branch dominates
government structure
Capital: Bogota
Political subdivisions: 22 departments, 5
intendancies, 5 commissariats, Bogota Spe-
cial District
Legal system: based on Spanish law; reli-
gious courts regulate marriage and divoice;
constitution decreed in 1886, with amend-
ments codified in 1946 and 1968; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 20
July
Branches: President, bicameral legislature
(Parliament — Senate, House of Representa-
tives), judiciary
Government leader: Belisario BETANCUR
Cuartas, President (since August 1982); term
ends 10 August 1986
Suffrage: age 18 and over
Elections: every fourth year; presidential
election held May 1986; congressional elec-
tion held March 1986; municipal and de-
partmental elections every two years, last
held 1986
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party,
Virgilio Barco; main dissident faction is
headed by Luis Carlos Galan; Conservative
Party — Alvaro Gomez Hurtado and Misael
Pastrana Borrero head the two principal
wings united behind current President
Belisario Betancur, who leads a small fac-
tion; Communist Party (PCC), Gilberto
Vieira White; Communist Party/Marxist-
Leninist (PCC/ML), Maoist orientation
53
Colombia (continued)
Voting strength: (1982 presidential election)
Belisario Betancur 46.8%, Alfonso Lopez
Michelsen 40.7%, Luis Carlos Galan 11.1%,
Gerardo Molina 1.2%, other 1.2%; 49%
abstention
Communists: 18,000 members est, includ-
ing Communist Party Youth Organization
(JUCO)
Other political or pressure groups: Commu-
nist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira White;
PCC/ML, Chinese Line Communist Party;
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia's
Patriotic Union Party (FARC-UP)
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO.ICO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU,
LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional Group,
NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $29 billion (1985 est).; $1,430 per cap-
ita (1984); 73% private consumption, 19%
gross investment, 12% public consumption
(1983); growth rate 2% (1985)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds
Agriculture: main crops — coffee, rice, corn,
sugarcane, plantains, bananas, cotton, to-
bacco; an illegal producer of coca and can-
nabis for the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 57,537 metric tons 1983
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals,
metal products, cement; mining — gold, coal,
emeralds, iron, nickel
Crude steel: 300,000 metric tons produced
(1984), 10 kg per capita
Electric power: 7,160,000 kW capacity
(1985); 25.5 billion kWh produced (1985),
864 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984); coffee,
coal, fuel oil, cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles,
cattle and hides, bananas, fresh cut flowers
Imports: $4.5 billion (c.i.f., 1984); transpor-
tation equipment, machinery, industrial
metals and raw materials, chemicals and
Pharmaceuticals, fuels, fertilizers, paper and
paper products, foodstuffs, beverages
Major trade partners: exports — 34% US,
15% FRG, 6% Venezuela, 4% Netherlands,
4% Japan, 3% Italy; imports— 35% US, 10%
Japan, 8% FRG, 7% Venezuela, 4% Brazil,
4% Netherland Antilles, 3% France, 3%
Ecuador (1984)
Budget: (1985 est.) revenues, $4. 1 billion;
expenditures, $4.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 164.58pesos=
US$1 (November 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,563 km, all 0.914-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved,
66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces
Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by
river boats
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km; natural
gas liquids, 125 km
Ports: 6 major (Barranquilla, Buenaventura,
Cartagena, San Andres, Santa Marta,
Tumaco)
Civil air: 106 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 634 total, 618 usable; 65 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,660 m; 10 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 96 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide radio-
relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta-
tion with 2 antennas and 1 1 domestic satel-
lite stations; 1 .89 million telephones (6.5 per
100 popl.); 404 AM and 85 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of Colombia, Colombian
Air Force, National Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,763,000;
5,504,000 fit for military service; about
361 ,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 1986,
$310.6 million; 7% of the central govern-
ment budget
54
Comoros
SO km
Indian Ocean
3RONI
Grande Comore
Mohtli
muduA
^sT"* \Anjou*n
-sfomboni ^X }
ipk.- \J
Mozambique *dminiM«r«d by France
^, claimed by Comoros
Channel
See regional map VII
Land
2,171 km2; half the size of Delaware; 4 main
islands; 48% cultivated, 29% uncultivated,
16% forest, 7% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 340 km
People
Population: 420,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun — Comoran(s);
adjective — Comoran
Ethnic divisions: Antalote, Caf re, Makoa,
Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Religion: 86% Sunni Muslim, 14% Roman
Catholic
Language: Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect),
Malagasy, French
Infant mortality rate: 92.3/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 48.8
Literacy: 15%
Labo- force: 140,000(1982); 80% agricul-
ture, 3% government; significant unemploy-
ment
Government
Official name: Federal Islamic Republic of
the Comoros
Type: three of the four islands compose an
independent republic, following local
government's unilateral declaration of inde-
pendence from France in July 1975; the
other island, Mayotte, disallowed declara-
tion and is now a French territorial commu-
nity but is claimed by the Comoros
Capital: Moroni
Political subdivisions: the three main islands
are organized into seven regions
Legal system: French and Muslim law in a
new consolidated code
Branches: presidency; 38- member legisla-
ture (Federal Assembly)
Government leader: Ahmed ABDALLAH
ABDEREMANE, President (since October
1978)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: Abdallah Abderemane won 1984
presidential election with 99% majority;
Federal Assembly elected in March 1982
Political party: sole legal political party is
Comoran Union for Progress (UCP)
Voting strength: UCP holds 37 seats in the
Federal Assembly
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA,
IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $92 million (1984 prov.), about $250
per capita
Agriculture: food crops — rice, manioc,
maize, fruits, vegetables, coconuts, cinna-
mon, yams; export crops — essential oils for
perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla,
copra, cloves
Major industry: perfume distillation
Electric power: 5,500 kW capacity (1985); 9
million kWh produced (1985), 22 kWh per
capita
Exports: $16 million (f.o.b., 1984 prov.); per-
fume oils, vanilla, copra, cloves
Imports: $27 million (f.o.b., 1984 prov.); rice
and other foodstuffs, cement, fuels, chemi-
cals, textiles
Major trade partners: exports — France,
FRG, US; imports — France, Kenya,
Reunion
Budget: (1984) domestic revenue, $11 mil-
lion; external grants, $29 million; current
expenditures, $14 million; capital expendi-
tures, $7 million; extrabudgetary expendi-
tures, $44 million
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commu-
naute Financiere Af ricaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,110 km total; approximately
400 km bituminous, remainder crushed
stone or gravel
Ports: 1 major (Mutsamudu on Anjouan
Island); 2 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of
radio-relay and high frequency radio com-
munication stations for interisland and ex-
ternal communications to Madagascar and
Reunion; 1,800 telephones (0.4 per 100
popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, no TV
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Presidential Guard,
Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 93,000;
55,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1981, $2.9 million; about 16% of
the central government budget
55
Congo
200km
BRAZZAVILLE
Gull ol
Guinea ^Poinle
Nan
Srr regional map VII
Land
342,000 km2; slightly smaller than Montana;
63% dense forest or wood, 31% meadow, 4%
urban or waste, 2% cultivated (est.)
Land boundaries: 4,514 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 169 km
People
Population; 1,853,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Congolese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Congolese or Congo
Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups
divided into some 75 tribes, almost all
Bantu; most important ethnic groups are
Kongo (48%) in the south, Sangha (20%) and
M'Bochi (12%) in the north, Teke (17%) in
the center; about 8,500 Europeans, mostly
French
Religion: 48% animist, 47% Christian, 2%
Muslim
Language: French (official); many African
languages with Lingala and Kikongo most
widely used
Infant mortality rate: 200/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 63
Literacy: over 50%
Labor force: about 40% of population eco-
nomically active (1983); 75% agriculture,
25% commerce, industry, government;
79,100 wage earners; 40,000-60,000 unem-
ployed
Organized labor: 20% of total labor force
(1979 est.)
Government
Official name: People's Republic of the
Congo
Type: people's republic
Capital: Brazzaville
Political subdivisions: nine regions divided
into districts
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1973
National holiday: National Day, 15 August
Branches: presidential executive, Council of
State; judiciary; all policy made by Congo-
lese Labor Party Central Committee and
Politburo
Government leaders: Col. Denis SASSOU-
NGUESSO, President and party chairman
(since 1979); Ange Edouard POUNGUI,
Prime Minister (since July 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for local and regional
organs and the National Assembly were held
in July 1979 — the first elections since June
1973
Political parties and leaders: Congolese La-
bor Party (PCT) is the only legal party; Party
Congress held in July 1984 — Sassou unani-
mously elected to another 5-year term as
president and party chairman
Communists: unknown number of Commu-
nists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Union of
Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese
Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary
Union of Congolese Women (URFC), Gen-
eral Union of Congolese Pupils and Students
(UGEEC)
Member of: Af DB, Conference of East and
Central African States, EAMA, ECA, EIB
(associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAU, UDEAC, UEAC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: about $1.8 billion (1984), $1,140 per
capita; real growth rate 2.5% per year
(1984); 80% of economy is private sector,
predominantly French owned and operated
Natural resources: petroleum, wood, potash,
lead, zinc, uranium, phosphates, natural gas
Agriculture: cash crops — sugarcane, wood,
coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, peanuts,
tobacco; food crops — root crops, rice, corn,
bananas, manioc, fish
Fishing: catch 31,926 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: crude oil, cement, saw-
mills, brewery, cigarettes, sugar mill, soap
Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity (1985);
306 million kWh produced (1985), 170 kWh
per capita
Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984); oil (90%),
lumber, tobacco, veneer, plywood, coffee,
Imports: $618 million (f.o.b., 1984); machin-
ery, transport equipment, manufactured
consumer goods, iron and steel, foodstuffs,
chemical products, sugar
Major trade partners: France, other EC
countries, US
Budget: (1984) revenues, $721 million; cur-
rent expenditures, $508 million; develop-
ment expenditures, $241 million
56
Cook Islands
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commu-
naute Financiere Af ricaine (CFA)
francs=US$l(1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 727 km, 1.067-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 1 1,970 km total; 555 km bitumi-
nous surface treated; 848 km gravel, laterite,
5,347 km improved earth, and 5,220 km
unimproved roads
Inland waterways: the Congo and Ubangi
Rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially
navigable water transport; the remainder of
the inland waterways are used for local
traffic only
Pipelines: crude oil 25 km
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-Noire)
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 51 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways
1 ,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: services adequate for
government use; primary network is com-
posed of radio-relay routes and coaxial
cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-
Noire, and Loubomo; 18, 100 telephones (1.1
per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary National People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 410,000;
206,000 fit for military service; about 19,000
reach military age (20) annually
Pukapuka
Rakahanta, Pamhyn
'Manihiki
Nassau
Island
South Pacific Ocean
Palmerston
A"u'"". Manuaa
. Mitiaro
Takutaa
Mauka
400km
See regional map X
Rarotonga
— *AVARUA
Mangaia
Land
About 240 km2
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: about 120 km
People
Population: 17,738 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate — 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Cook Islander(s); adjec-
tive— Cook Islander
Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full
blood), 7.7% Polynesian and European, 7.7%
Polynesian and other, 2.4% European, 0.9%
other
Religion: Christian, majority of populace
members of Cook Islands Christian Church
Lanaguage: English
Government
Official name: Cook Islands
Type: self-governing in "free association"
with New Zealand; Cook Islands Govern-
ment fully responsible for internal affairs
and has the right at any time to move to full
independence by unilateral action; New
Zealand retains responsibility for external
affairs, in consultation with the Cook Islands
Government
Capital: Avarua, located on Rarotonga
Branches: New Zealand Governor General
appoints Representative to Cook Islands,
who represents the Queen and the New
Zealand Government; Representative ap-
points the Prime Minister; popularly elected
24-member Parliament; 15-member House
of Arikis (chiefs), appointed by Representa-
tive, is an advisory body only
Government leader: Sir Thomas DAVIS,
Prime Minister (since July 1978)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years, latest in Novem-
ber 1983
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Party, Sir Thomas Davis; Cook Islands
Party, Geoffrey Henry
Voting strength: (1983) Parliament— Dem-
ocratic Party, 13 seats; Cook Islands Party,
1 1 seats
Member of: ADB, IDA, IFC, IMF, SPF,
SPEC, ESCAP (associate member)
Economy
GDP: $15.4 million (1977), $860 per capita
(1978)
Agriculture: export crops include copra,
citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, and ba-
nanas, with subsistence crops of yams and
taro
Major industry: fruit processing, tourism
Electric power: 4,750 kW capacity (1985);
15 million kWh produced (1985), 840 kWh
per capita
Exports: $3.0 million (1977); copra, fresh
and canned fruit
Imports: $16.8 million (1977); foodstuffs,
textiles, fuels
Major trade partners: (1970) exports— 98%
New Zealand; imports — 76% New Zealand,
7% Japan
57
Cook Islands (continued)
Costa Rica
Aid: Australia (1980-83), $2.0 million; Aus-
tralia and New Zealand (1977), $6.5 million
Government budget: $121 million (1977)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.88 New
Zealand$=US$l (5 February 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km
paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth,
33 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 6 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 6 AM, no FM, no TV
stations; 7,000 radio receivers; 1,186 tele-
phones (1.3 per lOOpopl.)
North Pacific Ocean
Set re|ional map 111
Land
50,700km2; smaller than West Virginia;
60% forest; 30% agricultural (22% meadow
and pasture, 8% cultivated); 10% waste, ur-
ban, and other
Land boundaries: 670 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,290km
People
Population: 2,7 14,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Costa Rican(s); adjec-
tive— Costa Rican
Ethnic divisions: 96% white (including mes-
tizo), 3% black, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official), with Jamaican
dialect of English spoken around Puerto
Limon
Infant mortality rate: 18.8/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 67.5, women 71.9
Literacy: 93%
Labor force: 868,300 (1985 est); 34% indus-
try and commerce, 27% agriculture, 21%
government and services, 8% other; 6% un-
employment (1985 official); 10% unemploy-
ment (1985 unofficial)
Organized labor: about 15. 1 % of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Costa Rica
Type: democratic republic
Capital: San Jose
Political subdivisions: 1 provinces divided
into 80 cantons and districts
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law
system; constitution adopted in 1949; judi-
cial review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; legal education at University of Costa
Rica; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: executive — President (head of
government and chief of state), elected for a
single four-year term; two vice presidents;
legislative — 57-delegate unicameral Legisla-
tive Assembly elected at four-year intervals;
judiciary — Supreme Court of Justice (17
magistrates elected by Legislative Assembly
at eight-year intervals)
Government leader: Oscar Arias
SANCHEZ, President-elect (to be inaugu-
rated May 1986)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18
and over
Elections: every four years; last held in Feb-
ruary 1986
Political parties and leaders: National Lib-
eration Party (PLN), Luis Alberto Monge,
Daniel Oduber, Jose "Pepe" Figueres, Oscar
Arias Sanchez; the new United Social Chris-
tian Party (PUSC) comprises the four Unity
Coalition (UNIDAD) parties — Republican
Calderonista Party (PRC), Rafael Angel
Calderon Fournier; Democratic Renovation
58
Party (PRO), leader unknown; Christian
Democratic Party (PDC), Rafael Grille
Rivera; Popular Union Party (PUP), Chris-
tian Tallenbach Iglesias; the Popular Alli-
ance (PA) is a coalition comprising two
parties — Marxist Popular Vanguard Party
(PVP), Humberto Vargas Carbonell, and
Leftist Broad Democratic Front (FAD),
Rodrigo Gutierrez; the United People (PU) is
a leftist coalition comprising four parties —
New Republic Movement (MNR), Sergio
Erick Ardon; Socialist Party (PS), Alvaro
Montero Mejia; People's Party of Costa Rica
(PPC), Manuel Mora Valverde; and Radical
Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose
Echeverria Brealey
Voting strength: (1986 election) PLN, 29
seats; UNIDAD, 25 seats; PVP, 1 seat; PPC,
1 seat; other, 1 seat
Communists: 7,500 members and sympa-
thizers
Other political or pressure groups: Costa
Rican Confederation of Democratic Work-
ers (CCTD; Liberation Party affiliate), Con-
federated Union of Workers (CUT; Commu-
nist Party affiliate), Authentic Confederation
of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist
Party affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers,
National Association for Economic Develop-
ment (ANFE), Free Costa Rica Movement
(MCRL; rightwing militants), National Asso-
ciation of Educators (ANDE)
Member of: CACM, Central American
Democratic Community, FAO, G-77,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.4 billion (1984 est), $1,280 per cap-
ita; 62% private consumption, 16% public
consumption, 23% gross domestic invest-
ment, — 1% net foreign balance; 6% real
growth rate (1984)
Natural resources: hydroelectric power
Agriculture: main products — coffee, ba-
nanas, sugarcane, rice, corn, cocoa, livestock
products; an illegal producer of cannabis for
the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 10,902 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: food processing, textiles
and clothing, construction materials, fertil-
izer
Electric power: 820,000 kW capacity (1985);
2.8 billion kWh produced (1985), 1,055 kWh
per capita
Exports: $956 million (f.o.b., 1984); coffee,
bananas, beef, sugar, cocoa
Imports: $1,101 million (c.i.f., 1984); manu-
factured products, machinery, transporta-
tion equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs,
fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports — 47% US,
18% CACM, 9% FRG; imports— 40% US,
12% Japan, 11% CACM, 4% FRG (1983)
Aid: economic bilateral commitments — US
authorized (FY70-84), including Ex-Im,
$603 million, other Western countries ODA
and OOF (1970-83), $333 million, Commu-
nist countries (1971-84), $27 million; mili-
tary commitments— US (FY70-84), $21 mil-
lion
Budget: consolidated public sector (1983)
$1,009 million total revenues; total expendi-
tures including debt amortization, $1,058
million
Monetary conversion rate: 54
colones=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
.
^ • .-
Communications
Railroads: 800 km total, all 1.067-meter
gauge; 243 km electrified
Highways: 15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved,
7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: about 730 km, seasonally
navigable
59
Pipelines: refined products, 95 km
Ports: 1 major (Limon), 4 secondary
(Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas)
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 221 total, 212 usable; 28 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good domestic
telephone service; 292,000 telephones (11.8
per 100 popl.); connection into Central
American microwave net; 62 AM stations,
17 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Civil Guard, Rural Assistance
Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 727,000;
494,000 fit for military service; about 33,000
reach military age (18) annually
Supply: dependent on imports from US
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $17.0 million for Ministry
of Public Security, including the Civil
Guard; about 3.0% of total central govern-
ment budget; $19.5 million for Ministry of
Government and Police; 3.4% of total cen-
tral government budget
Cuba
300km
North Atlantic
Ocean
Isla de la
Juventud
Caribbean Sea
See regioni! map III
Land
114,471 km2; nearly as large as Pennsylva-
nia; 35% cultivated; 30% meadow and pas-
ture; 20% waste, urban, or other; 15% forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 3,735 km
People
Population: 10,221,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun — Cuban(s); adjective —
Cuban
Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white,
11% black, 1% Chinese
Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman
Catholic before Castro assumed power
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 15/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: 74
Literacy: 96%
Labor force: 3.0 million in 1982; 47% indus-
try and commerce, 28% services and govern-
ment, 25% agriculture
Government
Official name: Republic of Cuba
Type: Communist state
Capital: Havana
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces and 169
municipalities
Legal system: based on Spanish and Ameri-
can law, with large elements of Communist
legal theory; Fundamental Law of 1959 re-
placed constitution of 1940; a new constitu-
tion was approved at the Cuban Communist
Party's First Party Congress in December
1975 and by a popular referendum, which
took place on 15 February 1976; portions of
the new constitution were put into effect on
24 February 1976, by means of a Constitu-
tional Transition Law, and the entire consti-
tution became effective on 2 December
1976; legal education at the Universities of
Havana, Oriente, and Las Villas; does not
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revo-
lution, 1 January
Branches: executive; legislature (National
Assembly of the People's Power); controlled
judiciary
Government leader: Fidel CASTRO Ruz,
President (since January 1959)
Suffrage: universal but not compulsory over
age 16
Elections: National People's Assembly (indi-
rect election) every five years; last election
held November 1981
Political parties and leaders: Cuban Com-
munist Party (PCC), First Secretary Fidel
Castro Ruz, Second Secretary Raul Castro
Ruz
Communists: approx. 400,000 party mem-
bers
Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, lADB(nonparticipant), IAEA,
ICAO, IFAD, ICO, IHO, ILO, IMO, IRC,
ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, NAM, OAS (nonparticipant),
PAHO, Permanent Court of Arbitration,
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
CNP: $14.9 billion in 1974 dollars (1982
est); $1,530 per capita in 1974 dollars (1982
est); real growth rate 1.4% (1982 est.)
Natural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron, cop-
per, manganese, salt, forests
-
Agriculture: main crops — sugar, tobacco,
rice, potatoes, tubers, citrus fruits, coffee
Fishing: catch 198,400 metric tons (1984);
exports $102 million (1984 est.)
Major industries: sugar milling, petroleum
refining, food and tobacco processing, tex-
tiles, chemicals, paper and wood products,
metals, cement
Shortages: spare parts for transportation and
industrial machinery, consumer goods
Crude steel: 338,200 metric tons produced
(1984); 34 kg per capita
Electric power: 3,461,000 kW capacity
(1985); 12.915 billion kWh produced (1985),
1, 278 kWh per capita
Exports: $6.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); sugar,
nickel, shellfish, tobacco, coffee, citrus
Imports: $8.1 billion (c.i.f., 1984); capital
goods, industrial raw materials, food, petro-
leum
Major trade partners: exports — 72% USSR,
17% other Communist countries; imports —
66% USSR, 18% other Communist countries
(1984)
Aid: from US (FY46-61), $41.5 million (loans
$37.5 million, grants $4.0 million); economic
aid from USSR (1961-84), $10.6 billion in
economic credit and $27.0 billion in subsi-
dies; military assistance from the USSR
(1959-78), $1.6 billion
Budget: $12.1 billion (1984)
60
Cyprus
Monetary conversion rate: 0.9346
peso=US$l (30 March 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 14,925 km total; Cuban National
Railways operates 5,295 km of 1.435-meter
gauge track; 199 km electrified; 9,630 km of
sugar plantation lines of 0.914-1.435-meter
gauge
Highways: approximately 21,000 km total;
9,000 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth
surfaced
Inland waterways: 240 km
Ports: 1 major (including US Naval Base at
Cuantanamo), 40 minor
Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 203 total, 191 usable; 65 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 1 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439
Defense Forces
Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces,
Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy, Air
and Air Defense Force, Ministry of Interior
Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Terri-
torial Militia Troops, Youth Labor Army
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
5,519,000; of the 2,896,000 males 15-49,
1,818,000 are fit for military service; of the
2,823,000 females 15-49, 1,772,000 are fit
for military service; 1 17,000 males and
1 15,000 females reach military age (17) an-
nually
Mediterranean Sea
United Nationi
Buffer Zone
Mediterranean Sea
Sec regional map VI
Land
9,251 km2; smaller than Connecticut;
arable (including permanent crop); 25%
waste, urban areas, and other; 15% forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: approximately 648 km
People
Population: 673,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Cypriot(s); adjective —
Cypriot
Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish;
4% Armenian, Maronite, and other
Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox; 18% Mus-
lim; 4% Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and
other
Language: Greek, Turkish, English
Infant mortality rate: 17/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: men 72.3, women 76.0
Literacy: about 89%
Greek Sector labor force: 240,900 (1982);
42% services, 33% industry, 22% agriculture;
3.1% unemployed
Government
Official name: Republic of Cyprus
Type: republic; a disaggregation of the two
ethnic communities inhabiting the island
began after the outbreak of communal strife
in 1963; this separation was further solidified
following the Turkish invasion of the island
in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypri-
ots de facto control over the northern 37 per-
cent of the republic; Greek Cypriots control
the only internationally recognized govern-
ment; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cyp-
riot "President" Rauf Denktash declared
independence and the formation of a "Turk-
ish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which
has been recognized only by Turkey; both
sides publicly call for the resolution of inter-
communal differences and creation of a new
federal system of government
Capital: Nicosia
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on common law, with
civil law modifications; negotiations to cre-
ate the basis for a new or revised constitution
to govern the island and relations between
Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held
intermittently
National holiday: Independence Day,
1 October
Branches: currently the Government of
Cyprus has effective authority over only the
Greek Cypriot community; headed by Presi-
dent of the Republic and comprising Coun-
cil of Ministers, House of Representatives,
and Supreme Court; Turkish Cypriots de-
clared their own "constitution" and govern-
ing bodies within the "Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus" in 1975; "state" renamed
"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in
1983; new "constitution" for the Turkish
sector passed by referendum in May 1985
Government leaders: Spyros KYPRIANOU,
President (since 1977); Turkish Sector —
Rauf DENKTASH, "President" (since 1975)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
61
Cyprus (continued)
Elections: officially every five years (last
presidential election held in February 1983);
parliamentary elections held in December
1985; Turkish sector "presidential" elections
last held in June 1985; "assembly" elections
held in June 1985
Political parties and leaders: Greek Cyp-
riot — Progressive Party of the Working Peo-
ple (AKEL; Communist Party), Ezekias
Papaioannou; Democratic Rally (DESY),
Clafkos Clerides; Democratic Party
(DEKO), Spyros Kyprianou; United Demo-
cratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos
Lyssarides; Turkish sector — National Unity
Party (NUP), Dervis Eroglu; Communal
Liberation Party (CLP), Ismail Bozkurt; Re-
publican Turkish Party (RTP), Ozker Ozgur;
New Birth Party (NBP), Aytae Besheshler
Voting strength: in the 1983 presidential
election, incumbent Spyros Kyprianou re-
tained his position by winning 56% of the
vote; in the 1981 parliamentary election, the
pro- Western Democratic Rally received 19
of the 56 seats; Kyprianou 's center-right
Democratic Party won 16 seats; Communist
AKEL secured 15 seats; and socialist EDEK
won six seats; in 1985 "presidential" elec-
tions in the Turkish Cypriot sector, Rauf
Denktash won with 70 percent of the vote;
in the 1985 "assembly" elections the conser-
vative National Unity Party won 24 of 50
seats; the Communist Republican Turkish
Party received 12 seats; center-right Com-
munal Liberation Party secured 10 seats;
and the rightwing New Birth Party received
4 seats
Communists: about 12,000
Other political or pressure groups: United
Democratic Youth Organization (EDON;
Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus
Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled);
Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; pro- West);
Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Com-
munist controlled); Confederation of Cyp-
riot Workers (SEK; pro- West); Federation of
Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen);
Confederation of Revolutionary Labor
Unions (Dev-Is)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of
Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO; Turkish Federated State of
Cyprus OIC (observer)
.
Economy
GDP: $2.1 billion (1983), $3,210 per capita;
1983 est. real growth rate 2.6%
Turkish Sector GDP: $205.9 million (1983),
$1,344 per capita
Natural resources: copper, pyrites, asbestos,
gypsum, lumber, salt, marble, clay earth
pigment
Agriculture: main crops — potatoes and
other vegetables, grapes, citrus fruit, wheat,
carob beans, olives
Major industries: mining (iron pyrites, gyp-
sum, asbestos), manufactures principally for
local consumption — beverages, footwear,
clothing, cement
Electric power: 620,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.468 billion kWh produced (1985), 2,210
kWh per capita
Exports: $482.8 million (f.o.b., 1984); princi-
pal items — food and beverages, including
citrus, raisins, potatoes, wine; also cement
and clothing
Turkish Sector exports: $46.8 million (f.o.b.,
1984); principal items — citrus fruits, pota-
toes, metal pipes, pyrites
Imports: $1,195 million (c.i.f., 1984); princi-
pal items manufactured goods, machinery
and transport equipment, fuels, food
Turkish Sector imports: $170 million (c.i.f.,
1984); principal items — foodstuffs, raw ma-
terials, fuels, machinery
Major trade partners: imports (1984) —
12.1% UK, 12% Japan, 10.5% Italy, 8.3%
FRG, 5.2% Iraq; exports (1984)— 17% UK,
14.1% Lebanon, 11.4% Libya, 7.5% Saudi
Arabia, 3.4% USSR
Turkish Sector major trade partners: im-
ports (1984)— 46% Turkey, 36% EC, 17%
Arab countries; exports (1984)— 61% EC,
22% Turkey, 16% Arab countries
Budget: (1983) revenues, $587.2 million;
expenditures, $697.3 million; deficit, $1 10. 1
million
Turkish Sector budget: (1982) revenues,
$82.3 million; expenditures, $72.2 million;
deficit, $14.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: .63 Cyprus
pound=US$l (October 1984)
Turkish Sector monetary conversion rate:
225.46 Turkish liras=US$l (1983 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 10,778 km total; 5,169 km bitu-
minous surface treated; 5,609 km gravel,
crushed stone, and earth
Ports: 3 major (Famagusta, Larnaca, Limas-
sol), 2 secondary (Vasilikos, Kyrenia) under
development, 6 minor; Famagusta and
Kyrenia under Turkish Cypriot control
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 14 total, 13 usable; 1 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: moderately good
telecommunication system in both Greek
and Turkish sectors; 164,000 telephones (25
per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 6 FM, and 29 TV sta-
tions; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece
and Turkey; 3 submarine coaxial cables; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite antenna and 1 In-
dian Ocean antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Cyprus National Guard; Turkish
sector — Turkish Cypriot Security Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 182,000;
127,000 fit for military service; about 5,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $60 million; 1 1.6% of cen-
tral government budget
62
Czechoslovakia
See ref ionil map V
Land
127,870 km2; the size of New York; 53%
agricultural, 36% forest, 11% other
Land boundaries: 3,540 km
People
Population: 15,542,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Czechoslovak(s); adjec-
tive— Czechoslovak
Ethnic divisions: 64.3% Czech, 30.5% Slo-
vak, 3.8% Hungarian, 0.4% German, 0.4%
Polish, 0.3% Ukrainian, 0.1% Russian, 0.2%
other (Jewish, Gypsy)
Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes-
tant, 2% Orthodox, 1% other
Language: Czech and Slovak (official), Hun-
garian
Infant mortality rate: 16/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 70
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 7.51 million (1984); 38.1% in-
dustry; 12.5% agriculture; 49.4% construc-
tion, communications, and other (1982)
Government
Official name: Czechoslovak Socialist Re-
public (CSSR)
Type: Communist state
Capital: Prague
Political subdivisions: 2 ostensibly separate
and nominally autonomous republics (Czech
Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Re-
public); 7 regions (kraj) in Czech lands, 3
regions in Slovakia; republic capitals of
Prague and Bratislava have regional status
Legal system: civil law system based on
Austro-Hungarian codes, modified by Com-
munist legal theory; revised constitution
adopted 1960, and amended in 1968 and
1970; no judicial review of legislative acts;
legal education at Charles University School
of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May
Branches: executive — President (elected by
Federal Assembly), Cabinet (appointed by
President); legislative (Federal Assembly;
elected directly — Chamber of Nations,
Chamber of the People), Czech and Slovak
National Councils (also elected directly) leg-
islate on limited area of regional matters;
judiciary, Supreme Court (elected by Fed-
eral Assembly); entire governmental struc-
ture dominated by Communist Party
Government leaders: Gustav HUSAK, Presi-
dent (since 1975); Lubomir STROUGAL,
Premier (since 1970)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: governmental bodies and presi-
dent every five years; last election June 1981
Dominant political party and leader: Com-
munist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC), Gus-
tav Husak, General Secretary (since 1969);
Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS) has sta-
tus of provincial KSC "organization"
Voting strength: (1981 election) 99.96% for
Communist-sponsored single slate
Communists: 1.6 million party members
(August 1984)
Other political groups: puppet parties —
Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak
People's Party, Slovak Freedom Party, Slo-
vak Revival Party
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
ICAO, ICO, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC,
ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $127.9 billion in 1984 (in 1984 dollars),
$8,280 per capita; 1984 real growth rate
2.3%
Natural resources: coal, coke, timber, lig-
nite, uranium, magnesite
Agriculture: diversified agriculture: main
crops — wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, pota-
toes, sugar beets, hogs, cattle, horses; net
food importer — meat, wheat, vegetable oils,
fresh fruits and vegetables
Major industries: iron and steel, machinery
and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor
vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics,
wood, paper products
Shortages: ores, crude oil
Crude steel: 14.8 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 960 kg per capita
Electric power: 20,330,000 kW capacity
(1985); 79.5 billion kWh produced (1985),
5,128 kWh per capita
Exports: $17.398 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 54.8%
machinery and equipment; 16.2% manufac-
tured consumer goods; 14.2% fuels, miner-
als, and metals; 6.7% agricultural and for-
estry products, 8. 1 % other products (1984
prelim.)
Imports: $17.585 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 41.1%
fuels, minerals, and metals; 33.2% machin-
ery and equipment; 12.1% agricultural and
forestry products; 5.7% manufactured con-
sumer goods; 7.9% other products (1984)
Major trade partners: USSR, GDR, Poland,
Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bul-
garia, Romania; $32,484 million (1982); 71%
with Communist countries, 29% with non-
Communist countries (1984)
63
Czechoslovakia (continued)
Denmark
Monetary conversion rate: 6.65 koronas=
US$1 (1983 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
NOTE: foreign trade figures were converted
at the rate of 6.9 koronas=US$l (January
1982)
Communications
Railroads: 13,141 km total; 12,883 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 102km 1.524-meter
broad gauge, 156 km 0.750- and 0.760-
meter narrow gauge; 2,866 km double track;
3,221 km electrified; government owned
(1983)
Highways: 74,064 km total; 60,765 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 13,299 km gravel,
crushed stone (1983)
Inland waterways: 475 km (1983)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,500 km; natural gas, 7,500 km
Freight carried: rail— 298.8 million metric
tons (1984); highway 1,376 million metric
tons, 20.3 billion metric ton/km (1983);
waterway 1 1.40 million metric tons (1984),
3.9 billion metric ton/km (excluding inter-
national transit traffic) (1983)
Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia,
Gdansk, and Szczecin in Poland; Rijeka and
Koper in Yugoslavia; Hamburg, FRG; Ros-
tock, GDR; principal river ports are Prague,
Dettn, Komarno, Bratislava (1979)
Defense Forces
Branches: Czechoslovak People's Army,
Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,798,000;
2,924,000 fit for military service; 110,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, 25.7 billion
koronas, 7.5% of total budget
Skagerrak
See region*! map V
Land
43,076 km2 (exclusive of Greenland and
Faroe Islands); the size of Massachusetts and
New Hampshire combined; 64% arable,
11% forest, 8% meadow and pasture, 17%
other
Land boundaries: 68 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone or to median line)
Coastline: 3,379 km
People
Population: 5,097,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate —0.1%
Nationality: noun — Dane(s); adjective —
Danish
Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo,
Faroese, German
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2%
other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1%
other
Language: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic
(an Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking
minority
Infant mortality rate: 7.7/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 71.5, women 77.5
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2,713,000(1984); 33.2% govern-
ment; 20.7% manufacturing; 13.2% com-
merce; 2.0% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 5.9% construction; 7.8% banking and
business services; 7.5% transportation; 10.3%
unemployment rate
Organized labor: 65% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Denmark
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Copenhagen
Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 275 com-
munes (88 towns are included in communes)
Legal system: civil law system; constitution
adopted 1953; judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at Universities of
Copenhagen and Arhus; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: birthday of the Queen, 16
April
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown and parliament (Folketing);
executive power vested in Crown but exer-
cised by Cabinet responsible to parliament;
Supreme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower
courts
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen (since January 1972); Poul
SCHLUTER, Prime Minister (since Septem-
ber 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: on call of prime minister but at
least every four years; last election 10 Janu-
ary 1984
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic, Anker J0rgensen; Liberal, Uffe
Ellemann-Jensen; Conservative, Poul Schl-
ter; Radical Liberal, Niels Helveg Petersen;
Socialist People's, Gert Petersen; Commu-
nist, Jorgen Jensen; Left Socialist, Preben
Wilnjelm; Center Democratic, Erhard
64
Jakobsen; Christian People's, Christian
Christensen; Justice, Poul Gerhard Kristian-
sen; Trade and Industry Party, Asger J.
Lindinger; Free Democratic Party, Mogens
Glistrup; Socialist Workers Party, no chair-
man; Communist Workers' Party (KAP),
Benito Scocozza
Voting strength: (1984 election) 31. 6% So-
cial Democratic, 23.4% Conservative, 12.1%
Liberal, 11.5% Socialist People's, 5.5% Radi-
cal Liberal, 4.6% Center Democratic, 3.6%
Progress, 2.7% Christian People's, 2.6% Left
Socialist, 1.5% Justice, 0.7% Communist,
0.2% others
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC, ELDO (observer), EMS, ESRO, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES,
ICO, IDA, IDE, Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GNP: $52.4 billion (1984), $10,250 per cap-
ita; 54% private consumption, 18% private
investment, 26% government consumption,
investment; 1% net exports of goods and ser-
vices; 1% increase in stocks; 1984 growth
rate, 3.9%
Natural resources: oil, gas, fish
Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in
dairying and animal husbandry; main
crops — cereals, root crops; food imports —
oilseed, grain, animal feedstuffs
Fishing: catch 1.86 million metric tons
(1983), exports $756 million, imports $317
million (1984)
Major industries: food processing, machin-
ery and equipment, textiles and clothing,
chemical products, electronics, construction,
furniture, and other wood products
Crude steel: 0.6 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 1 10 kg per capita
Electric power: 9,493,000 kW capacity
(1985); 27.464 billion kWh produced (1985),
5,380 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.9 billion (f.o.b., 1984); principal
items— meat, dairy products, industrial ma-
chinery and equipment, textiles and cloth-
ing, chemical products, transport equip-
ment, fish, furs, furniture
Imports: $16.581 billion (c.i.f., 1984); princi-
pal items — industrial machinery, transport
equipment, petroleum, textile fibers and
yarns, iron and steel products, chemicals,
grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper
Major trade partners: 1984 exports — 44.3%
EC, 18% FRG, 12.7% Sweden, 10.7% UK,
7.2% US, 5.3% Norway
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83) $3.3 billion
Budget: (1984) expenditures, $24.8 billion;
revenues, $18.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 9.03 kroner=
US$1 (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning 1 Janu-
ary
Communications
Railroads: 2,770 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate
2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail
ferry services); 97 km electrified, 730 km
double tracked; 650 km of standard-gauge
lines are privately owned and operated
Highways: approximately 66,482 km total;
64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone
block; 1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, im-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 417 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 110 km; refined prod-
ucts, 418 km; natural gas, 549 km
Ports: 10 major, 50 minor
Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 131 total, 116 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 9 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent telephone,
telegraph, and broadcast services; 3.67 mil-
lion telephones (7 1.8 per 100 popl.); 2 AM,
46 FM, 34 TV stations; 13 submarine coaxial
cables; 7 satellite earth stations for domestic
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Danish Army, Royal Dan-
ish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,312,000;
1,105,000 fit for military service; 41,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $1.4 billion; 6.7% of central
government budget 00; 1,105,000 fit for mil-
itary service; 41,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $1.4 billion; 6.7% of central
government budget 00; 1,105,000 fit for mil-
itary service; 41,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $1.4 billion; 6.7% of central
government budget
Djibouti
Golte de Tadjoura
DJIBOUTI*
Set regional mip VII
Land
22,000 km2; about the size of New Hamp-
shire; 89% desert waste, 10% permanent
pasture, less than 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 517 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Government
Official name: Republic of Djibouti
National holiday: 27 June
Type: republic
Capital: Djibouti
Political subdivisions: 5 cercles (districts)
Legal system: based on French civil law
system, traditional practices, and Islamic
law; partial constitution ratified January
1981 by National Assembly
Branches: legislative — 65-member parlia-
ment (National Assembly), executive, judi-
ciary
Government leader: Hassan GOULED
Aptidon, President (since June 1977)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: parliament elected May 1982
Political party and leader: Peoples Progress
Assembly (RPP), Hassan Gouled Aptidon;
sole legal party
Coastline: 314 km (includes offshore islands) Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
People
Population: 304,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Djiboutian(s); adjec-
tive— Djiboutian
Ethnic divisions: 60% Somali (Issa); 35%
Afar, 5% French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Ital-
ian
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian
Language: French (official); Somali and Afar
widely used
Infant mortality rate: 140/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: 50
Literacy: 17%
Labor force: a small number of semiskilled
laborers at port
Organized labor: 3,000 railway workers or-
ganized
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, FAO,
G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC,
UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $369 million (1983); per capita income
$1,168(1983)
Natural resources: none
Agriculture: livestock; limited commercial
crops, including fruit and vegetables
Major industries: transit trade, port, rail-
way, services; live cattle and sheep exports to
Saudi Arabia; secondary services to French
military
Electric power: 80,100 kW capacity (1985);
140 million kWh produced (1985), 471 kWh
per capita
Exports: $88 million (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
hides and skins and transit of coffee; a large
portion consists of reexports to foreign resi-
dents of Djibouti
Imports: $200 million (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
almost all domestically needed goods —
foods, machinery, transport equipment
Budget: (1983) revenues, $118 million;
grants, $27 million; current expenditures,
$120 million; development expenditures,
$32 million; extrabudgetary expenditures,
$21 million
Monetary conversion rate: 177.67 Djibouti
francs=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Gommunications
Railroads: the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad
extends for 97 km through Djibouti
Highways: 2,800 km total; 279 km bitumi-
nous surface, 229 km improved earth, 2,292
km unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Djibouti)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 10 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of urban
facilities in Djibouti and radio-relay stations
at outlying places; 7,200 telephones (2.0 per
100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, 2 TV
stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite ground
station, 1 Arab satellite station, 1 submarine
cable to Saudi Arabia under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramili-
tary National Security Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
66,000; about 39,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $27.8 million; about 22% of
central government budget
66
Dominica
See regional map 111
Land
752.7 km2; about one-fourth the size of
Rhode Island; 67% forest; 24% arable; 2%
pasture; 7% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 148 km
People
Population: 74,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Dominican(s); adjec-
tive— Dominican
Ethnic divisions: mostly black; some Carib-
Indians
Religion: 80% Roman Catholic; Anglican,
Methodist
Language: English (official); French patois
widely spoken
Infant mortality rate: 24. 1/1,000 (1981)
Life expectancy: men 56.97, women 59. 18
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 25,000; 40% agriculture, 32%
industry and commerce, 28% services; 15-
20% unemployment (1984)
Organized labor: 25% of the labor force
Government
Official name: Commonwealth of Dominica
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth
Capital: Roseau
Political subdivisions: 21 districts
Legal system: based on English common
law; three local magistrate courts and the
British Caribbean Court of Appeals
Branches: legislative, 51-member bicameral
House of Assembly (1 ex-officio member, 9
appointed members, and 21 members popu-
larly elected members; executive, Cabinet
headed by Prime Minister; judicial,
magistrate's courts and regional court of
appeals
Government leader: (Mary) Eugenia
CHARLES, Prime Minister (since July
1980); Sir Clarence SEIGNORET, President
(since December 1983)
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage at age 18
Elections: every five years; last held 2 July
1985
Political parties and leaders: Labor Party of
Dominica (LPD, a leftist front group),
Michael Douglas; Dominica Freedom Party
(DFP), (Mary) Eugenia Charles
Voting strength: (1985 election) House of
Assembly seats— DFP 15, LPD 5, inde-
pendent 1
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Domin-
ica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small
leftist group
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, GATT (de facto), G-77, IBRD, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
CNP: $85.4 million (prelim.), $1,034 per
capita; 1984 real growth rate 4.3% (1984)
Natural resources: timber
Agriculture: bananas, citrus, coconuts, co-
coa, essential oils
Major industries: agricultural processing,
tourism, soap and other coconut-based prod-
ucts, cigars
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1985);
16 million kWh produced (1985), 216 kWh
per capita
Exports: $25.6 million (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
bananas, coconuts, lime juice and oil, cocoa,
reexports
Imports: $55.8 million (c.i.f., 1984 prelim.);
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, man-
ufactured articles, cement
Major trade partners: (1984) exports — 46%
UK, 16% Jamaica, 15% Trinidad and To-
bago, 2% US, 0.3% other EC; imports— 27%
US, 13% UK, 8% Trinidad and Tobago, 6%
other EC
Aid: economic — bilateral ODA and OOF
(1970-80), from Western (non-US) countries,
$22.6 million; no military aid
Budget: revenues, $33.4 million; expendi-
tures, $38.5 million (FY84)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars= US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380
km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Roseau), 1 minor
(Portsmouth)
Civil air: unknown number of major trans-
port aircraft
67
Dominica (continued)
Dominican Republic
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 4,600 telephones in
fully automatic network (5.6 per 100 popl.);
VHF and UHF link to St. Lucia; new SHF
links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; 3 AM
stations, 1 FM station, 1 cable TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Commonwealth of Dominica Po-
lice Force
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
1986, $2.9 million; 4.6% of the central gov-
ernment budget
100km
North Atlantic Ocean
Bahta de Samana
Caribbean Sea
See regional map III
Land
48,734 km2; the size of New Hampshire and
Vermont combined; 45% forest, 20% built
on or waste, 17% meadow and pasture, 14%
cultivated, 4% fallow
Land boundaries: 361 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,288 km
People
Population: 6,785,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Dominican(s); adjec-
tive— Dominican
Ethnic divisions: 73% mixed, 16% white,
11% black
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 63/ 1 ,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 60
Literacy: 68%
Labor force: 1.7 million (1984); 45% agricul-
ture, 34% industry, 16% services, 3% other
Organized labor: 150,000(1984); 12% of
labor force
Government
Official name: Dominican Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Santo Domingo
Political subdivisions: 26 provinces and the
National District
Legal system: based on French civil codes;
1966 constitution
National holiday: Independence Day, 27
February
Branches: President popularly elected for a
four-year term; bicameral legislature (Na-
tional Congress — 27-seat Senate and 120-
seat Chamber of Deputies elected for four-
year terms); Supreme Court
Government leader: Salvador JORGE
Blanco, President (since May 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over
age 18 or married, except members of the
armed forces and police, who cannot vote
Elections: last national election May 1982;
next election May 1986
Political parties and leaders: Dominican
Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jacobo Majluta
and Jose Francisco Pena Gomez; Reformist
Social Christian Party (PRSC), Joaquin
Balaguer (formed in 1984 by merger of Re-
formist Party and Revolutionary Social
Christian Party); Dominican Liberation
Party (PLD), Juan Bosch; Democratic
Quisqueyan Party (POD), Elias Wessin y
Wessin; Antireelection Movement of Demo-
cratic Integration (MIDA), Francisco
Augusto Lora; National Civic Union (UCN),
Guillermo Delmonte Urraca; Dominican
Communist Party (PCD), Narciso Isa Conde,
Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union (UFA), Ivan
Rodriguez; in 1983 several leftist parties,
including the Communists, joined to form
the Dominican Leftist Front (FID); how-
ever, they still retain individual party struc-
tures
. 68
Ecuador
Voting strength: (1982 election) 74% voter
turnout; 46.76% PRO, 39.14% PR, 9.69%
PLD; 4.41% minor parties
Communists: an estimated 8,000 to 10,000
members in several legal and illegal factions;
effectiveness limited by ideological differ-
ences and organizational inadequacies
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $11.0 billion (1984 prelim.), $1,090
per capita; real GDP growth 1.0% (1984)
Natural resources: nickel, bauxite, gold,
silver
Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, coffee,
cocoa, tobacco, rice, corn
Major industries: tourism, sugar processing,
nickel mining, gold mining, textiles, cement
Electric power: 1,439,000 kW capacity
(1985); 3.286 billion kWh produced (1985),
497 kWh per capita
Exports: $866 million (f.o.b., 1984); sugar,
nickel, coffee, tobacco, cocoa, gold, silver
Imports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); food-
stuffs, petroleum, industrial raw materials,
capital equipment
Major trade partners: exports — 77% US,
including Puerto Rico (1984 prelim.); im-
ports— 45% US, including Puerto Rico
(1980)
Aid: economic — US economic
commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84),
from US, $598 million; ODA and OOF from
other Western countries (1970-83), $289 mil-
lion; military authorized from US (1970-84),
$40 million
Budget: revenues, $1.2 billion; expenditures,
$1.3 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 3 pesos=US$l
(September 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 375 km total of 1.435-meter
gauge, privately owned
Highways: 12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved,
5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600
km unimproved
Pipelines: crude oil, 96 km; refined prod-
ucts, 8 km
Ports: 4 major (Santo Domingo, Haina, San
Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata), 17 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 47 total, 34 usable; 14 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: relatively efficient
domestic system based on islandwide radio-
relay network; 190,000 telephones (3 per 100
popl.); 126 AM, 18 TV stations; 1 coaxial
submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,686,000;
1,112,000 fit for military service; 84,000
reach military age (18) annually
Setrtfionil mipIV
Galapagos Islands
Land
283,561 km2 (including Galapagos Islands);
the size of Colorado; 55% forest; 11% culti-
vated; 8% meadow and pasture; 26% waste,
urban, or other (excludes the Oriente and
the Galapagos Islands, for which informa-
tion is not available)
Land boundaries: 1,931 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 2,237 km (includes Galapagos
Islands)
People
Population: 9,647,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Ecuadorean(s); adjec-
tive— Ecuadorean
Ethnic divisions: 55% mestizo (mixed Indian
and Spanish), 25% Indian, 10% Spanish, 10%
black
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority
nonpracticing)
Language: Spanish (official); Indian lan-
guages, especially Quechua
Infant mortality rate: 76.3/1,000(1978)
Life expectancy: 62
69
Ecuador (continued)
Literacy: 84%
Labor force: (1983) 2.8 million; 52% agricul-
ture, 13% manufacturing, 7% commerce, 4%
construction, 4% public administration, 16%
other services and activities
Organized labor: less than 15% of labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of Ecuador
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
August
Type: republic
Capital: Quito
Political subdivisions: 20 provinces includ-
ing Galapagos Islands
Legal system: based on civil law system;
progressive new constitution passed in Janu-
ary 1978 referendum; came into effect fol-
lowing the installation of a new civilian gov-
ernment in August 1979; legal education at
four state and two private universities; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive; unicameral legislature
(Chamber of Representatives); independent
judiciary
Government leader: Leon FEBRES-
CORDERO Ribadeneyra, President (since
August 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory
for literates
Elections: parliamentary and presidential
elections held January 1984; second-stage
presidential election held May 1984; govern-
ment and legislature took office in August
1984; an amendment to the constitution in
August 1983 changed the term of office for
the president from 5 to 4 years; the 59 depu-
ties elected by the provinces serve for 2
years; the 12 at-large deputies serve for 4
years; next presidential election scheduled
for 1988
Political parties and leaders: Social Chris-
tian Party (PSC, the party of President Leon
Febres-Cordero), center-right; Popular De-
mocracy (DP), Osvaldo Hurtado; Christian
Democratic, Julio Cesar Trujillo; Demo-
cratic Left (ID), Xavier Ledesma; Social
Democratic, Rodrigo Borja; Radical Alfarist
Front (FRA), Cecilia Calderon de Castro,
populist; Democratic Party (PD), Francisco
Huerta, center-left; Radical Liberal Party,
Eudoro Loor Rivadeneira, center- right;
Conservative Party, Jose Teran, center-
right; Concentration of Popular Forces
(CFP), Averroes Bucaram, populist; People,
Change, and Democracy (PCD), Aquiles
Rigail Santistevan, center-left; Democratic
Popular Movement (MPD), Jaime Hurtado,
Communist; Revolutionary Nationalist
Party (PNR), Carlos Julio Arosemena,
center-right; Broad Leftist Front (FADI),
Rene Mauge, pro-Moscow Communist
Voting strength: results of May 1984 presi-
dential runoff election — Leon Febres-
Cordero of the Social Christian Party, who
headed the coalition National Reconstruc-
tion Front, 52.2%; Rodrigo Borja of the
Democratic Left, 47.8%
Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador
(PCE, pro-Moscow, Rene Mauge — secretary
general), 6,000 members; Communist Party
of Ecuador/Marxist Leninist (PCMLE, in-
dependent), 6,000 members; Revolutionary
Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE, pro-
Cuba), 100 members plus an estimated 5,000
sympathizers
Member of: Andean Pact, ECOSOC, FAO,
G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IDE — Inter-American Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA,
NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $9.9 billion (1984), $1,165 per capita;
60% private consumption, 21% gross invest-
ment, 12% public consumption, 7% foreign
(1984); average annual growth rate 2.7%
(1978-84)
Natural resources: petroleum, fish, timber
70
Agriculture: main crops — bananas, coffee,
cocoa, sugarcane, corn, potatoes, rice; an
illegal producer of coca for the international
drug trade
Fishing: catch 307,300 metric tons (1983);
exports $219.3 million (1984), imports negli-
gible
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
chemicals, fishing, petroleum
Electric power: 1,700,000 kW capacity
(1985); 3.575 billion kWh produced (1985),
380 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum, fish products, coffee, bananas, cocoa
Imports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); agricul-
tural and industrial machinery, industrial
raw materials, building supplies, chemical
products, transportation and communica-
tion equipment
Major trade partners: exports (1984) — 64%
US, 13% Latin America and Caribbean, 3%
EC, 1% Japan; imports (1984)— 36% US,
22% Latin America and Caribbean, 21% EC,
7% Japan (1984)
Aid: economic — Western (non-US) ODA
and OOF commitments (1970-83), $589 mil-
lion; US economic (FY70-84), $279; Com-
munist countries (1970-84), $51 million; mil-
itary—US (FY70-84) $64 million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $1,088 million;
expenditures, $1,140 million
Monetary conversion rate: 110 sucres=
US$1 (31 January 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 965 km total; all 1.067-meter
gauge single track
Highways: 28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved,
17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000
km unimproved earth
Egypt
Inland waterways: 1,500 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,358 km
Ports: 4 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto
Bolivar, Esmeraldas), 6 minor
Civil air: 44 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 177 total, 174 usable; 29 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities
generally adequate; 1 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite station; 318,000 telephones (3.9 per 100
popl.); 285 AM, 24 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Ecuadorean Army, Ecuadorean
Air Force, Ecuadorean Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,203,000;
1,497,000 fit for military service; 101,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: estimated for the fiscal
year ending 31 December 1986, $345 mil-
lion; about 10.9% of the central government
budget
Mediterranean Sea
See regional map VI and VII
Land
1,001,449 km2; the size of Texas and Oregon
combined; 96.5% desert, waste, or urban;
2.8% cultivated (of which about 70% is mul-
tiple crop); 0.7% inland water
Land boundaries: approximately 2,580 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 2,450 km (1967)
People
Population: 50,525,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Egyptian(s); adjective —
Egyptian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic
stock; 10% Greek, Italian, Syro- Lebanese
Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim
(mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and
other
Language: Arabic (official); English and
French widely understood by educated
classes
Infant mortality rate: 69/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 57
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 12.5 million (official estimate);
40-45% agriculture, 36% government (local
and national), public sector enterprises, and
armed forces; 20% privately owned service
and manufacturing enterprises; shortage of
skilled labor; unemployment about 7%; esti-
mated 2.5 million Egyptians work abroad,
mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states
Organized labor: about 2.5 million
Government
Official name: Arab Republic of Egypt
Type: republic
Capital: Cairo
Political subdivisions: 26 governorates
Legal system: based on English common
law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; per-
manent constitution written in 1971; judicial
review of limited nature in Supreme Court,
also in Council of State, which oversees va-
lidity of administrative decisions; legal edu-
cation at Cairo University; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 23 July
Branches: executive power vested in Presi-
dent, who appoints Cabinet; People's Assem-
bly is principal legislative body, with Shura
Council having consultative role; inde-
pendent judiciary administered by Minister
of Justice
Government leaders: Mohammed Hosni
MUBARAK, President (since 1981); 'Ali
Lotfy Mahmoud LOTFY, Prime Minister
(since September 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: regular elections to People's As-
sembly every five years (most recent May
1984); two-thirds of Shura Council is elected
for six-year term (first elections were in Sep-
tember 1980) with remaining members ap-
pointed by President; presidential election
every six years; last held October 1981
71
Egypt (continued)
Political parties and leaders: formation of
political parties must be approved by gov-
ernment; National Democratic Party, led by
Mubarak, is the dominant party; legal oppo-
sition parties are Socialist Liberal Party,
Kamal Murad; Socialist Labor Party,
Ibrahim Shukri; National Progressive
Unionist Grouping, Khalid Muhyi-al-Din;
Umma Party, Ahmad al-Sabahi; and New
Wafd Party, Fu'ad Siraj al-Din
Communists.- approximately 500 party
members
Other political or pressure groups: Islamic
groups are illegal, but the largest one, the
Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the gov-
ernment; trade unions and professional asso-
ciations are officially sanctioned
Member of: AAPSO, Af DB, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IDB— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WPG, WSG, WTO; Egypt
suspended from Arab League and OAPEC
in April 1979
Economy
GNP: $39.7 billion (1984; based on flexible
bank exchange rate of 1.23 Egyptian
pounds=US$l), $466 per capita; 5% real
growth (1984)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone,
gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc
Agriculture: main cash crop — cotton; other
crops— rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit,
wheat, corn, barley; not self-sufficient in
food
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement
Electric power: 6,836,000 kW capacity
(1984); 35.931 billion kWh produced (1984),
730 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1985 est); crude
petroleum, raw cotton, cotton yarn and fab-
ric
Imports: $10. 1 billion (c.i.f ., 1985 est.); food-
stuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers,
woods
Major trade partners: US, EC countries
Monetary conversion rate: official rate 0.70
Egyptian pound=US$l; flexible "bank" rate
2.35 Egyptian pounds=US$l; parallel or
"own" exchange market rate 1.80 Egyptian
pounds=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: July through June
Communications
Railroads: 4,857 km total; 951 km double
track; 25 km electrified; 4,510 km 1,435-
meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter
gauge
Highways: 28,500 km total; 15,000 km sur-
faced, 13,500 km unsurfaced
Inland waterways: 3,360 km (including the
Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo
Waterway, the Ismailia Canal, and numer-
ous smaller canals in the Delta); Suez Canal,
195 km long, used by oceangoing vessels
drawing up to 16.1 meters of water
Freight carried: Suez Canal (1984) 260 mil-
lion metric tons, of which 98 million metric
tons were petroleums, oils, and lubricants
Pipelines: crude oil, 930 km; refined prod-
ucts, 596 km; natural gas, 460 km
Ports: 4 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez,
Bur SafSjah); 15 minor; 8 petroleum, oil, and
lubricant terminals
Civil air: 43 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 97 total, 80 usable; 64 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 44 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: system is large but
still inadequate for needs; principal centers
are Alexandria, Cairo, Al Man;flrah,
Ismailia, and TantS; intercity connections by
coaxial cable and microwave; extensive up-
grading in progress; est. 600,000 telephones
(1.3 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 5 FM, 47 TV sta-
tions; 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station; 3 submarine coaxial cables;
tropospheric scatter to Sudan; radio-relay to
Libya
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De-
fense Command
Military manpower: males 15-49,
12,588,000; 8,209,000 fit for military service;
about 518,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Military budget: operating expenditures for
fiscal year ending 30 June 1985, $3 4 billion;
13% of central government budget
72
El Salvador
Boundary representation i
not necessarily author«taii'
North Pacific Ocean
See refionil map 111
Land
21,041 km2; the size of Massachusetts; 32%
crop (9% corn, 7% coffee, 5% cotton, 1 1 %
other), 31% nonagricultural, 26% meadow
and pasture, 11% forest
Land boundaries: 515 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (overflight and navigation permitted
beyond 12 nautical miles)
Coastline: 307 km
People
Population: 5, 105,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Salvadoran(s); adjec-
tive— Salvadoran
Ethnic divisions: 89% mestizo, 10% Indian,
1% white
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
(probably 97-98%), with activity by Protes-
tant groups throughout the country
Language: Spanish, Nahua (among some
Indians)
Infant mortality rate: 41/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: men 62.6, women 66.3
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 1.7 million (est. 1982); 40% agri-
culture, 16% manufacturing, 16%
commerce, 13% government, 9% financial
services, 6% transportation (1984 est.); short-
age of skilled labor and large pool of
unskilled labor, but manpower training pro-
grams improving situation; significant un-
employment and underemployment
Organized labor: 8% total labor force; 10%
agricultural labor force; 7% urban labor
force (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of El Salvador
Type: republic
Capital: San Salvador
Political subdivisions: 14 departments
Legal system: based on Spanish law, with
traces of common law; new constitution en-
acted in December 1983; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal
education at University of El Salvador; ac-
cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with res-
ervations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: Legislative Assembly (60 seats),
Executive, Supreme Court
Government leaders: Jose Napoleon
DUARTE, President (since June 1984);
Rodolfo CASTILLO Claramount, Vice
President (since June 1984); Abraham
RODRIGUEZ, First Presidential Designate
(since September 1984); Rene FORTIN,
Magana, Second Presidential Designate
(since September 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Legislative Assembly (formerly
Constituent Assembly), 28 March 1982; pres-
idential election, 25 March 1984; presiden-
tial runoff election, 6 May 1984 (next sched-
uled for 1989); Legislative Assembly elec-
tion, 31 March 1985
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Party (PDC), Jose Antonio
Morales Erlich; National Conciliation Party
(PCN), Hugo Carrillo; Democratic Action
(AD), Ricardo Gonzalez Camacho; Salva-
doran Popular Party (PPS), Francisco
Quinonez; National Republican Alliance
(ARENA), Alfredo Cristiani; Salvadoran
Authentic Institutional Party (PAISA),
Roberto Escobar Garcia; Social Democratic
Party (PSD), Mario Rene Roldan; Patria
Libre, Hugo Barrera
Voting strength: Legislative Assembly —
PDC, 33 seats; ARENA, 13 seats; PAISA, 1
seat; PCN, 12 seats; Independent, 1 seat
Other political or pressure groups: leftist
revolutionary movement — Unified Revolu-
tionary Directorate (DRU) and Farabundo
Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN),
leadership bodies of the insurgency; Popular
Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of
National Resistance (FARN), People's Revo-
lutionary Army (ERP), Salvadoran Commu-
nist Party/Armed Forces of Liberation
(PCES/FAL), and Central American
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/
Popular Liberation Revolutionary Armed
Forces (FARLP); militant front organiza-
tions— Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses
(CRM; alliance of front groups), Popular
Revolutionary Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular
Action Front (FAPU), Popular Leagues of 28
February (LP-28), National Democratic
Union (UDN), and Popular Liberation
Movement (MLP); Revolutionary Demo-
cratic Front (FDR), coalition of CRM and
Democratic Front (FD), controlled by DRU;
FD consists of moderate leftist groups —
Independent Movement of Professionals and
Technicians of El Salvador (MIPTES), Na-
tional Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and
Popular Social Christian Movement (MPSC);
extreme rightist vigilante organizations or
death squads — Secret Anti-Communist
Army (ESA); Maximiliano Hernandez Bri-
gade; Organization for Liberation From
Communism (OLC)
Labor organizations: Federation of Con-
struction and Transport Workers Unions
(FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salva-
doran Communal Union (UCS), peasant as-
sociation; Unitary Federation of Salvadoran
73
El Salvador (continued)
Equatorial Guinea
Unions (FUSS), leftist; National Federation
of Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), left-
ist; Democratic Workers Central (CTD),
moderate; General Confederation of Work-
ers (CGT), moderate; Popular Democratic
Unity (UPD), moderate labor coalition
which includes FESINCONSTRANS, and
other democratic labor organizations
Business organizations: National Associa-
tion of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conserva-
tive; Productive Alliance (AP), conservative;
National Federation of Salvadoran Small
Businessmen (FEN APES), conservative
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.36 billion (1985 est), $880 per cap-
ita
Natural resources: hydroelectric and geo-
thermal power
Agriculture: main crops — coffee, cotton,
corn, sugar, beans, rice, sorghum, wheat
Fishing: catch 10,500 metric tons (1984 pre-
lim.)
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
clothing, petroleum products
Electric power: 700,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.5 billion kWh produced (1985), 300 kWh
per capita
Exports: $760.8 million (f.o.b., 1984); coffee,
cotton, sugar, shrimp
Imports: $892 million (c.i.f., 1983); machin-
ery, intermediate goods, petroleum, con-
struction materials, fertilizers, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 33% US,
15% FRG, 12% Guatemala; imports— 39%
US, 18% Guatemala, 9% Mexico
Aid: economic — authorized from US, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-84), $907 million;
ODA and OOF commitments by other
Western countries (1970-83), $138 million;
military— from US(FY70-84), $412 million
Budget: (1983) government revenues, $502
million; expenditures, $582 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 colones=
US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved,
4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lempa River partially
navigable
Ports: 2 major (Acajutla, La Union), 1 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 166 total, 138 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide trunk
radio-relay system; connection into Central
American microwave net; 116,000
telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 75 AM, 5 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Guard, National Police, Treasury Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,162,000;
738,000 fit for military service; 60,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, $153.6 million;
about 28.3% of the central government bud-
get
ALABO
Bioko
Gulf of Guinea
Island not
shown in true
geographical
position.
,
Annobon
Sec refionil mtp VII
Bat.
FtIO MUNI
Acalayong
Land
28,051 km2; the size of Maryland; Rio Muni,
about 25,900 km2, largely forest; Bioko (for-
merly known as Fernando Po), about 2,072
km
Land boundaries: 539 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
Coastline: 296 km
People
Population: 359,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.6% Rio Muni —
269,546 (July 1986), average annual growth
rate 2.6%; Bioko— 89,849 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Equatorial Guinean(s);
adjective — Equatorial Guinean
Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of
Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; of
Rio Muni, primarily Fang; less than 1,000
Europeans, primarily Spanish
Religion: natives all nominally Christian
and predominantly Roman Catholic; some
pagan practices retained
Language: Spanish (official), pidgin English,
Fang
Infant mortality rate: 142.9/1,000(1984)
74
Life expectancy: men 44.4, women 47.6
Literacy: 55%
Labor force: most involved in subsistence
agriculture; labor shortages on plantations
Government
Official name: Republic of Equatorial
Guinea
Type: republic
Capital: Malabo
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces with ap-
pointed governors
Legal system: in transition; constitution ap-
proved 15 August 1982 by popular referen-
dum; in part based on Spanish civil law and
custom
National holiday: 12 October
Branches: constitution provides for presi-
dent with broad powers, prime minister,
unicameral legislature (Chamber of Repre-
sentatives of the People), and free judiciary
Government leader: Col. Teodoro OBIANG
NGUEMA MBASOGO, President (since
August 1979)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: parliamentary elections held Oc-
tober 1983
Political parties and leaders: political par-
ties suspended; before coup of 3 August
1979, National Unity Party of Workers
(PUNT) was the sole legal party
Communists: no significant number of
Communists but some sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, Conference of East and
Central African States, EGA, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GNP: $75 million (1983); $420 per capita;
economy destroyed during regime of former
President Masie Nguema
Natural resources: timber, petroleum min-
erals, agriculture
Agriculture: major cash crops — Rio Muni,
timber, coffee; Bioko, cocoa; main food
products — rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil
palm nuts, manioc, livestock
Major industries: fishing, sawmilling
Electric power: (including Rio Muni and
Fernando Po) 10,000 kW capacity (1985); 17
million kWh produced (1985), 50 kWh per
capita
Exports: $16.9 million (1982 est.); cocoa,
coffee, wood
Imports: $41.5 million (1982 est.); foodstuffs,
chemicals and chemical products, textiles
Major trade partner: Spain
Budget: (1976) receipts, $2.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: ekuele replaced
by Communaute Financiere Africaine
(CFA) franc in 1985; 475 CFA francs=US$l
(1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: Rio Muni — 2,460 km, including
approx. 185 km bituminous, remainder
gravel and earth; Bioko — 300 km, including
146 km bituminous, remainder gravel and
earth
Inland waterways: no significant waterways
Ports: 1 major (Malabo), 3 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor system with ad-
equate government services; international
communications from Bata and Malabo to
African and European countries; 2,000 tele-
phones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, no
FM stations, 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, and possibly Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 79,000;
39,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1981, $6.2 million; 21% of central
government budget
75
Ethiopia
Set regional mip VII
Land
1,221,900 km2; four-fifths the size of Alaska;
55% meadow and natural pasture; 10% crop
and orchard; 6% forest and wood; 29%
wasteland, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 5,198 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: 1,094 km (includes offshore is-
lands)
People
Population: 43,882,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.8%
Nationality: noun — Ethiopian(s); adjec-
tive— Ethiopian
Ethnic divisions: 40% Oromo, 32% Amhara
and Tigrean, 9% Sidamo, 6% Shankella, 6%
Somali, 4% Afar, 2% Gurage, 1% other
Religion: 40-45% Muslim, 35-40% Ethiopian
Orthodox, 15-20% animist, 5% other
Language: Amharic (official), Tigrinya,
Orominga, Arabic, English (major foreign
language taught in schools)
Infant mortality rate: 145/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 38
Literacy: about 35%
Labor force: 90% agriculture and animal
husbandry; 10% government, military, and
quasi-government
Organized labor: All Ethiopian Trade Union
formed by the government in January 1977
to represent 273,000 registered trade union
members
Government
Official name: Socialist Ethiopia
Type: under military rule since September
1974; monarchy abolished in March 1975,
but republic not yet declared
Capital: Addis Ababa
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces (also
referred to as regional administrations)
Legal system: complex structure with civil,
Islamic, common, and customary law influ-
ences; constitution suspended September
1974; military leaders have promised a new
constitution by September 1986; legal edu-
cation at Addis Ababa University; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Popular Revolution Com-
memoration Day, 12 September
Branches: executive power exercised by the
Provisional Military Administrative Council
(PMAC), dominated by its chairman and
small circle of associates; predominantly
civilian Cabinet holds office at sufferance of
military; legislature dissolved September
1974; judiciary at higher levels based on
Western pattern, at lower levels on tradi-
tional pattern, without jury system in either
Government leader: Lt. Col. MENGISTU
Haile-Mariam, Chairman of the Provisional
Military Administrative Council (since Feb-
ruary 1977)
Suffrage: none
Elections: none (January 1985)
Political parties and leaders: Ethiopian
Workers Party (WPE) founded in Septem-
ber 1984; headed by Mengistu Haile-
Mariam
Communists: government is officially
Marxist-Leninist
Other political or pressure groups: impor-
tant dissident groups include Eritrean Liber-
ation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's Libera-
tion Front (EPLF), and Eritrean Liberation
Front/Popular Liberation Forces in Eritrea;
Tigrean People's Liberation Front (TPLF) in
Tigray and Welo Provinces; Western Somali
Liberation Front (WSLF) in the Ogaden
region
Member of: AfDB, EGA, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICO, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $5.0 billion (1983/84 est), $120 per
capita; real growth rate 3.7% (1983/84)
Natural resources: potash, salt, gold, copper,
platinum
Agriculture: main crop — coffee; also cereals,
pulses, oilseeds, meat, hides and skins
Major industries: cement, sugar refining,
cotton textiles, food processing, oil refinery
Electric power: 324,000 kW capacity (1985);
709 million kWh produced (1985), 16 kWh
per capita
Exports: $403 million (f.o.b., 1983/84 est.);
61% coffee, 10% hides and skins
Imports: $906 million (c.i.f., 1983/84)
Major trade partners: exports — US, FRG,
Djibouti, Japan, Saudi Arabia, France, Italy;
imports— USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan, UK, US
Budget: revenues and cash grants, $1.1 bil-
lion; current expenditures, $1.0 billion; de-
velopment expenditures, $467 million
(1983/84)
76
Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas)
Externaldebt: $1.0billion, 1981/82; debt
service payment, $1.3 billion outstanding
(1983/84); 11.0% of exports of goods and
nonf actor services (1982/83)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.07 Ethiopian
birr=US$l (31 October 1983)
Fiscal year: 8 July-7 July
Communications
Railroads: 1,089 km total; 782 km 1.000-
meter gauge, of which 97 km are in Djibouti;
307 km 0.950-meter gauge
Highways: 44,300 km total; 3,888 km bitu-
minous, 8,344 km gravel, 2,456 km
improved earth, 29,612 km unimproved
earth
Ports: 2 major (Aseb, Mits'iwa)
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 167 total, 132 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 9 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 49 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De-
fense; paramilitary Emergency Strike Force
Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,941,000;
5,340,000 fit for military service; 507,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 7 July
1984, $420.1 million; 25.1% of central gov-
ernment budget
Soulli Sandwicli Islands
Sovit'i Georgia Sl>ag and
Clerke Rocks are not show
50km
South At/antic Ocean
West
Falkland
Administered by U K .
claimed by Argentina
Scotia Sea
See region*! map IV
NOTE: The possession of the Falkland Is-
lands has been disputed by the UK and
Argentina (which refers to them as the Islas
Malvinas) since 1833.
Land
Colony — 16,654 km2; about the size of Con-
necticut; area consists of some 200 small is-
lands and two principal islands, East
Falkland (6,680 km2) and West Falkland
(5,276 km2); dependencies — South Sandwich
Islands, South Georgia, and the Shag and
Clerke Rocks
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 1,288 km
People
Population: 2,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 0%
Nationality: noun — Falkland Islander(s);
adjective — Falkland Island
Ethnic divisions: almost totally British
Religion: predominantly Anglican
Language: English
Literacy: compulsory education up to age 14
Labor force: l,100(est.);est. over 95% in
agriculture, mostly sheepherding
Government
Official name: Colony of the Falkland Is-
lands
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Stanley
Political subdivisions: Falkland, South
Georgia, and South Sandwich Islands (the
latter two are administered from Stanley)
Legal system: English common law
Branches: under the 1985 Constitution an
Executive Council was established; it con-
sists of three elected members from the 8-
member popularly elected Legislative
Counil
Government leaders: Gordon W. JEWKES,
Governor (since 1985); Air Vice Marchall R.
J. KEMBALL, Commander of the British
Armed Forces (since 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Economy
Agriculture: predominantly sheep farming
Major industry: wool processing
Electric power: 1,250 kW capacity (1985);
2.2 million kWh produced (1985), 1,100
kWh per capita
Exports: to UK, $5.2 million (1982); wool,
hides and skins, and other
Imports: from UK, $8.2 million (1982); food,
clothing, fuels, and machinery
Major trade partners: exports — nearly all to
the UK, some to the Netherlands and to Ja-
pan; imports — Curacao, Japan, and UK
Aid: economic commitments — (1970-79)
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF,
$24 million
Budget: revenues, $5 million (1982); ex-
penditures, $4.8 million (1982)
77
Falkland Islands (continued)
Faroe Islands
Monetary conversion rate: .833 Falkland
Island pound=.833 pound sterling=US$l
(December 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80
km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Port Stanley), 4 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable, 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways
1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: government-
operated radiotelephone networks providing
effective service to almost all points on both
islands; approximately 590 telephones (est.
24.2 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station, 1 FM sta-
tion, 1 Atlantic satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Atlantic
1
Ocean
r> -
\ ^Sudhuroy
See regional m«p V
_|
Land
1,340 km2; slightly larger than Rhode Island;
less than 5% arable, of which only a fraction
is cultivated; archipelago consisting of 18
inhabited islands and a few uninhabited
islets
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 764 km
People
Population: 46,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun — Faroese(sing., pi.); ad-
jective— Faroese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white popu-
lation
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Faroese (derived from Old
Norse), Danish
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 17,585; largely engaged in
fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and
commerce
Government
Official name: Faroe Islands
Type: self-governing province within the
Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives in
Danish parliament
Capital: Torshavn on the island of Streymoy
Political subdivisions: 1 districts, 49 com-
munes, 1 town
Legal system: based on Danish law; Home
Rule Act enacted 1948
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown, acting through appointed High
Commissioner, and 32-member provincial
parliament (Lagting) in matters of strictly
Faroese concern; executive power vested in
Crown, acting through High Commissioner,
but exercised by provincial cabinet responsi-
ble to provincial parliament
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen (since January 1972); Atli DAM,
Lagmand, Prime Minister (since December
1984); Niels BENTSEN, Danish Governor
(since 1981)
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory,
over age 21
Elections: held every four years; most re-
cent, 8 November 1984
Political parties and leaders: four-party
ruling coalition — Social Democratic, Atli
Dam; Republican, Erlendur Patursson;
Home Rule, Tobjorn Poulsen; Peoples,
Jogvan Sundstein
Voting strength: (January 1985) four-party
coalition — 17 of 32 seats
Communists: insignificant number
Member of: Nordic Council
Economy
GDP: $369.3 million (1980), about $8,800
per capita
Natural resources: fish
Agriculture: sheep and cattle grazing
78
Fiji
Fishing: catch 329,900 metric tons (1983);
exports, $162.3 million (1980)
Major industry: fishing
Electric power: 67,000 kW capacity (1985);
215 million kWh produced (1985), 4,780
kWh per capita
Exports: $178.7 million (f.o.b., 1980); mostly
fish and fish products
Imports: $222.1 million (c.i.f., 1980); ma-
chinery and transport equipment, petro-
leum and petroleum products, food products
Major trade partners: exports 21.3% Den-
mark, 13.4% UK, 12.4% FRG, 11.7% US
(1980)
Budget: (FY81) expenditures, $98.8 million,
revenues, $98.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 10.80 Danish
kroner=US$l (November 1984 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 200 km
Ports: 2 major, 8 minor
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
communications; fair domestic facilities;
20,400 telephones (46.3 per 100 popl.); 1
AM, 3 FM stations; 3 coaxial submarine
cables
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Denmark
Military manpower: males 15-49 included
with Denmark
South Pacific Ocean
Vanua Levu
f'Taveuni
Viti Levu
Ceva-i-Ra
Set regional map X
200km
Land
18,376 km2; the size of Massachusetts; con-
sists of more than 300 islands and many
more coral atolls and cays; the larger
islands — Vanua Levu, Viti Levu, Taveuni,
and Kandavu — are mountainous and volca-
nic in origin, with peaks rising over 1,210
meters; land ownership — 83.6% Fijians,
7.2% European, 6.4% government, 1.7%
Indians, 1.1% other; about 30% of land area
is suitable for farming
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone); mari-
time limits measured from claimed "archi-
pelagic baselines," which generally connect
the outermost points of outer islands or dry-
ing reefs
Coastline: 1,129 km
People
Population: 715,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Fijian(s); adjective —
Fijian
Ethnic divisions: 50% Indian, 45% Fijian;
5% European, other Pacific Islanders, over-
seas Chinese, and others
Religion: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indi-
ans are Hindu with a Muslim minority
Language: English (official); Fijian and
Hindustani spoken among Indians
Infant mortality rate: 29/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 72
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 176,000(1979); 40% of total
work force paid employees; remainder in-
volved in subsistence agriculture; 43.4% ag-
riculture, 15.6% industry
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force
organized into about 60 unions; unions orga-
nized along lines of work and ethnic origin
Government
Official name: Fiji
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth; Elizabeth II recog-
nized as chief of state
Capital: Suva, located on the south coast of
the island of Viti Levu
Political subdivisions: 4 divisions
Legal system: based on British system
National holiday: Fiji Day, 10 October
Branches: executive — Prime Minister and
Cabinet; legislative — 52-member House of
Representatives; 22-member appointed Sen-
ate; judicial — Supreme Court, Court of Ap-
peal, Magistrate's Courts
Government leader: Ratu Sir Kamisese
MARA, Prime Minister (since 1966 [as Chief
Minister during preindependence days] )
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years unless House dis-
solves earlier; last held July 1982
Political parties: Alliance, primarily Fijian,
headed by Ratu Mara; National Federation,
primarily Indian, headed by Siddiq Koya;
Western United Front, Fijian, Ratu Osea
Gauidi; Fiji Labor Party (founded in mid-
1985), headed by Dr. Timoci Bavadra
79
Fiji (continued)
Finland
Voting strength: (July 1982) House of Rep-
resentatives— (Alliance Party 28 seats; Na-
tional Federation Party/Western United
Front coalition 24 seats
Communists: some
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth, EC (associate), ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
GATT(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, SPF, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP.- $1.32 billion (1984), $1,850 per capita;
annual growth rate, -3.6% (1984)
Natural resources: timber, fish, gold, copper
Agriculture: main crops — sugar, copra, gin-
ger, rice; major deficiency, grains
Major industries: sugar refining, tourism,
gold, lumber, small industries
Electric power: 213,000 kW capacity (1985);
220 million kWh produced (1985), 314 kWh
per capita
Exports: $236 million (f.o.b., 1984); 70%
sugar; also copra
Imports: $472 million (c.i.f., 1984); 24%
manufactured goods, 20.0% machinery,
16.3% foodstuffs, 16% fuels
Major trade partners: Australia, New
Zealand, Japan, UK, Singapore, US
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries (1980-82), $438 million
Budget: (1984 est.) revenues, $304 million;
expenditures, $376 million
Monetary conversion rate: .9022 Fiji
dollar=US$l (30 November 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 644 km 0.610- meter narrow
gauge; owned by Fiji Sugar Corp., Ltd.
Highways: 2,960 km total (1981); 390 km
paved, 2,150 km gravel, crushed stone, or
stabilized soil surface; 420 unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km naviga-
ble by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton
barges
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 1 DC-3and 1 light aircraft
Airfields: 27 total, 26 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern local, inter-
island, and international (wire/radio inte-
grated) public and special-purpose
telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facili-
ties; regional radio center; important COM-
PAC cable link between US/Canada and
New Zealand/Australia; 37,515 telephones
(6.0 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 2 FM , no TV sta-
tions; 1 ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: integrated ground and naval
forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 187,000;
103,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Set ref ionil map V
HELSINSKI
Land
337,1 13 km2; slightly smaller than Montana;
58% forest, 34% other, 8% arable
Land boundaries: 2,534 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm;
fishing 12 nm; Aland Islands, 3 nm
Coastline: 1,126 km (approx.) excludes is-
lands and coastal indentations
People
Population: 4,93 1,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Finn(s); adjective —
Finnish
Ethnic divisions: Finn, Swede, Lapp,
Gypsy, Tatar
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.2%
Greek Orthodox, 1.8% other
Language: 93.5% Finnish, 6.3% Swedish
(both official); small Lapp- and
Russian-speaking minorities
Infant mortality rate: 6.2/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 70.1, women 78.1
Literacy: almost 100%
80
Labor force: 2.572 million; 23.3% mining
and manufacturing; 25.8% services; 19.0%
commerce; 11.4% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 7.1% construction; 7.0% transporta-
tion and communications; 6.2% unemployed
(1984 average)
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Finland
Type: republic
Capital: Helsinki
Political subdivisions: 12 provinces, 377
communes, 84 towns
Legal system: civil law system based on
Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919;
Supreme Court may request legislation in-
terpreting or modifying laws; legal educa-
tion at Universities of Helsinki and Turku;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 6
December
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with President and unicameral legislature
(Eduskunta); executive power vested in Pres-
ident and exercised through coalition Cabi-
net responsible to parliament; Supreme
Court, four superior courts, 193 lower courts
Government leaders: Dr. Mauno
KOIVISTO, President (since January 1982);
Kalevi SORSA, Prime Minister (since Febru-
ary 1982)
Suffrage: universal, 18 years and over; not
compulsory
Elections: parliamentary, every four years
(next in 1987); presidential, every six years
(next in 1988)
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic Party, Kalevi Sorsa; Center Party,
Paavo Vayrynen; People's Democratic
League (Communist front), Esko Helle; Con-
servative Party, Ilkka Suominen; Liberal
Party, Kyosti Lallukka; Swedish Peoples
Party, Christoffer Taxell; Rural Party, Pekka
Vennamo; Finnish Communist Party, Arvo
Aalto; Finnish Christian League, Esko
Almgren; Constitutional People's Party,
Georg Ehrnrooth; League for Citizen Power,
Kaarlo Pitsinki
Voting strength: (1983 parliamentary elec-
tion) 26% Social Democratic, 22.1% Conser-
vative, 17.6% Center- Liberal, 14.0%
People's Democratic League, 9.7% Rural,
4.9% Swedish Peoples, 3.0% Christian
League, 1.5% Greens, 0.4% Constitutional
People's, 0. 1 % League for Citizen Power
Communists: 28,000 registered members;
an additional 45,000 persons belong to
People's Democratic League
Member of: ADB, CEMA (special coopera-
tion agreement), DAC, EC (free trade agree-
ment), EFTA (associate), FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO,
IDA, IDE — Inter-American Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, Nordic Council,
OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $50. 1 billion (1984), $10,270 per cap-
ita; 54.7% private consumption, 24% gross
fixed capital formation; 19.9% government
consumption; 1.4% net exports of goods and
services; 1984 growth rate 3.0% (1980 prices)
Natural resources: forests, copper, zinc,
iron, farmland
Agriculture: animal husbandry, especially
dairying, predominates; forestry important
secondary occupation for rural population;
main crops — cereals, sugar beets, potatoes;
85% self-sufficient; shortages — food and fod-
der grains
Fishing: catch 157, 1 00 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: include metal manufac-
turing and shipbuilding, forestry and wood
processing (pulp, paper), copper refining,
foodstuffs, textiles and clothing
Shortages: fossil fuels; industrial raw materi-
als, except wood and iron ore
Crude steel: 2.6 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 533 kg per capita
Electric power: 12, 109,000 kW capacity
(1985); 44.475 billion kWh produced (1985),
9,060 kWh per capita
Exports: $13.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984); timber,
paper and pulp, ships, machinery, clothing
and footwear
Imports: $12.4 billion (c.i.f., 1984); food-
stuffs, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, transport equipment, iron and
steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics
Major trade partners: (1984) 36.5% EC
(1 1.6% FRG; 9.9% UK), 21% USSR, 12.3%
Sweden, 6.6% US
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83), $793 million
Budget (1984) expenditures, $14.4 billion,
revenues, $12.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 5.42 Finnmarks
(Fim)=US$l (30 December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 6,071 km total; Finnish State
Railways (VR) operate a total of 6,010 km
1.524-meter gauge, of which 480 km are
multiple track and 1,257 km are electrified
Highways: about 103,000 km total, includ-
ing 35,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete,
bituminous-treated surface) and 38,000 km
unpaved (stabilized gravel, gravel, earth);
additional 30,000 km of private (state subsi-
dized) roads
Inland waterways: 6,675 km total (including
Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for
steamers
Pipelines: natural gas, 161 km
Ports: 1 1 major, 34 minor
81
Finland (continued)
France
Civil air: 39 major transport
Airfields: 163 total, 160 usable; 47 with
permanent-surface runways; 20 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good telecom service
from cable and radio-relay network; 2.78
million telephones (57 per 100popl.);6 AM,
99 FM, 193 TV stations; 3 submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,329,000;
1,022,000 fit for military service; 35,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: fiscal year ending 31 De-
cember 1984, $785 million; 5.6% of central
government budget
300km
English Channel Jti|*»*
PARIS *
See regional mip V
Mediterranean ^»
Sea
Land
547,026 km2; four-fifths the size of Texas;
34% cultivated; 24% meadow and pasture;
27% forest; 15% waste, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 2,888 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644
km)
People
Population: 55,239,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Frenchman (men); ad-
jective— French
Ethnic divisions: Celtic and Latin with Teu-
tonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese,
and Basque minorities
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 2% Protes-
tant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North African
workers), 6% unaffiliated
Language: French (100% of population);
rapidly declining regional dialects — Proven-
cal, Breton, Germanic, Corsican, Catalan,
Basque, Flemish
Infant mortality rate: 9/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 75
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 23.8 million (1984); 61.2% ser-
vices, 21.7% industry, 7.0% agriculture;
10.1% unemployed
Organized labor: approximately 20% of la-
bor force
Government
Official name: French Republic
Type: republic, with President having wide
powers
Capital: Paris
Political subdivisions: 22 regions with 96
metropolitan departments
Legal system: civil law system with indige-
nous concepts; new constitution adopted
1958, amended concerning election of Presi-
dent in 1962; judicial review of administra-
tive but not legislative acts; legal education
at over 25 schools of law
National holiday: National Day, 14 July
Branches: presidentially appointed Prime
Minister heads Council of Ministers, which
is formally responsible to National Assem-
bly; bicameral legislature — National Assem-
bly (currently 491 members but will expand
to 577 as of 16 March 1986), Senate (304
members) — restricted to a delaying action;
judiciary independent in principle
Government leader: Frangois
MITTERRAND, President (since May
1981); Jacques CHIRAC, Prime Minister
(since March 1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; not compul-
sory
Elections: National Assembly — every five
years, last election March 1986; proportional
representation, with minimum 5 percent of
the vote; Senate — indirect collegiate system
for riine years, renewable by one-third every
three years, last election September 1983;
President, direct, universal suffrage every
seven years, two ballots, last election May
1981
Political parties and leaders: majority coali-
tion—Rally for the Republic (RPR, formerly
UDR), Jacques Chirac; Union for French
Democracy (UDF, federation of PR, CDS,
and RAD), Jean Lecanuet; Republicans (PR),
Francois Leotard; Center for Social Demo-
crats (CDS), Pierre Mehaignerie; Radical
(RAD), Andre Rossinot; left opposition —
Socialist Party (PS), Lionel Jospin; Left Radi-
cal Movement (MRG), Francois Doubin;
Communist Party (PCF), Georges Marchais
Voting strength: (1986 election) UDF/
RPR/CNIP, 44.9%; PS/MRG 31.6%; Com-
munist, 9.8%; National Front, 9.7%; diverse
left, 1.0%; extreme left, 1.5%; extreme right,
0.2%; other 1.2%
Communists: 700,000 claimed but probably
closer to 150,000; Communist voters, 2.7
million in 1986 elections
Other political or pressure groups:
Communist-controlled labor union
(Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly
2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-
leaning labor union (Confederation
Francaise Democratique du Travail —
CFDT) about 800,000 members est; inde-
pendent labor union (Force Ouvriere) about
1,000,000 members est. ; independent white
collar union (Confederation Generale des
Cadres) 340,000 members (claimed); Na-
tional Council of French Employers (Conseil
National du Patronat Francais — CNPF or
Patronat)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, EMS, ESCAP,
ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC,
ITU, IWC— International Whaling Com-
mission, NATO (signatory), OAS (observer),
OECD, South Pacific Commission, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP. $490 billion (1984), $8,890 per capita;
64% private consumption, 19% investment
(including government) 17% government
consumption; 1984 real growth rate, 1.6%;
average annual growth rate (1975-84), 2.1%
Natural resources: coal, iron ore, bauxite,
fish, forests
Agriculture: Western Europe's foremost
producer; main products— beef, dairy prod-
ucts, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine
grapes; self-sufficient for most temperate
zone foodstuffs; agricultural shortages — fats
and oils, tropical produce
Fishing: catch 784,000 metric tons (1983);
exports (includes shellfish, etc.) $297 million,
imports $967 million (1984)
Major industries: steel, machinery and
equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals,
automobiles, food processing, metallurgy,
aircraft, electronics
Shortages: crude oil, natural gas, textile
fibers, most nonferrous ores, coking coal, fats
and oils
Crude steel: 19 million metric tons
produced (1984), 347 kg per capita
Electric power: 87,246,000 kW capacity
(1985); 332.016 billion kWh produced
(1985), 6,026 kWh per capita
Exports: $93.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); principal
items — machinery and transportation
equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricul-
tural products, iron and steel products, tex-
tiles and clothing
Imports: $103.6 billion (c.i.f., 1984); princi-
pal items — crude petroleum, machinery and
equipment, agricultural products, chemi-
cals, iron and steel products
Major trade partners: (1984) imports —
50.4% EC, 14.6% petroleum exporting coun-
tries, 10.3% other West European countries,
7.7% US, 2.6% Japan, 2.5% USSR, 2.5% other
Communist countries; exports — 48.9% EC,
13.5% petroleum exporting countries, 11.3%
other West European countries, 8. 1 % US,
2.1% USSR, 2% other Communist countries,
1.1% Japan
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83), $33.2 billion
Budget: (proposed for 1986) expenditures,
1,030 billion francs; revenues, 889 billion
francs; deficit, 141 billion francs
Monetary conversion rate: 7.67 French
francs=US$l (17 December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: French National Railways
(SNCF) operates 34,678 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge; 11,219 km electrified,
15,132 km double or multiple track; 2,138
km of various gauges (1.000-meter to 1.440-
meter), privately owned and operated
Highways: 1,533,940 km total; 33,400 km
national highway; 347,000 km departmental
highway; 421,000 km community roads;
750,000 km rural roads; 5,209 km of
controlled-access divided "autoroutes"; ap-
prox. 803,000 km paved
Inland waterways: 14,932 km; 6,969 km
heavily traveled
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,458 km; refined prod-
ucts, 4,344 km; natural gas, 24,746 km
Ports: 8 major, 16 secondary
Civil air: 355 major transport aircraft (1982)
Airfields: 468 total, 454 usable; 248 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 34 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 130 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed
system provides satisfactory telephone, tele-
graph, and radio and TV broadcast services;
33.0 million telephones (60 per 100 popl.); 38
AM, 591 FM, 9,300 TV stations; 23 subma-
rine coaxial cables; 2 communication satel-
lite ground stations with total of 9 antennas
83
France (continued)
French Guiana
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of the Ground, Navy, Army
of the Air, National Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,034,000; fit for military service
1 1,895,000; 431,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, $20 billion;
about 18. 1 % of proposed central govern-
ment budget
North
Atlantic
See regional map IV
Land
90,909 km2; slightly smaller than Maine;
90% forest; 10% waste, built on, inland wa-
ter, and other, of which .05% is cultivated
and pasture
Land boundaries: 1,183 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 378 km
People
Population: 88,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 4. 1 %
Nationality: noun — French Guianese (sing.,
pi.); adjective — French Guiana
Ethnic divisions: 66% black or mulatto; 12%
Caucasian; 12% East Indian, Chinese,
Amerindian; 10% other
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: French
Literacy: 73%
Labor force: 23,265 (1980); services, govern-
ment, and commerce 60.6%; industry 21.2%;
agriculture 18.2%; 10% unemployment
(1980)
Organized labor: 7% of labor force
84
Government
Official name: Department of French
Guiana
Type: overseas department and region of
France; represented by one deputy in
French National Assembly and one senator
in French Senate
Capital: Cayenne
Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements, 19
communes each with a locally elected mu-
nicipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest
court is Court of Appeals based in Mart-
inique with jurisdiction over Martinique,
Guadeloupe, and French Guiana
Branches: executive: Prefect appointed by
Paris; legislative — popularly elected 16-
member General Council and a Regional
Council composed of members of the local
General Council and of the locally elected
deputy and senator to the French parlia-
ment; judicial, under jurisdiction of French
judicial system
Government leader: Bernard COURTOIS,
Prefect of the Republic (since 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections nor-
mally are held every five years; last election
February 1983
Political parties and leaders: Guianese So-
cialist Party (PSG), Raymond Tarcy (sena-
tor), Leopold Helder; Union of the Guianese
People (UPG), weak leftist party allied with
and reported to have been absorbed by the
PSG; Rally for the Republic (RPR), Hector
Rivierez
Communists: Communist party member-
ship negligible
Member of :W¥T\J
Economy
GNP: $120 million (1976), $1,940 per capita
French Polynesia
Natural resources: bauxite, timber, gold
(widely scattered), cinnabar, clay, low-grade
iron ore
Agriculture: limited vegetables for local
consumption; rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, ba-
nanas, sugar
Fishing: catch 1,430 metric tons (1983 est.)
Major industries: construction, shrimp
processing, forestry products, rum, gold
mining
Electric power: 31,000 kW capacity (1985);
138 million kWh produced (1985), 1,625
kWh per capita
Exports: $35.4 million (1981); shrimp, tim-
ber, rum, rosewood essence
Imports: $245.9 million (1981); food (grains,
processed meat), other consumer goods, pro-
ducer goods, and petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 54% US,
17% Japan, 15% France, 5% Martinique;
imports — 53% France, 15% Trinidad and
Tobago, 10% US (1981)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments,
ODA and OOF (FY70-79), from Western
(non-US) countries, $700 million, no military
aid
Budget: $101 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 8.66 French
francs=US$l (September 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 680 km total; 510 km paved, 170
km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by
small oceangoing vessels and river and
coastal steamers; 3,300 km possibly naviga-
ble by native craft
Ports: 1 major (Cayenne), 7 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 1 total, 1 1 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair open- wire and
radio-relay system with about 18,100 tele-
phones (27.2 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 6 FM, 9
TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 21,000;
15,000 fit for military service
South Pacific Ocean
"V*
'" -.PAPEETE
.... Je • •* .
laSociete T'hl"
lies
Tubuai
See regional map X
lie Marquises
.lies
Tuamotu
Land
About 4,000 km2; larger than Rhode Island
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: about 2,525 km
People
Population: 181,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — French Polynesian(s);
adjective — French Polynesian
Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12% Chi-
nese, 6% local French, 4% metropolitan
French
Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protestant,
32% Catholic
Government
Official name: Territory of French
Polynesia
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Papeete
Political subdivisions: 48 communes
Legal system: based on French; lower and
higher courts
85
French Polynesia (continued)
Gabon
Branches: 30-member Territorial Assembly,
popularly elected; 5-member Council of
Government, elected by Assembly; popular
election of two deputies to National Assem-
bly and one senator to Senate in Paris
Government leader: Alain OHREL, High
Commissioner and President of the Council
of Government (since 1983), appointed by
French Government; Gaston FLOSSE, Vice
President of the Council of Government
(since May 1982; highest elected official in
the territory)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years; last held in May
1982
Political parties and leaders: Tahoeraa
Huiraatira (Gaullist), Gaston Flosse; Ai'a Api
(New Country Party), Emile Vernaudon;
Here Ai'a, Jean Juventin; la Mana (Socialist),
Jacques Crollet; Te E'a Api (Socialist),
Jacques VII
Voting strength: (1982 election) Tahoeraa
Huiraatira, 13 seats; Ai'a Api, 3 seats; Here
Ai'a, 6 seats; la Mana, 3 seats; Independents,
4 seats; Te E'a Api, 1 seat
Economy
GDP: A$931.3 million (1980), US$6,400 per
capita (1980)
Agriculture: main crop — coconuts
Major industries: maintenance of French
nuclear test base, tourism
Electric power: 72,000 kW capacity (1985);
265 million kWh produced (1985), 1,515
kWh per capita
Exports: $21 million (1977); principal prod-
ucts— coconut products (79%), mother-of-
pearl (14%), vanilla (1971)
Imports: $419 million (1977); principal
items — fuels, foodstuffs, equipment
Major trade partners: imports — 59%
France, 14% US; exports— 86% France
Aid: France $91 million (1978)
Budget: $180 million in 1979; ODA and
OOF commitments from Western (non-US
countries)
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 Colonial
Francs Pacifique(CFP)=$USl (February
1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,700 km
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Papeete), 6 minor
Airfields: 41 total, 41 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: about 6 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: 17,302 telephones
(12.9 per 100 popl.); 72,000 radio and 14,000
TV sets; 5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV stations; 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of France
S« rffionil mip VII
Land
267,667 km2; the size of Colorado; 75% for-
est, 15% savanna, 9% urban and waste, less
than 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 2,422 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 885 km
People
Population: 1,017,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Gabonese(sing., pi.);
adjective — Gabonese
Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes, in-
cluding 4 major tribal groupings (Fang,
Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke); about 100,000
expatriate Africans and Europeans, includ-
ing 35,000 French
Religion: 55-75% Christian, less than 1%
Muslim, remainder animist
Language: French (official), Fang, ivlyene,
Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
Infant mortality rate: 117/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 50
Literacy: 65%
86
Labor force: 120,000 salaried (1983); 65.0%
agriculture, 30.0% industry and commerce,
2.5% services, 2.5% government
Organized labor: there are 38,000 members
of the national trade union, the Gabonese
Trade Union Confederation (COSYGA)
Government
Official name: Gabonese Republic
Type: republic; one-party presidential re-
gime since 1964
Capital: Libreville
Political subdivisions: nine provinces subdi-
vided into 36 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1961; judicial review of legislative
acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Su-
preme Court; legal education at Center of
Higher and Legal Studies at Libreville; com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
National holidays: Renovation Day, 12
March; Independence Day, 17 August; ma-
jor Islamic and Christian holidays
Branches: power centralized in President,
elected by universal suffrage for seven-year
term; unicameral legislature (93- member
National Assembly, including nine members
chosen by Omar Bongo) has limited powers;
constitution amended in 1979 so that Assem-
bly deputies will serve five-year terms; inde-
pendent judiciary
Government leader: El Hadj Omar
BONGO, President (since December 1967)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: presidential election last held De-
cember 1979, next scheduled for 1986; par-
liamentary election last held February 1980,
next scheduled for 1985; constitutional
change separates dates for presidential and
parliamentary elections
Political parties and leaders: Gabonese
Democratic Party (PDG) led by President
Bongo is only legal party
Communists: no organized party; probably
some Communist sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, African Wood Organiza-
tion, Conference of East and Central Afri-
can States, BDECA (Central African Devel-
opment Bank), EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCO,
ICO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
OAU, QIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.4 billion (1983), $3,690 per capita;
0.7% annual growth rate (1981)
Natural resources: oil, manganese, uranium,
gold, wood, iron ore
Agriculture: commercial — cocoa, coffee,
wood, palm oil, rice; main food crops — pine-
apples, bananas, manioc, peanuts, root
crops; imports food
Fishing: catch 52,638 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: petroleum production,
sawmills, petroleum refinery, food and bev-
erage processing; mining of increasing im-
portance; major minerals — manganese, ura-
nium, iron (not produced)
Electric power: 280,000 kW capacity (1985);
736 million kWh produced (1985), 744 kWh
per capita
Exports: $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); crude
petroleum, wood and wood products, miner-
als (manganese, uranium concentrates, gold)
Imports: $0.9 billion (c.i.f., 1983); mining,
roadbuilding machinery, electrical equip-
ment, transport vehicles, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: France, US, FRG,
Curacao
Budget: (1982) revenues, $1.4 billion; cur-
rent expenditures, $0.5 billion; capital ex-
penditures, $0.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commu-
naute Financiere Af ricaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 970 km 1.437-meter standard
gauge under construction; 338 km are com-
pleted
Highways: 7,393 km total; 300 km paved,
3,493 km gravel and improved, 3,600 km
unimproved
Inland waterways: approximately 1,600 km
perennially navigable
Pipelines: crude oil, 270 km
Ports: 2 major (Owendo and Port-Gentil), 3
minor
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 79 total, 73 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of
open-wire, radio-relay, tropospheric scatter
links and radiocommunication stations;
13,800 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 6 AM,
6 FM, 8 TV stations; 2 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 241,000;
125,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach
military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $73.4 million; 4.9% of cen-
tral government budget
87
The Gambia
Nonh
Atltnlic
Octtn F.nt«nni
Georgetown
•/8»t-,
SintiJ
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
S». rtfion.lm.pVII
Land
1 1,295 km2; twice the size of Delaware; 55%
upland cultivable, built on, and other; 25%
uncultivated savanna; 16% swamp; 4% for-
est park
Land boundaries: 740 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 80 km
People
Population: 774,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun — Gambian(s); adjective —
Cambian
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42%
Mandinka, 18% Fula, 16% Wolof, 10% Jola,
9% Serahuli, 3% other); 1% non-Gambian
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% Christian, 1%
indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Mandinka,
Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars
Infant mortality rate: 250/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 42
Literacy: about 15%
Labor force: 165,000 (1983 est.); 75.0% agri-
culture; 18.9% industry, commerce, and
services; 6.1% government
Organized labor: 25-30% of wage labor
force at most
Government
Official name: Republic of The Gambia
Type: republic; independent since February
1965; The Gambia and Senegal in early 1982
formed a loose confederation of
Senegambia, which calls for the integration
of their armed forces and, eventually, their
monetary union
Capital: Banjul
Political subdivisions: Banjul and five divi-
Legal system: based on a composite of
English common law, Koranic law, and cus-
tomary law; constitution came into force
upon independence in 1965, new republican
constitution adopted in April 1970; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
February
Branches: Cabinet of 13 members; unicam-
eral legislative branch (43-member parlia-
ment), in which four seats are reserved for
tribal chiefs, four are government
appointed, 35 are filled by election for five-
year terms, a Speaker is elected by the
House, and the Attorney General is an ap-
pointed member; independent judiciary
Government leader: Sir Dawda Kairaba
JAWARA, President (since February 1970)
Political parties and leaders: People's Pro-
gressive Party (PPP), secretary general,
Dawda K. Jawara; National Convention
Party (NCP), Sheriff Dibba
Suffrage: universal adult over 21
Elections: general election held May 1982
Voting strength: PPP 27 seats, NCP 4 seats,
others 4 seats
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: Af BD, APC, Commonwealth,
ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, IRC,
ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $125 million (1984), about $170 per
capita; real growth rate -7.8% (FY84)
Natural resources: fish
Agriculture: main crops — groundnuts, mil-
let, sorghum, rice, maize, palm kernels, cot-
ton
Fishing: catch 9,600 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: peanut processing, tour-
ism, brewing, soft drinks, agricultural ma-
chinery assembly, small woodworking and
metalworking, clothing
Electric power: 29,600 kW capacity (1985);
64 million kWh produced (1985), 85 kWh
per capita
Exports: $59 million (f.o.b., FY85 est.) pea-
nuts and peanut products, fish, palm kernels
Imports: $73 million (f.o.b., FY85 est.); tex-
tiles, foodstuffs, tobacco, machinery, petro-
leum products, chemicals
Major trade partners: exports — mainly EC,
Africa; imports — EC, Africa
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $237 million; US(FY70-84), $49
million
Budget: (1982-83 est.) revenues $44.2 mil-
lion, current expenditures $34.90 miliion,
development expenditures $19.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 dalasi=
US$0.28 (October 1985)
German Democratic
Republic
218Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,083 km total; 431 km paved,
501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 400 km
Ports: 1 major (Banjul)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate network of
radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones (0.5
per 100 popl.); 2 FM, 3 AM , no TV stations;
1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, paramilitary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 172,000;
88,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1981, $2.4 million; 6.2% of central gov-
ernment budget; includes fire and police
expenditures
Schwerin
The final borders of ^»^ Wittenbttrg* ^Schwedt
Germany have r
been established
CI3UI ^^ VVIUVIIUtnyw 9
rr^' C
\ -""• _. ?
EUenhuttenstadt
Sef refinnal map V
Land
108,178 km2; the size of Virginia; 43% ara-
ble, 27% forest, 15% meadow and pasture,
15% other
Land boundaries: 2,309 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 901 km (including islands)
People
Population: 16,692,000, including East Ber-
lin (July 1986), average annual growth rate
Nationality: noun — German(s); adjective —
German
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, 0.3%
Slavic and other
Religion: 47% Protestant, 7% Roman Catho-
lic, 46% unaffiliated or other; less than 5% of
Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catho-
lics active participants
Language: German, Serbian
Infant mortality rate: 10/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: men 68.8, women 74.7
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 8.916 million; 37.9% industry,
20.8% services, 10.1% commerce, 10.8% ag-
riculture, 7.4% transport and communica-
tions, 6.9% construction, 3.1% handicrafts,
3.0% other (1984)
Organized labor: 87.7% of total labor force
Government
Official name: German Democratic Repub-
lic
Type: Communist state
Capital: East Berlin (not officially recog-
nized by US, UK, and France, which
together with the USSR have special rights
and responsibilities in Berlin)
Political subdivisions: (excluding East Ber-
lin) 14 districts (Bezirke), 218 counties
(Kreise), 7,600 communities (Gemeinden)
Legal system: civil law system modified by
Communist legal theory; new constitution
adopted 1974; court system parallels admin-
istrative divisions; no judicial review of legis-
lative acts; legal education at Universities of
Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, and Jena; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; more
stringent penal code adopted in 1968 and
amended in 1974 and 1979
National holiday: Foundation of German
Democratic Republic, 7 October
Branches: unicameral legislature (People's
Chamber — Volkskammer, elected directly);
executive (Council of State, Council of Min-
isters); judiciary (Supreme Court); entire
structure dominated by Socialist Unity
(Communist) Party
Government leaders: Erich HONECKER,
Chairman, Council of State (Head of State;
since October 1976); Willi STOPH, Chair-
man, Council of Ministers (Premier; since
October 1976)
Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over
Elections: national every five years; pre-
pared by an electoral commission of the Na-
tional Front; ballot supposed to be secret and
voters permitted to strike names off ballot;
89
German Democratic
Republic (continued)
more candidates than offices available; par-
liamentary election held 14 June 1981, and
local elections held 6 May 1984; next parlia-
mentary election scheduled for 8 June 1986
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity
(Communist) Party of Germany (SED),
headed by General Secretary Erich
Honecker, dominates the regime; four token
parties (Christian Democratic Union,
National Democratic Party, Liberal Demo-
cratic Party, and Democratic Peasants'
Party) and an amalgam of special interest
organizations participate with the SED in
National Front
Voting strength: 1981 parliamentary elec-
tions and 1984 local elections; over 99%
voted the regime slate
Communists: 2. 195 million party members
(1986)
Other special interest groups: Free German
Youth, Free German Trade Union Federa-
tion, Democratic Women's League, Cultural
League of the German Democratic Republic
(all Communist dominated)
Member of: CEMA, IAEA, ICES, ILO,
IMO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, War-
saw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
CNP: $163.7 billion (1984), $9,800 per cap-
ita; 1984 growth rate 3.0%
Natural resources: lignite coal, potash, ura-
nium, copper, natural gas
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops —
potatoes, rye, wheat, barley, oats
Fishing: catch 299,463 metric tons (1984)
Major industries: metal fabrication, chemi-
cals, light industry, brown coal, shipbuilding
Shortages: grain, vegetables, vegetable oil,
beef, coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel
products, nonferrous metals
Crude steel: 7.6 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), approx. 455 kg per capita
(1984)
Electric power: (including East Berlin)
23,240,000 kW capacity (1985); 114.7 billion
kWh produced (1985), 6,870 kWh per capita
Exports: $25.18 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1984)
Imports: $22.97 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1984)
Major trade partners: 65.7% Socialist coun-
tries, 29.6% developed West, 4.7% less devel-
oped countries
Monetary conversion rate: 2.45
ostmarks=US$l (January 1986)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 14,226 km total (1984); 13,933 km
1.435-meter standard gauge (1984), 293 km
1.000-meter or other narrow gauge, 3,830
(est.) km 1.435-meter double track standard
gauge; 2,321 km overhead electrified (1984)
Highways: 120,433 km total; 47,380 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,887
km are autobahn and limited access roads;
over 73,000 km asphalt treated, gravel,
crushed stone, and earth (1983)
Inland waterways: 2,319 km (1984)
Freight carried: rail — 338 million metric
tons, 56.654 billion metric ton/km (1984);
highway — 560.7 million metric tons, 14.491
billion metric ton/km (1984); waterway —
18.7 million metric tons, 2.642 billion metric
ton/km (excluding international transit
traffic) (1984)
Pipelines: oil, 1,301 km; refined products,
500 km; natural gas 1,700 km
Ports: 4 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund,
Sassnitz), 13 minor; principal inland water-
way ports are E. Berlin, Riesa, Magdeburg,
and Eisenhttenstadt
Telecommunications: 3.527 million tele-
phones in use (1984)
Defense Forces
Branches: National People's Army, Border
Troops, Ministry of State Security Guard
Regiment, Air and Air Defense Command,
People's Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,299,000;
3,447,000 fit for military service; 121,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, 14.05 billion
marks; 5.79% of total budget
90
Germany, Federal
Republic of
200km
The final borders of
Germany have not
been established
Sec regional map V
Land
248,577 km2 (including West Berlin); the
size of Wyoming; 33% cultivated, 29% for-
est, 23% meadow and pasture, 13% waste or
urban, 2% inland water
Land boundaries: 4,232 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3
nm — the FRG territorial sea extends at one
point to 16 nautical miles in the Helgolander
Bucht; (fishing to median lines)
Coastline: 1,488 km (approx.)
People
Population: 60,734,000, including West
Berlin (July 1986), average annual growth
rate —0.4%
Nationality: noun — German(s); adjective —
German
Ethnic divisions: primarily German; Danish
minority
Religion: 45% Roman Catholic, 44% Protes-
tant, 11% other
Language: German
Infant mortality rate: 11/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 67.2, women 73.4
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 27.612 million (1984); 41.6%
industry, 34.7% services and other, 18.2%
trade and transport, 5.4% agriculture (Feb-
ruary 1985)
Organized labor: 28% of total labor force;
35% of wage and salary earners (1984)
Government
Official name: Federal Republic of Ger-
many
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bonn
Political subdivisions: 10 Laender (states);
Western sectors of Berlin are ultimately con-
trolled by US, UK, and France; Eastern sec-
tor by USSR; the four countries share special
rights and responsibilities in Berlin
Legal system: civil law system with indige-
nous concepts; constitution adopted 1949;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Su-
preme Federal Constitutional Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: bicameral parliament —
Bundesrat (Federal Council, upper house),
Bundestag (National Assembly, lower
house); President (titular head of state),
Chancellor (executive head of government);
independent judiciary
Government leaders: Richard von
WEIZSACKER, President (since July 1984);
Dr. Helmut KOHL, Chancellor (since Octo-
ber 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national election generally held
every four years; last held on 6 March 1983;
next scheduled for January 1987
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut Kohl,
Gerhard Stoltenberg, Ernst Albrecht, Alfred
Dregger, Lothar Spaeth; Christian Social
Union (CSU), Franz- Josef Strauss, Gerold
Tandler, Heiner Geissler, Walter Wollman,
Kurt Biedenkopf, Friedrich Zimmermann,
Theo Waigel; Free Democratic Party (FDP),
Martin Bangemann, Hans-Dietrich
Genscher, Wolfgang Mischnick, Helmut
Haussmann; Social Democratic Party (SPD),
Willy Brandt, Hans-Jochen Vogel, Johannes
Rau, Hans Apel, Horst Ehmke, Hans
Koschnik; National Democratic Party
(NPD), Martin Mussgnug; Communist Party
(DKP), Herbert Mies; Green Party (Greens),
Rainer Trampert, Otto Schily, Lukas
Beckmann, Joschka Fischer
Voting strength: (1983 election) 48.8%
CDU/CSU (CDU 38.2%, CSU 10.6%), 38.2%
SPD, 6.9% FDP, 5.6% Greens, .5% other
Communists: about 40,000 members and
supporters
Other political or pressure groups: expellee,
refugee, and veterans groups
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC, EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO,
IDA, IDB — Inter-American Development
Bank, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, Interna-
tional Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $616.1 billion (1984), $10,670 per cap-
ita (1982); 56.3% private consumption,
20.2% investment, 20% public consumption,
0.6% inventory change, 2.9% net foreign
balance; real growth rate 2.7%
Natural resources: iron, coal, potash
Agriculture: main crops — grains, potatoes,
sugar beets; 75% self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 293,170 metric tons, $112.1
million (1984); exports $192 million, imports
$589 million (1984)
Major industries: among world's largest
producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemi-
cals, machinery, ships, vehicles, machine
tools
91
Germany, Federal
Republic of (continued)
Ghana
Shortages: fats and oils, pulses, tropical
products, sugar, cotton, wool, rubber, petro-
leum, iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous metals,
sulfur
Crude steel: 60 million metric tons capacity
(est); 39.4 million metric tons produced
(1984), 645 kg per capita
Electric power: (including West Berlin)
96,228,000 kW capacity (1985); 401.94 bil-
lion kWh produced (1985), 6,595 kWh per
capita
Exports: $171 billion (f.o.b., 1984); manufac-
tures 85.2% (including machines and ma-
chine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron
and steel products), agricultural products
5.5%, fuels 3.2%, raw materials 2.8%, other
3.2%
Imports: $153 billion (c.i.f., 1984); manufac-
tures 55.9%, fuels 20.4%, agricultural prod-
ucts 12.2%, raw materials 8.7%, other 2.8%
Major trade partners: (1984) EC 47.8%
(France 11.6%, Netherlands 10.3%, UK 8%,
Italy 7.8%, Belgium-Luxembourg 6.8%),
other Europe 16.7%, less developed coun-
tries 14.5%, US 8.4%, Communist 6.5%,
OPEC 5.7%
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83), $41.1 billion
Budget: (1984) federal government expendi-
tures, $89 billion; revenues, $57 billion; def-
icit, $10 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.64 marks=
US$1 (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 32,555 km total; 28,533 km 1.435-
meter government owned, standard gauge,
12,491 km double track; 1 1,272 km electri-
fied; 4,022 km nongovernment owned; 3,598
km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 214 km
electrified, 424 km 1.000-meter gauge; 186
km electrified
Highways: 466,305 km total; 169,568 km
classified, includes 6,435 km autobahn,
32,460km national highways (Bundesstras-
sen), 65,425 km state highways (Landesstras-
sen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen);
296,737 km of unclassified communal roads
(Gemeindestrassen)
Inland waterways: 5,222 km, of which al-
most 70% usable by craft of 990-metric-ton
capacity or larger
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,343 km; refined prod-
ucts, 3,389 km; natural gas, 95,414 km
Ports: 10 major, 1 1 minor
Civil air: 194 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 477 total, 440 usable; 232 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 33 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed,
modern telecommunication service to all
parts of the country; fully adequate in all
respects; 35. 1 million telephones (57. 1 per
100 popl.); 96 AM, 432 FM, and 5,995 TV
stations; 6 submarine coaxial cables; 2 satel-
lite stations with total of 8 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
16,488,000; 13,769,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 522,000 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $21.2 billion; 22.4% of the
proposed central government budget
Seerecional mtp VII
Gulf of Guinea
Land
238,538 km2; slightly smaller than Oregon
60% forest and brush, 19% agricultural, 21
other
Land boundaries: 2,285 km
Water
Coastline: 539 km
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 20C
nm
People
Population: 13,552,000 (July 1986),averai
annual growth rate 4.1%
Nationality: noun — Ghanaian(s);
adjective — Ghanaian
Ethnic divisions: 99.8% black African (ma
jor tribes Akan, Ewe, Ga), 0.2% European
and other
Religion: 38% indigenous beliefs, 30% Mu
lim, 24% Christian, 8% other
Language: English (official); African lan-
guages include 44% Akan, 16% Mole-
Dag"bani, 13% Ewe, and 8% Ga-Adangbe
Infant mortality rate: 97/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 49
Literacy: 30%
Labor force: 3.7 million; 54.7% agriculture
and fishing; 18.7% industry; 15.2% sales and
clerical; 7.7% services, transportation, and
communications; 3.7% professional; 400,000
unemployed
Organized labor: 467,000 or approximately
13% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Ghana
Type: republic; 31 December 1981 coup
ended two-year-old civilian government and
suspended constitution and political activity
Capital: Accra
Political subdivisions: 8 administrative re-
gions and separate Greater Accra Area; re-
gions subdivided into 58 districts and 267
local administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common
law and customary law; legal education at
University of Ghana (Legon); has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6
March
Branches: executive authority vested in
seven-member Provisional National Defense
Council (PNDC); on 21 January 1982 PNDC
appointed secretaries to head most minis-
tries
Government leader: Fit. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry
John RAWLINGS, Chairman of PNDC
(since December 1981)
Suffrage: none
Elections: elections held in June 1979 for
parliament and president; presidential
runoff election held in July; none scheduled
since 1981 coup
Political parties and leaders: political par-
ties outlawed after 31 December 1981 coup
Communists: a small number of Commu-
nists and sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, EGA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC,
ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, World Confederation of Labor,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $10.5 billion (1982 est); real growth
rate -7.2% (1982 est.)
Natural resources: gold, timber, industrial
diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish
Agriculture: main crop — cocoa; others in-
clude root crops, corn, sorghum, millet,
coffee, peanuts; not self-sufficient but can
become so
Fishing: catch 241,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: mining, lumbering, light
manufacturing, fishing, aluminum
Electric power: 1,200,000 kW capacity
(1985); 2.628 billion kWh produced (1985),
200 kWh per capita
Exports: $856.9 million (f.o.b., 1982); cocoa
(about 60%), wood, gold, diamonds, manga-
nese, bauxite, aluminum (aluminum regu-
larly excluded from balance-of-payments
data)
Imports: $668.7 million (f.o.b., 1982); tex-
tiles and other manufactured goods, food,
fuels, transport equipment
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US
Budget: revenues, $1.8 billion; expenditures
and net lending, $3.5 billion (1981/82)
Monetary conversion rate: 50 cedis=US$l
(December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32
km double track; diesel locomotives gradu-
ally replacing steam engines
Highways: 32,250 km total; 6,084 km con-
crete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km
gravel or laterite
Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and
Tano rivers provide 168 km of perennial
navigation for launches and lighters; Lake
Volta reservoir provides 1,125 km of arterial
and feeder waterways
Pipelines: refined products, 3 km
Ports: 2 major (Tema, Takoradi)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 9 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open-
wire and cable, radio-relay links; 68,900
telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 9 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Palace Guard, paramilitary People's
Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,917,000;
1,624,000 fit for military service; 140,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $75.8 million; 5.5% of central
government budget
93
Gibraltar
Mediterranean
Sea
Strait of Gibraltar
See regional map V
Lighthouse
Land
6.5 km2; smaller than Washington, D. C.
Land boundaries: 1.6 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 12 km
People
Population: 30,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 0.8%
Nationality: noun — Gibraltarian; adjec-
tive— Gibraltar
Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English,
Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, 8% Church
of England, 2.25% Jewish
Language: English and Spanish are primary
languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian
also spoken; English used in the schools and
for official purposes
Literacy: illiteracy is negligible
Labor force: approx. 14,800, including non-
Gibraltar laborers
Organized labor: over 6,000
Government
Official name: Gibraltar
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: none
Legal system: English law; constitutional
talks in July 1968; new system effected in
1969 after electoral inquiry
Branches: parliamentary system comprising
the Gibraltar House of the Assembly (15
elected members and 3 ex officio members),
the Council of Ministers headed by the
Chief Minister, and the Gibraltar Council;
the Governor is appointed by the Crown
Government leaders: Air Chief Marshal Sir
Peter TERRY, Governor and Commander
in Chief (since 1985); Sir Joshua A. HASSAN,
Chief Minister (1964-69 and since 1972)
Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other
UK subjects resident six months or more
Elections: every four years; last held in Jan-
uary 1984
Political parties and leaders: Gibraltar La-
bor Party/Association for the Advancement
of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), Sir Joshua
Hassan; Democratic Party of British Gibr-
altar (DPBG), Peter Isola; Socialist Labor
Party, Joe Bossano
Voting strength: (January 1984) House of
the Assembly— GCL/AACR, 8 seats; Social-
ist Labor, 7 seats
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: House-
wives Association, Chamber of Commerce,
Gibraltar Representatives Organization
Economy
Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on
commerce and large British naval and air
bases; nearly all trade in the well-developed
port is transit trade and port serves also as
important supply depot for fuel, water, and
ships' wares; recently built dockyards and
machine shops provide maintenance and
repair services to 3,500-4,000 vessels that
call at Gibraltar each year; UK military es-
tablishments and the civil government em-
ploy nearly half the insured labor force, and
a recently announced decision to close the
Royal Navy dockyard will significantly add
to unemployment; local industry is confined
to manufacture of tobacco, roasted coffee,
ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, and canned
fish; some factories for manufacture of cloth-
ing are being developed; a small segment of
the local population makes its livelihood by
fishing; in recent years tourism has increased
in importance
Electric power: 60,000 kW capacity (1985);
210 million kWh produced (1985), 7,000
kWh per capita
Exports: $47.8 million (1983); principally
reexports of tobacco, petroleum, and wine
Imports: $136.8 million (1983); principally
manufactured goods, fuels, and foodstuffs;
65% from UK
Major trade partners: UK, Morocco, Portu-
gal, Netherlands
Budget: (FY82) revenues, $89 million; ex-
penditure, $84.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: .833 Gibraltar
pound=.833 pound sterling=US$l (Decem-
ber 1984)
Communications
Railroads: 1.000-meter gauge system in
dockyard area only
Highways: 50 km, mostly good bitumen and
concrete
Ports: 1 major (Gibraltar)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate interna-
tional radiocommunication facilities; auto-
matic telephone system serving 9,400 tele-
phones (31.5 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 6.FM, 4
TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
•
Branches: Gibraltar Regiment
94
Greece
150 Km
\1
Sea
&
C<.
PelopSi
Aegean Sea
*7ttf,~s
cySimos
Mediterranean Sea ^ — - — ^-~-i~n *
Srr refionil map \
Land
131,944 km2; the size of New York; 40%
meadow and pasture; 29% arable and per-
manent crop; 20% forest; 11% waste, urban,
and other
Land boundaries: 1,191 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 13,676 km
People
Population: 9,954,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Greek(s); adjective —
Greek
Ethnic divisions: 97. 7% Greek, 1.3% Turk-
ish; 1.0% Vlach, Slav, Albanian, Pomach
NOTE: The Greek Government states that
there are no ethnic minorities in Greece.
Religion: 98% Greek Orthodox, 1.3% Mus-
lim, 0.7% other
Language: Greek (official); English and
French widely understood
Infant mortality rate: 13.8/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: men 72, women 75
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 3.7 million (1981 census); ap-
proximately 39% services, 31% agriculture,
30% industry; urban unemployment is esti-
mated at 10%; substantial unreported unem-
ployment exists in agriculture
Organized labor: 10-15% of total labor
force, 20-25% of urban labor force
Government
Official name: Hellenic Republic
Type: presidential parliamentary govern-
ment; monarchy rejected by referendum 8
December 1974
Capital: Athens
Political subdivisions: 51 departments
(nomoi) constitute basic administrative units
for country; each nomos headed by officials
appointed by central government and policy
and programs tend to be formulated by cen-
tral ministries; degree of flexibility each
nomos may have in altering or avoiding pro-
grams imposed by Athens depends upon
tradition and influence that prominent local
leaders and citizens may exercise vis-a-vis
key figures in central government; the de-
partments of Macedonia and Thrace exer-
cise some degree of autonomy from Athens
since they are governed through the Minis-
try of Northern Greece
Legal system: new constitution enacted in
June 1975
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
March
Branches: executive consisting of a Presi-
dent, elected by the Vouli (Parliament), a
Prime Minister, and a Cabinet; unicameral
legislature consisting of the 300-member
Vouli; and an independent judiciary
Government leaders: Dr. Andreas
PAPANDREOU, Prime Minister (since
1981); Christos SARTZETAKIS, President
(since 1985)
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: every four years; Papandreou's
Panhellenic Socialist Movement defeated
the incumbent New Democracy govern-
ment of George Rallis in elections held on 18
October 1981; PASOK was reelected in June
1985
Political parties and leaders: Panhellenic
Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas
Papandreou; New Democracy (ND),
Constantine Mitsotakis; Democratic Re-
newal (DR), Constantine Stefanopoulos;
Communist Party-Exterior (KKE-Ext),
Kharilaos Florakis; Communist
Party-Interior (KKE-Int), Leonidas Kyrkos
Voting strength: Parliament — Panhellenic
Socialist Movement, 157 seats; New Democ-
racy, 111 seats; Democratic Renewal, 10
seats; Communists (Exterior), 10 seats; Com-
munists (Interior), 1 seat; independents, 11
seats
Communists: an estimated 60,000 members
and sympathizers
Member of: EC, EIB (associate), EMA, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $33.5 billion (1984), $3,380 per capita;
real growth rate 2.89% (1984)
Natural resources: bauxite, lignite, magne-
site, oil
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, olives,
tobacco, cotton, raisins, fruit; nearly self-
sufficient; food shortages — livestock prod-
ucts
Major industries: food and tobacco process-
ing, textiles, chemicals, metal products
Crude steel: 1.3 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984 est.), 132 kg per capita
Electric power: 10,553,000 kW capacity
(1985); 26.572 billion kWh produced (1985),
2,680 kWh per capita
Greece (continued)
Greenland
Exports: $4.40 billion (f .o.b., 1984); principal
items — tobacco, minerals, fruits, textiles
Imports: $9.8 billion (c.i.f., 1984); principal
items — machinery and automotive equip-
ment, petroleum and petroleum products,
manufactured consumer goods, chemicals,
meat and live animals
Major trade partners: (1983 est.) imports —
16.7% FRG, 9.7% Italy, 7.6% Japan, 6.9%
France, 6.8% Saudi Arabia; exports — 19.6%
FRG, 13.5% Italy, 8.6% France, 8.3% US,
6.3% UK
Aid: economic commitments — US, includ-
ing Ex-Im, $525 million (1970-81); other
Western bilateral (ODA and OOF), $1.1
billion (1970-83); Communist countries
(1970-84), $360 million; military— US, $2.6
billion (FY70-84); Communist countries
(1970-84), $110 million
Budget: (1984) central government revenues
$9. 1 billion, expenditures $12.5 billion, $3.4
billion deficit
Monetary conversion rate: 154.04 Greek
drachmas=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,479 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, of which 36 km elec-
trified and 100 km double track, 889 km
1.000-meter gauge; 22 km 0.750-meter nar-
row gauge; all government owned
Highways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km
paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel,
5,632 km improved earth, 3,540 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: system consists of three
coastal canals and three unconnected rivers,
which provide navigable length of just under
80km
Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km; refined prod-
ucts, 547 km
Ports: 2 major, 12 secondary, 37 minor
Civil air: 39 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 81 total, 78 usable; 57 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate, modern
networks reach all areas on mainland
islands; 3.31 million telephones (33.5 per 100
popl.); 28 AM, 37 FM, and 292 TV stations; 6
submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 2
Atlantic Ocean antennas and 1 Indian
Ocean antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy,
Hellenic Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,357,000;
1,906,000 fit for military service; about
77,000 reach military age (21) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $2.7 billion; 18.8% of cen-
tral government budget
Arctic Ocea
SOQkm
Ammaaaalik
Denmark Strait
Qaqort
See regional map II
Land
2,175,600 km2; larger than contiguous US;
84% permanent ice and snow, less than 1%
arable (of which only a fraction is
cultivated), 16% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
fishing zone (200 nm)
Coastline: approx. 44,087 km (includes mi-
nor islands)
People
Population: 54,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun — Greenlander(s); adjec-
tive— Greenlandic
Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eskimos
and Greenland-born whites), 14% Danish
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Danish, Eskimo dialects
Infant mortality rate: 37/1,000 (1976-80)
Life expectancy: men 59.7, women 67.3
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 21,378; largely engaged in
fishing, hunting, and sheep breeding
96
Grenada
Government
Official name: Greenland
Type: self-governing province of Kingdom
of Denmark; two representatives in Danish
parliament; separate Minister for Greenland
in the Danish Cabinet (Ministry to be phased
out during 1986-87)
Capital: Godthab (Nuuk)
Political subdivisions: 3 counties, 18 com-
munes
Legal system: Danish law; transformed
from colony to province in 1953; limited
home rule began in spring 1979
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with the elected 25-seat Landsting and Dan-
ish parliament; executive power vested in
Premier and four-person council; 19 lower
courts
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen (since January 1972); Jonathan
MOTZFELDT, Prime Minister (since May
1979)
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory,
over age 21
Elections: held every four years; most re-
cent, 6 June 1984
Political parties: Siumut, 1 1 seats (moderate
socialist, advocating more distinct Green-
land identity and greater autonomy from
Denmark); Atassut Party, 1 1 seats (more con-
servative, favors continuing close relations
with Denmark); Inuit Ataqatigiit, 3 seats
(Marxist-Leninist party favoring complete
independence from Denmark rather than
home rule)
Economy
GNP: included in that of Denmark
Natural resources: zinc, lead, iron ore, coal,
molybdenum, cryolite, uranium, fish
Agriculture: arable areas largely in hay;
sheep grazing; garden produce
Fishing: catch 105,830 tons (1982); exports
$108.6 million (1980)
Major industries: mining, fishing, sealing
Electric power: 84,000 kW capacity (1985);
168 million kWh produced (1985), 3,170
kWh per capita
Exports: $168.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); fish
and fish products, metallic ores and concen-
trates
Imports: $259.4 million (c.i.f., 1980); petro-
leum and petroleum products, machinery
and transport equipment, food products
Major trade partners: (1980) Denmark
49.4%, Finland 9.5%, FRG 8.1%, US 6.3%,
UK 2.9%
Monetary conversion rate: 8.915 Danish
Kroner=US$l (December 1985 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 80 km
Ports: 1 major, 9 minor, 7 secondary
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 7 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic
and international service provided by cables
and radio relay; 17,900 telephones (31.0 per
100 popl.); 7 AM, 24 FM, 9 TV stations; 2
coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Denmark
Military manpower: included with Den-
mark
^TCarriacou
Caribbean A
& .
Caribbean
Sea
.SAINT GEORGE'S
^Grenada
See regional mip III
Land
344 km2 (Grenada and southern
Grenadines); twice the size of Washington,
D. C.; 44% cultivated; 17% unused but po-
tentially productive; 12% forest; 4% pasture;
23% built on, waste, and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 121 km
People
Population: 86,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate —0.5%
Nationality: noun — Grenadian(s); adjec-
tive— Grenadian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African
descent
Religion: largely Roman Catholic; Anglican;
other Protestant sects
Language: English (official); some French
patois
Infant mortality rate: 16.7/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: 69
Literacy: 85%
Labor force: 36,000 (1985); 31 % services,
24% agriculture, 8% construction, 5%
97
Grenada (continued)
manufacturing, 31% other; 35-40% unem-
ployment (1985)
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
Government
Official name: Grenada
Type: independent state; recognizes Eliza-
beth II as Chief of State
Capital: St. George's
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes
Legal system: based on English common
law
National holiday: Independence Day, 7
February
Branches: bicameral legislature (15-member
elected House of Representatives and 13-
member appointed Senate); executive is
Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; judiciary
consists of Grenada Supreme Court, com-
posed of the High Court of Justice and two-
tier Court of Appeals
Government leaders: Sir Paul SCOON,
Governor General (since 1978); Herbert
BLAIZE, Prime Minister (since December
1984)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last general election held 3 De-
cember 1984
Political parties and leaders: the New Na-
tional Party (NNP) is the ruling party and is
a three-party centrist coalition composed of
the Grenada National Party (GNP), the Na-
tional Democratic Party (NDP), and the
Grenada Democratic Movement (GDM);
former Prime Minister Sir Eric Gairy re-
vived his Grenada United Labor Party
(GULP) in 1984; Grenada Democratic Labor
Party (GDLP) formed by Marcel Peters, the
only opposition member of parliament, who
was elected as a GULP candidate but
changed parties after he assumed his seat in
the House of Representatives; the Maurice
Bishop Patriotic Movement (MBPM) was
formed in May 1984 and is composed of
pro-Cuban Socialists; the New Jewel Move-
ment (NJM) consists of supporters of Bern-
ard Coard and other hardliners accused of
killing Bishop in 1983
Voting strength: (1984 election) NNP 59%,
GULP 36%, MBPM 5%; parliamentary
seats— NNP, 14; GDLP, 1
Communists: the New Jewel Movement,
which is currently trying to revitalize, and
the less hardline Maurice Bishop Patriotic
Movement
Other political or pressure group: Grenada
Democratic Labor Party (GDLP) is the of-
ficial opposition
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GDP: $86.8 million (1984 est), $940 per cap-
ita; real growth rate 0.6% (1984 est.); average
inflation rate 5% (1984 est.)
Agriculture: main crops — cocoa, nutmeg,
mace, and bananas
Electric power: 1 1,000 kW capacity (1985);
23 million kWh produced (1985), 261 kWh
per capita
Exports: $18.9 million (f.o.b., 1983); cocoa
beans, nutmeg, bananas, mace
Imports: $55.6 million (c.i.f., 1983); food,
machinery and transport equipment, oil,
building materials
Major trade partners: exports — 35% UK,
9% FRG, 6% Netherlands, 6% US, (1984
est); imports— 17% US, 17% Trinidad and
Tobago, 20% UK (1983)
Budget: (1984 est.) revenues, $32 million;
expenditures, $61 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,000 km total; 600 km paved,
300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unim-
proved
Ports: 1 major (St. George's), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: automatic,
islandwide telephone system with 5,650 tele-
phones (5.1 per 100 popl.); new SHF links to
Trinidad and Tobago and St. Vincent; VHP
and UHF links to Trinidad and Carriacou; 1
AM station, 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Grenada Police Force
98
Guadeloupe
Caribbean
Sea
lies des Saintes
off
See regional map III
Mane-,
Galan1e\
St Martin and St Barthelemy
are not shown
Land
1,779 km2; more than twice the size of New
York City; area consists of two islands; 47%
waste and built on, 24% crop, 16% forest, 9%
pasture, 4% potential crop
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 306 km
People
Population: 334,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Guadeloupian(s); adjec-
tive— Guadeloupe
Ethnic divisions: 90% black or mulatto; 5%
white; less than 5% East Indian, Lebanese,
Chinese
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu
and pagan African
Language: French, Creole patois
Infant mortality rate: 18.6/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 67
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 120,000; services, government,
and commerce 53.0%; industry 25.8%; agri-
culture 21.2%; significant unemployment
Organized labor: 1 1 % of labor force
Government
Official name: Department of Guadeloupe
Type: overseas department and region of
France; represented by three deputies in the
French National Assembly and two senators
in the Senate; last Assembly election, 21 June
1981
Capital: Basse- Terre
Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34
communes, each with a locally elected mu-
nicipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest
court is a court of appeal based in Marti-
nique with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe,
French Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by
Paris; legislative, popularly elected General
Council of 36 members and a Regional
Council composed of members of the local
General Council and the locally elected dep-
uties and senators to the French parliament;
judicial, under jurisdiction of French judi-
cial system
Government leader: Robert MIGUET, Pre-
fect of the Republic (since 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections are
normally held every five years; last General
Council election took place in June 1981 ;
regional assembly elections held in February
1983
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the
Republic (RPR), Gabriel Lisette; Communist
Party of Guadeloupe (PCG), Henri Bangou;
Socialist Party (MSG), leader unknown; Pro-
gressive Party of Guadeloupe (PPG), Henri
Rodes; Independent Republicans; Federa-
tion of the Left; Union for French Democ-
racy (UDF); Union for a New Majority
(UNM)
Voting strength: (1981 election) French Na-
tional Assembly— MSG, 1 seat; PCG, 1 seat;
UDF, 1 seat
Communists: 3,000 est.
Other political or pressure groups: Popular
Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe
(UPLG), Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance
(ARC), Popular Movement for Independent
Guadeloupe (MPGI), Union for the Libera-
tion of Guadeloupe (UPLG), General Union
of Guadeloupe Workers (UGTG), General
Federation of Guadeloupe Workers
(CGT-G)
Member o/.-WFTU
Economy
GDP: $1.18 billion (1980), $3,760 per capita;
real growth rate 15.7% (1979-80 average)
Natural resources: scenery, cultivable land
Agriculture: sugarcane, bananas, pine-
apples, vegetables
Major industries: construction, cement,
rum, light industry, tourism
Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity (1985);
273 million kWh produced (1985), 820 kWh
per capita
Exports: $89.2 million (1981); bananas,
sugar, rum
Imports: $560 million (1981); vehicles, food-
stuffs, clothing and other consumer goods,
construction materials, petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports — 88% franc
zone; imports — 73% franc zone, 3% Italy
(1981)
Aid: economic — bilateral ODA and OOF
commitments (1970-79) from Western (non-
US) countries, $2.4 billion; no military aid
Budget: $198 million (1981)
Monetary conversion rate: 8.66 French
francs=US$l (September 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: privately owned, narrow-gauge
plantation lines
Guadeloupe (continued)
Guatemala
Highways: 1,954 km total; 1,600 km paved,
340 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-a-Pitre), 3 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 9 total, 9 usable, 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: domestic facilities
inadequate; 57,300 telephones (17.4 per 100
popl.); interisland radio-relay to Antigua and
Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique; 2 AM,
3 FM, 9 TV stations; 1 INTELSAT satellite
station
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 89,000
North
Pacific
Ocean
See regional mtp III
Land
108,780 km2; the size of Tennessee; 57% for-
est; 14% cultivated; 10% pasture; 19% other
Land boundaries: 1,625 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 400 km
People
Population: 8,600,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Guatemalan(s); adjec-
tive— Guatemalan
Ethnic divisions: 56% Ladino (mestizo and
westernized Indian), 44% Indian
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic;
also Protestant, traditional Mayan
Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the
population speaks an Indian language as a
primary tongue (18 Indian dialects, includ-
ing Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi)
Infant mortality rate: 66/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: 60
Literacy: 50%
Labor force (1985): 2.5 million; 57.0% agri-
culture, 14.0% manufacturing, 13.0% ser-
vices, 7.0% commerce, 4.0% construction,
3.0% transport, 0.8% utilities, 0.4% mining;
unemployment and underemployment 40%
Organized labor: 10% of labor force (1985)
Government
Official name: Republic of Guatemala
Type: republic
Capital: Guatemala
Political subdivisions: 22 departments
Legal system: civil law system; constitution
came into effect 1966 but suspended follow-
ing March 1982 coup; Constituent Assembly
elected in July 1984 completed drafting new
constitution and other electoral laws in June
1985; elections held 2 November and 8 De-
cember 1985; the new President, Marco
Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo, inaugurated 14 Jan-
uary 1986; judicial review of legislative acts;
legal education at University of San Carlos
of Guatemala; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: traditionally dominant executive;
new 100-member congress installed 14 Janu-
ary 1986; power vested in Office of Presi-
dent; seven-member (minimum) Supreme
Court
Government leader: Marco Vinicio
CEREZO Arevalo, President (since January
1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory
for literates, optional for illiterates
Elections: last congressional election held 3
November 1985; presidential runoff election
held 8 December 1985
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Party (DCG), Marco Vinicio
Cerezo Arevalo; National Centrist Union
(UCN), Jorge Carpio Nicolle; National Lib-
eration Movement (MLN), Mario Sandoval
100
Alarcon; Institutional Democratic Party
(PID) in coalition with MLN; People's Dem-
ocratic Force (FDP) in coalition with MLN;
Democratic Party of National Cooperation
(PDCN), Jorge Serrano Elias; Revolutionary
Party (PR) in coalition with PDCN; Social
Democratic Party (PSD), Mario Solarzano
Martinez; National Renewal Party (PNR),
Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre; National
Authentic Center (CAN), Mario David
Garcia; Anti-Communist Democratic Front
(DUA) in coalition with PUA; emerging
Movement for Harmony (MEC) in coalition
with PUA; 14 political groups participated
in national election for a civilian president,
congress, and mayoralties; in runoff elections
between Vinicio Cerezo (DCG) and Jorge
Carpio (UCN), Cerezo won by a 2 to 1 mar-
gin
Voting strength: (November 1985) DCG
648,681 (38.65%), UCN 339,522(20.23%),
PDCN/PR 231,397 (13.78%), MLN/PID
210,806 (12.56%), CAN 105,473 (6.28%),
PSD 57,362 (3.41%), PNR 52,941 (3.15%),
PUA/FUN/MEC 32,1 18 (1.91%); (Decem-
ber 1985) DCB 51 seats, UCN 22 seats, MLN
12 seats, PDCN/PR 11 seats, PSD 2 seats,
PNR 1 seat, CAN 1 seat
Communists: Guatemalan Labor Party
(PGT); main radical left guerrilla groups —
Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolu-
tionary Organization of the People in Arms
(ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and
PGT Dissidents
Other political or pressure groups: Feder-
ated Chambers of Commerce and Industry
(CACIF), Mutual Support Group (GAM)
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, OAS,
ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $9.2 billion (1985), $1,150 per capita;
26% commerce, 25% agriculture, 9% finan-
cial services, 7% transportation and commu-
nication, 6% government, 27% other;
average annual real growth rate (1975-80),
5.7%; real growth rate 1985, - 1.0%
Natural resources: oil, nickel, rare woods,
fish, chicle
Agriculture: main products — coffee, cotton,
corn, beans, sugarcane, bananas, livestock
Fishing: catch 4,300 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: food processing, textiles
and clothing, furniture, chemicals, nonme-
tallic minerals, metals
Electric power: 815,000 kW capacity (1985);
2.1 billion kWh produced (1985), 250 kWh
per capita
Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1983); coffee,
cotton, sugar, bananas, meat
Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1984); manufac-
tured products, machinery, transportation
equipment, chemicals, fuels
Major trade partners: exports (1985)— 35%
US, 17% El Salvador, 6% Honduras, 5%
Costa Rica; imports (1983)— 33% US, 10% El
Salvador, 8% Netherland Antilles, 7% Mex-
ico, 7% Venezuela
Aid: economic commitments — US, includ-
ing Ex-Im (FY70-84), $325 million; from
other Western (non-US) countries, ODA and
OOF (1970-83), $6.5 billion; military— assist-
ance from US (FY70-80), $22 million
Central government budget: (1986 est.) ex-
penditures, $1.710 billion; revenues, $975
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 quetzal=US$l
(official; December 1985); 3.30 quetzals=
US$1 (unofficial; December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 870 km 0.914-meter gauge, single
track; 780 km government owned, 90 km
privately owned
Highways: 26,429 km total; 2,868 km paved,
11,421 km gravel, and 12,140 unimproved
Inland waterways: 260 km navigable year
round; additional 730 km navigable during
high-water season
Pipelines: crude oil, 48 km
Ports: 2 major (San Jose East [Puerto
Quetzal], Santo Tomas de Castilla), 3 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 498 total, 452 usable; 1 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fairly modern
telecom network centered on Guatemala;
97,670 telephones (1.6 per lOOpopl.); 93
AM, 24 TV stations; connection into Central
American microwave net; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,985,000;
1,347,000 fit for military service; about
77, 000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, $198.4 million;
15.5% of central government budget
101
Guernsey
Alderney
English Channel
Guernsey,
Sark
Set regional map V
Land
194 km2; larger than Washington, D. C.;
part of the Channel Islands; includes de-
pendencies of Guernsey — Alderney, Br-
ecqhou, Sark, Little Sark, Herm, Jethou, and
Lihou Island
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing)
Coastline: about 50 km
People
Population: 53,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate —0.1%
Nationality: noun — Channel Islander(s);
adjective — Channel Islander
Ethnic divisions: UK and Norman-French
descent
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Pres-
byterian, Baptist, Congregational, Methodist
Language: English, French; Norman-
French dialect spoken in country districts
Literacy: universal education
Government
Official name: Bailiwick of Guernsey
Type: independent British crown depend-
ency
Capital: St. Peter Port
Political subdivisions: 10 douzaines or par-
ishes
Legal system: English law and local statute;
justice is administered by the Royal Court
Branches: the Lieutenant Governor and
Commander in Chief is the personal repre-
sentative of the Crown and is entitled to sit
and speak in the States of Deliberation (par-
liament); parliament is composed of the
Bailiff (President ex officio), 12 Conseillers, 2
nonvoting Law Officers of the Crown, 33
popularly elected People's Deputies, 10
Douzaine Representatives, 2 representatives
of the States of Alderney; States of Election
(electoral college) elects Jurats and Con-
seillers— it is composed of the Bailiff, 12 Jur-
ats, 12 Conseillers, 2 Law Officers, 33
People's Deputies, 34 Douzaine Representa-
tives, and 4 Alderney representatives (for
election of Conseillers only); Alderney has its
own popularly elected President and States
(12 members) and its own Court; Sark has
mixture of feudal and popular government
Government leader: Lt. Gen. Sir Alexander
BOSWELL, Lieutenant Governor and
Commander in Chief (since 1985); Sir
Charles Frossard, Bailiff and President of
the States (since 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult over 18
Communists: none
Economy
Agriculture: principal crops — tomatoes and
flowers (mostly grown under glass); sweet
peppers, eggplant, plants, other vegetables
and fruit; Guernsey cattle
Major industries: tourism, banking
Electric power: 160,000 kW capacity (1985);
508 million kWh produced (1985), 9,585
kWh per capita
Exports: tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet
peppers, eggplant, other vegetables, plants
Imports: coal, gasoline and oil
Major trade partners: UK (regarded as in-
ternal trade)
Budget: (1983) total revenues for Guernsey
and Alderney, 63,836 million pounds; total
expenditures for Guernsey and Alderney,
65,708 million pounds
Monetary conversion rate: 0.833 pound
sterling=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December
Communications
Railroads: none
Ports: St. Peter Port, St. Sampson's
Airfields: airport at La Villiaze, Guernsey,
has tarmac runway of 1,463.04 m; there is
also an airport on Alderney
Telecommunications: 1 AM radio station,
which broadcasts 24 hours a week; 1 TV sta-
tion; 41,900 telephones (74.8 per 100 popl.)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
102
Guinea
200km
CONAKRY*
North
Atlantic
Ocean
See regional map VII
Land
245,957 km2; slightly smaller than Oregon;
10% forest, 15% under cultivation; 60-70%
unused
Land boundaries: 3,476 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 346 km
People
Population: 5,734,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.4%
Nationality: noun — Guinean(s); adjective —
Guinean
Ethnic divisions: Fulani, Malinke, Sousou,
15 smaller tribes
Religion: 75% Muslim, 24% indigenous be-
liefs, 1% Christian
Language: French (official); each tribe has
its own language
Infant mortality rate: 165.3/1,000(1980)
Life expectancy: 45
Literacy: 20% in French; 48% in local lan-
guages
Labor force: 2.4 million (1983); 82.0% agri-
culture, 1 1.0% industry and commerce,
5.4% services, 1.6% government
Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage
labor force loosely affiliated with the Na-
tional Confederation of Guinean Workers
Government
Official name: Republic of Guinea
Type: republic
Capital: Conakry
Political subdivisions: 33 provinces, divided
into 36 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law
system, customary law, and decree; 1958
constitution suspended after military coup
on 3 April 1984; legal codes currently being
revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 2 Oc-
tober; Anniversary of Committee for Na-
tional Redressment, 3 April
Branches: coup on 3 April 1984 established
the 25-member (currently 20 members) Mil-
itary Committee for National Redressment
to determine government policy; the highest
ranking CMRN member became President,
with other CMRN assuming most Cabinet
portfolios; precoup unicameral legislature
has been abolished
Government leaders: Gen. Lansana
CONTE, Head of Government (since April
1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: none scheduled but CMRN has
promised to create a true and viable democ-
racy
Political parties and leaders: following 3
April 1984 coup all political activity banned
and only party, Democratic Party of Guinea
(PDG), dissolved
Communists: no Communist party,
although there are some sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO,
G-77, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
Mano River Union, Niger River Commis-
sion, NAM, OAU, OATUU, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.546 billion (1984), $300 per capita;
real growth rate 1.3% (1984 est.)
Natural resources: bauxite, iron ore, dia-
monds, gold, uranium, hydroelectric power,
fish
Agriculture: cash crops — coffee, bananas,
palm products, peanuts, citrus fruits, pine-
apples; staple food crops — cassava, rice, mil-
let, corn, sweet potatoes; livestock raised in
some areas
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina,
diamond mining, light manufacturing and
processing industries
Electric power: 100,600 kW capacity (1985);
220 million kWh produced (1985), 38 kWh
per capita
Exports: $537 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.);
bauxite, alumina, diamonds, coffee, pine-
apples, bananas, palm kernels
Imports: $403 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.); pe-
troleum products, metals, machinery and
transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: imports — France,
USSR, US; exports— US, USSR, France,
Spain
Budget: (1983) public revenues, $444 mil-
lion; current expenditures, $330 million;
development expenditures, $104 million
Monetary conversion rate: 25.1 sylis=US$l
(December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
103
Guinea (continued)
Guinea-Bissau
(formerly Portuguese Guinea)
Highways: 30,000 km total; 1,087 km paved,
13,013 km gravel or laterite, 16,000 km un-
improved earth
Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable by
shallow-draft native craft
Ports: 1 major (Conakry), 2 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 17 total, 17 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Army (ground forces), Navy (acts
primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, para-
military National Gendaramerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,282,000;
645,000 fit for military service
100km
>•, "" , f
Arquipelagd •
dos Btfagos
North Atlantic Ocean
S«e regional map VII
Land
36,260 km2 (includes Bijagos archipelago);
about the size of New Hampshire and Con-
necticut combined
Land boundaries: 740 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 274 km
People
Population: 875,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun — Guinea-Bissauan(s);
adjective — Guinea- Bissauan
Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (30%
Balanta, 20% Fula, 14% Manjaca, 13% Man-
dinga, 7% Papel); less than 1% European and
mulatto
Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, 30% Mus-
lim, 5% Christian
Language: Portuguese (official); Criolo and
numerous African languages
Infant mortality rate: 250/1,000(1982)
Life expectancy: 42
Literacy: 9%
Labor force: 90% agriculture; 5% industry,
services, and commerce; 5% government
Government
Official name: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Type: republic; highly centralized one-party
regime since September 1974
Capital: Bissau
Political subdivisions: 9 regions, 3 circum-
scriptions (predominantly indigenous popu-
lation)
Legal system: new constitution approved
May 1984
National holiday: Independence Day, 24
September
Branches: president and cabinet;
150-member National Popular Assembly,
overseen by 15-member Council of State
Government leaders: Brig. Gen. Joao
Bernardo VIEIRA, President, Council of
State (since November 1980); Paulo
CORREIA, First Vice President, Council of
State (since May 1984); lafai CAMARA,
Second Vice President, Council of State
(since May 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: legislative elections held March
1984; legislature elected Vieira to serve a
five-year term as President in May 1984
Political parties and leaders: African Party
for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and
Cape Verde (PAIGC), led by President
, Vieira, only legal party; Guinea-Bissau
decided to retain the binational party title
despite its formal break with Cape Verde
Communists: a few Communists, some sym-
pathizers
Member of: AfDB, CEAO, FAO, G-77,
GATT(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, ISCON, ITU, NAM,
OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
104
Guyana
Economy
GDP: $154 million (FY83), $180 per capita,
real growth rate -5.1% (1983)
Natural resources: potential petroleum,
bauxite, phosphates
Agriculture: main crops — rice, palm prod-
ucts, root crops, coconuts, peanuts, wood
Fishing: catch 6,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: agricultural processing,
beer, soft drinks
Electric power: 22,200 kW capacity (1985);
38 million kWh produced (1985), 44 kWh
per capita
Exports: $8.6 million (1983); principally
peanuts; also palm kernels, shrimp, fish,
lumber
Imports: $57.1 million (1983); foodstuffs,
manufactured goods, fuels, transport equip-
ment
Major trade partners: mostly Portugal,
Spain, and other European countries
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $12.2 million;
current expenditures, $27.4 million; invest-
ment expenditures, $27.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 83.528 Guinea
Bissauan pesos=US$l (November 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 3,218 km (418 km bitu-
minous, remainder earth)
Inland waterways: scattered stretches are
important to coastal commerce
Ports: 1 major (Bissau)
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 54 total, 46 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited system of
open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and
radiocommunication stations; 3,000 tele-
phones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station, 1
FM station, no TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed
Force (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air Force
are separate components
Military manpower: males 15-49, 201,000;
1 17,000 fit for military service
North At /antic
See regional mip IV
Land
214,970 km2; the size of Idaho; 66% forest;
22% water, urban, and waste; 8% savanna;
3% pasture; 1 % cropland
Land boundaries: 2,575 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 459 km
People
Population: 771,000(July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Guyanese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Guyanese
Ethnic divisions: 51% East Indian, 43%
black and mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2% Euro-
pean and Chinese
Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9%
Muslim, 1% other
Language: English, Amerindian dialects
Infant mortality rate: 41/1 ,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 70
Literacy: 85%
105
Guyana (continued)
Labor force: 200,000(1983); 44.5% industry
and commerce, 33.8% agriculture, 21.7%
services; 64% public sector employment;
approximately 25% unemployed (1984)
Organized labor: 34% of labor force
Government
Official name: Cooperative Republic of
Guyana
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Georgetown
Political subdivisions: 6 government dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on English common
law with certain admixtures of Roman-
Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Republic Day, 23 Febru-
ary
Branches: Executive President, who ap-
points and heads a cabinet; unicameral legis-
lature (53-member National Assembly)
elected by proportional representation every
five years
Government leader: Hugh Desmond
HOYTE, President (since August 1985);
Hamilton GREEN, Prime Minister (since
August 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Elections: last held in December 1985
Political parties and leaders: People's Na-
tional Congress (PNC), Hugh Desmond
Hoyte; People's Progressive Party (PPP),
Cheddi Jagan; Working People's Alliance
(WPA), Rupert Roopnarine, Clive Thomas,
Walter Omawale, Eusi Kwayana, Moses
Bhagwan, Kenneth Persand; United Force
(UF), Feilden Singh; Vanguard for Libera-
tion and Democracy (VLD; also known as
Liberator Party), Ganraj Kumar, Dr. J. K.
Makepeace Richmond; Democratic Labor
Movement (DLM), Dr. Paul Tennassee
Vot ing strength: ( 1985 election, unofficial
returns) 78% PNC (42 seats), 16% PPP (8
seats), 4% UF (2 seats), 2% WPA (1 seat)
Communists: est. 100 hardcore within PPP;
top echelons of PPP and PYO (Progressive
Youth Organization, militant wing of the
PPP) include many Communists, but rank
and file is conservative and non-Communist;
small but unknown number of orthodox
Marxist-Leninists within PNC, some of
whom are PPP turncoats
Other political or pressure groups: Trades
Union Congress (TUC); Working People's
Vanguard Party (WPVP); Guyana Council
of Indian Organizations (GCIO); Civil Liber-
ties Action Committee (CLAC); the latter
two organizations are small and active but
not well organized
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADB, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer),
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
CNF: $399 million (1984), $510 per capita;
real growth 4.0% (1984)
Natural resources: bauxite, gold, diamonds,
hardwood timber, shrimp, fish
Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, rice,
other food crops; food shortages — wheat
flour, cooking oil, processed meat, dairy
products
Major industries: bauxite mining, sugar and
rice milling, timber fishing (shrimp), textiles,
gold mining
Electric power: 200,000 kW capacity (1985);
485 million kWh produced (1985), 630 kWh
per capita
Exports: $212 million (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
bauxite, sugar, rice, shrimp, molasses, tim-
ber, rum
Imports: $222 million (c.i.f., 1984 prelim.);
manufactures, machinery, food, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 29% UK,
17% US, 17% CARICOM, 6% Canada; im-
ports—33% CARICOM, 21% US, 11% UK,
3% Canada (1983)
Budget: est. revenues, $167 million; expend-
iture $366 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: G$4.15=US$1
(September 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 187 km total, all single track
0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 7,665 km total; 550 km paved,
5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, 590 km
unimproved
Inland waterways: 6,000 km total of naviga-
ble waterways; Berbice, Demerara, and Es-
sequibo Rivers are navigable by oceangoing
vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km, re-
spectively
Ports: 1 major (Georgetown), 6 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 70 total, 67 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 12 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair telecom system
with radio-relay network and over 27,000
telephones (3.3 per 100 popl.);-tropospheric
scatter link to Trinidad; 3 AM, 3 FM, no TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Guyana Defense Force (including
Maritime Corps and Air Corps), Guyana
Police Force, Guyana People's Milita,
Guyana National Service
Military manpower: males 15-49, 199,000;
158,000 fit for military service
106
Haiti
North Atlantic Ocean
lie de la Torluga
Caribbean Sea
See rffionil map Ml
Land
27,749 km2; the size of Maryland; 44% un-
productive, 31% cultivated, 18% rough pas-
ture, 1% forest
Land boundary: 361 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,771 km
People
Population: 5,870,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun — Haitian(s); adjective —
Haitian
Ethnic divisions: 95% black, 5% mulatto and
European
Religion: 75-80% Roman Catholic (of which
an overwhelming majority also practice
Voodoo), 10% Protestant, est. 10% other
Language: French (official) spoken by only
10% of population; all speak Creole
Infant mortality rate: 107/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 45
Literacy: 23%
Labor force: 2.3 million (1982); 66% agricul-
ture, 25% services, 9% industry; significant
unemployment; shortage of skilled labor;
unskilled labor abundant
Organized labor: less than 1% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Haiti
Type: republic
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Political subdivisions: five departments (de-
spite constitutional provision for nine)
Legal system: based on Roman civil law
system; constitution adopted 1964 and
amended 1971 and 1983; legal education at
State University in Port-au-Prince and pri-
vate law colleges in Cap-Hai'tien, Les Cayes,
Gonai'ves, and Jeremie; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan-
uary
Branches: interim government following the
end of 29 years of Duvalier family rule; uni-
cameral legislature (59-member National
Assembly) suspended following coup; judi-
ciary appointed by President before coup
Government leader: Lt. Gen. Henri
NAMPHY, President, National Council of
Government (CNG; since February 1986),
two other CNG members, and 12-member
cabinet
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: constitution as amended in 1983
named Jean-Claude Duvalier President for
Life and granted him authority to name his
successor; most recent legislative election
held February 1984; talk of new elections in
18 to 24 months, following coup and
Duvalier 's self-imposed exile
Political parties and leaders: Haitian Chris-
tian Democratic Party (PDCN), Sylvio
Claude; Haitian Social Christian Party
(PSCH), Gregoire Eugene; Haitian Demo-
cratic Action (ADH), Alexandre LeCouge;
National Rallying Democratic Party
(PADRANA), Constant Pognon
Voting strength: (1984 legislative elections)
Assembly comprised of regime loyalists be-
fore coup
Communists: United Party of Haitian Com-
munists (PUCH), Rene Theodore (party in
exile in the Dominican Republic); Haitian
Workers Party (PTH; pro-Chinese Marxist),
Sergio Gilles
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $1.8 billion (FY84), $240 per capita;
real growth rate 1984, 2.0%
Natural resources: bauxite
Agriculture: main crops — coffee, sugarcane,
rice, corn, sorghum
Major industries: sugar refining, textiles,
flour milling, cement manufacturing, baux-
ite mining, tourism, light assembly indus-
tries
Electric power: 193,000 kW capacity (1985);
325 million kWh produced (1985), 56 kWh
per capita
Exports: $167.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); man-
gos, coffee, light industrial products, essen-
tial oils, sisal, sugar
Imports: $284 million (f.o.b., 1982); con-
sumer durables, foodstuffs, industrial equip-
ment, petroleum products, construction ma-
terials
Major trade partners: exports — 59% US;
imports— 45% US (1978)
Aid: economic — US commitments, includ-
ing Ex-Im (FY70-84), $363 million; ODA
107
Haiti (continued)
Honduras
and OOF from other Western countries
(1970-83), $362 million; military US(FY70-
84), $5 million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $283 million; ex-
penditures, $357 million
Monetary conversion rate: 5.00
gourdes=US$l (September 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: 40 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge,
single-track, privately owned industrial line
Highways: 4,000 km total; 950 km paved,
900 km otherwise improved, 2,150 km un-
improved
Inland waterways: negligible; less than 100
km navigable
Ports: 2 major (Port-au-Prince,
Cap-HaTtien), 12 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 1 1 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities
barely adequate, international facilities
slightly better; 36,000 telephones (0.5 per
100 popl.); 31 AM, 32 TV stations; 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Corps
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,317,000;
733,000 fit for military service; about 63,000
reach military age (18) annually
150km
Puerto Cone
Caribbean Sea
Islas de la Bahia
Boundary representation 19
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map III
Land
1 12,088 km2; slightly larger than Tennessee;
36% waste and built on, 30% pasture, 27%
forest, 7% crop
Land boundaries: 1,530 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 820 km
People
Population: 4,648,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Honduran(s); adjec-
tive— Honduran
Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo (mixed Indian
and European), 7% Indian, 2% black, 1%
white
Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic; small
Protestant minority
Language: Spanish, Indian dialects
Infant mortality rate: 78/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 58.7
Literacy: 56%
Labor force: 1.3 million (1985); 62% agricul-
ture, 20% services, 9% manufacturing, 3%
construction, 5% other; 25% unemployed;
25% underemployed
Organized labor: 40% of urban labor force,
20% of rural work force (1985)
Government
Official name: Republic of Honduras
Type: republic
Capital: Tegucigalpa
Political subdivisions: 18 departments
Legal system: rooted in Roman and Spanish
civil law; some influence of English common
law; new constitution became effective in
January 1982; the nine Supreme Court jus-
tices are appointed by Congress; legal educa-
tion at University of Honduras in
Tegucigalpa; accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: constitution provides for elected
President, unicameral legislature
(134-member National Congress), and na-
tional judicial branch
Government leader: Jose AZCONA Hoyo,
President (since January 1986)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: national election for president
and legislature held every four years; last
election held November 1985; legislature
chosen by proportional representation; 282
county councils
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party
(PLH) — party president, Romualdo Bueso
Penalba; faction leaders, Roberto Suazo
Cordova (Rodista faction), Jose Azcona Hoyo
(Azconista subfaction), Jorge Bueso Arias
(ALIPO faction), Jorge Arturo Reina
(M-Lider faction); National Party (PNH)—
party president, Rafael Leonardo Calleias;
faction leaders, Juan Pablo Urrutia (MUC
faction); Ricardo Zufiiga Augustinus
(Officialista faction), Mario Rivera Lopez
108
(Riverista subfaction), and Rafael Leonardo
Callejas(MONARCA faction); National In-
novation and Unity Party (PINU) — Miguel
Andonie Fernandez; Christian Democratic
Party (PDCH)— Ef rain Diaz Arivillaga
Voting strength: (1985 election) 1.6 million
out of 1.8 million eligible voters cast ballots;
PLH51%, PNH 45%, PINU 1.5%, PDCH
1.9%, legislative seats— PLH 67, PNH 63,
PINU 2, PDCH 2
Communists: up to 1,500; Honduran leftist
groups — Communist Party of Honduras
(PCH), Communist Party of
Honduras/Marxist-Leninist (PCH/ML),
Morazanist Front for the Liberation of Hon-
duras (FMLH), People's Revolutionary
Union/Popular Liberation Movement
(URP/MPL), Popular Revolutionary Forces-
Lorenzo Zelaya (FPR/LZ), Socialist Party of
Honduras Central American Workers Revo-
lutionary Party (PASO/PRTC)
Other political or pressure groups: National
Association of Honduran Campesinos
(ANACH), Honduran Council of Private
Enterprise (COHEP), Confederation of
Honduran Workers (CTH), National Union
of Campesinos (UNC), General Workers
Confederation (CGT), United Federation of
Honduran Workers (FUTH)
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA,
UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $3.2 billion (1984), $750 per capita;
real growth rate average —3.1% (1980-83);
real growth rate 2.8% (1984)
Natural resources: forests, gold, silver, cop-
per, lead, zinc, iron, antimony, coal, fish
Agriculture: main crops — bananas, coffee,
corn, beans, sugarcane, rice, tobacco
Fishing: catch 8,400 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: agricultural processing,
textiles, clothing, wood products
Electric power: 580,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.4 billion kWh produced (1985), 320 kWh
per capita
Exports: $675 million (f.o.b., 1983); bananas,
coffee, lumber, meat, petroleum products
Imports: $705 million (f.o.b., 1983); manu-
factured products, machinery, transporta-
tion equipment, chemicals, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports— 54% US, 8%
CACM, 6% Japan, 5% FRG (1983);
imports— 47% US, 11% CACM, 6% Japan,
5% Trinidad and Tobago (1983)
Aid: economic commitments — US, includ-
ing Ex-Im (FY70-84), $980 million loans;
other Western (non-US) countries, ODA and
ODF (1970-83), $333 million; OPEC ODA
commitments (1974-83), $15 million; mili-
tary—assistance from US (FY79-84), $190
million
Budget: (1983) revenues, $389 million; ex-
penditures, $605 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2
lempiras=US$l (1 January 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,207 km total; 444 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 763 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved,
5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 465 km navigable by
small craft
Ports: 1 major (Puerto Cortes), 4 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 195 total, 179 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: improved, but still
inadequate; connection into Central Ameri-
can microwave net; 35,100 telephones (0.9
per 100 popl.); 160 AM, 67 TV stations; 2
Atlantic Ocean satellite ground stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Naval Forces, Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,021,000;
608,000 fit for military service; about 51,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for the fiscal year ending
31 December 1986, $67.5 million; about 7%
of the central government budget
109
Hong Kong
Lema Channel
See regional map VIII
Land
1,060 km2; about one and one-third times
the size of New York City; 14% arable, 10%
forest, 76% other (mainly grass, shrub, steep
hill country)
Land boundaries: 24 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 733 km
People
Population: 5,465,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: adjective — Hong Kong
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other
Religion: 90% eclectic mixture of local reli-
gions, 10% Christian
Language: Chinese (Cantonese), English
Infant mortality rate: 9.9/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 75
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: (June 1985) 2.64 million; 37.3%
manufacturing; 22.1% commerce; 18.4%
services; 7.6% construction; 7.6% transport
and communications; 6.8% financing, insur-
ance, and real estate; 1.2% agriculture,
fishing, mining, and quarrying; 0.4% other;
unemployment (seasonally adjusted) 3.0%
Organized labor: 15.2% of 1984 labor force
Government
Official name: Hong Kong
Type: British dependent territory; sched-
uled to revert to China in 1997
Capital: Victoria
Political subdivisions: Hong Kong,
Kowloon, and New Territories
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor assisted by advisory
Executive Council, legislates with advice
and consent of Legislative Council; Execu-
tive Council composed of governor, four
ex-officio senior officials, and 1 1 nominated
members; Legislative Council composed of
governor, three ex-officio members, 10 of-
ficial members, 22 appointed unofficial
members and 24 unofficial members elected
indirectly by functional constituencies and
by an electoral college; Urban Council, con-
sisting of 15 elected members and 15 ap-
pointed by Governor, responsible for health,
recreation, and resettlement in urban areas;
Regional Council (established 1 April 1986),
comprising 12 directly elected members, 9
indirectly elected, 12 appointed, and 3 ex
officio, has similar responsibilities in
nonurban areas; independent judiciary
Government leader: Sir Edward YOUDE,
Governor and Commander in Chief (since
May 1982); Chief Secretary Sir David
AKERS-JONES (since 1985)
Suffrage: limited to 450,000 to 550,000 pro-
fessional or skilled persons
Elections: on three- year cycle for Urban and
Regional Councils; last held March 1986;
indirect elections for Legislative Council
held for first time in September 1985 and
planned for three-year intervals
Political parties: no significant parties
Communists: an estimated 4,000 cadres
affiliated with Communist Party of China
Other political or pressure groups: Federa-
tion of Trade Unions (Communist
controlled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade
Union Council (Nationalist Chinese domi-
nated), Hong Kong General Chamber of
Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of
Commerce (Communist controlled), Federa-
tion of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese
Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union
Member of: ADB, ESCAP (associate mem-
ber), IMO, INTERPOL, Multifiber Arrange-
ment, WMO
Economy
GDP: (1985 est.) $33.3 billion, $6,064 per
capita; real growth, 4.0%
Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor
position in the economy; main products rice,
vegetables, dairy products; less than 20%
self-sufficient; shortages — rice, wheat, water
Major industries: textiles and clothing, tour-
ism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, and
clocks
Shortages: industrial raw materials
Electric power: 6,142,000 kW capacity
(1985); 17.830 billion kWh produced (1985),
3,290 kWh per capita
Exports: $28.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984), includ-
ing $10.7 billion reexports; principal prod-
ucts— clothing, plastic articles, textiles, elec-
trical goods, wigs, footwear, light metal
manufactures
Imports: $28.6 billion (c.i.f., 1984)
Major trade partners: (1984) exports— 32%
US, 18% China, 8% Japan, 5% UK, 5% FRG;
imports— 25% China, 24% Japan, 1 1% US
Budget: (1984/85) $4.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.76 Hong Kong
dollars=US$l (July 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
110
Hungary
Communications
Railroads: 35 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, government owned
Highways: 1,160 km total; 794 km paved,
306 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth
Ports: 1 major (Hong Kong)
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern facilities pro-
vide excellent domestic and international
services; 62 telephone exchanges, 1.5 million
telephones; 5 AM and 9 FM radiobroadcast
stations with 1 1 transmitters; 5 TV stations;
2.5 million radio and 1.1 million TV receiv-
ers; 10,100 Telex subscriber lines with direct
connections to 47 countries; 2 INTELSAT
ground stations with access to Pacific and
Indian Ocean satellites; coaxial cable to
Guangzhou (Canton), China; 3 international
submarine cables; troposcatter to Taiwan
available but inactive
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of United King-
dom
Branches: Headquarters of British Forces,
Gurkha Field Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air
Force, Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air
Force, Royal Hong Kong Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,620,000;
1,274,000 fit for military service; about
53,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending
30 June 1984, $195.3 million; about 4.3% of
central government budget and 1% of GDP
Sec regional mip V
Land
93,030 km2; slightly smaller than Indiana;
70.5% agricultural and pastureland, 17.6%
forest, 11. 9% other
Land boundaries: 2,242 km
People
Population: 10,624,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate —0.2%
Nationality: noun — Hungarian(s); adjec-
tive— Hungarian
Ethnic divisions: 96.6% Hungarian, 1.6%
German, 1.1% Slovak, 0.3% Southern Slav,
0.2% Romanian, 1.2% other
Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0%
Calvinist, 5.0% Lutheran, 7.5% atheist and
other
Language: 98.2% Hungarian, 1.8% other
Infant mortality rate: 19/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 65.6, women 73.5
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4,940,000 (1984); 31% industry;
22% agriculture; 7% construction; 40% ser-
vices, trade, government, and other
Government
Official name: Hungarian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Budapest
Political subdivisions: 19 megyes (counties),
5 autonomous cities in county status
Legal system: based on Communist legal
theory, with both civil law system (civil code
of 1960) and common law elements; consti-
tution adopted 1949 amended 1972; Su-
preme Court renders decisions of principle
that sometimes have the effect of declaring
legislative acts unconstitutional; legal educa-
tion at Lorand Eotvos University Faculty of
Law in Budapest and two other schools of
law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 4 April
Branches: executive — Presidential Council
(elected by parliament); unicameral legisla-
ture— National Assembly (elected by direct
suffrage); judicial — Supreme Court (elected
by parliament)
Government leaders: Pal LOSONCZI, Pres-
ident, Presidential Council (since April
1967); Gyorgy LAzAR, Premier, Council of
Ministers (since May 1975)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: every five years (last election June
1985); national and local elections are held
separately
Political parties and leaders: Hungarian
Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party
(MSZMP), sole party; Janos Kadar, General
Secretary (since November 1956; his title
was changed from First Secretary to General
Secretary in March 1985)
Voting strength: (1985 election) 7,700,000
(94%) turnout for multiple-candidate elec-
tion, with only some leading figures running
without opposition
Communists: about 870,992 party members
(January 1985)
111
Hungary (continued)
Iceland
Member of: CEMA, Danube Commission,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMF, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $77 billion in 1984 (at 1984 US dol-
lars), $7,200 per capita; 1984 growth rate,
1.3%
Natural resources: bauxite, brown coal, nat-
ural gas
Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; main
crops — corn, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets,
wine grapes
Major industries: mining, metallurgy, engi-
neering industries, processed foods, textiles,
chemicals (especially Pharmaceuticals)
Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite),
copper, high grade coal, forest products,
crude oil
Crude steel: 3.8 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 355 kg per capita
Electric power: 6,530,000 kW capacity
(1985); 29.315 billion kWh produced (1985),
2,754 kWh per capita
Exports: $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 38%
fuels, raw materials, and semifinished prod-
ucts; 25% machinery and equipment; 23%
agricultural and forestry products; 14%
manufactured consumer goods
Imports: $15.6 billion (c.i.f., 1984); 67%
fuels, raw materials, and semifinished prod-
ucts; 16% machinery and equipment; 10%
manufactured consumer goods; 7% agricul-
tural and forestry products
Major trade partners: 30% USSR, 9% FRG
(1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 48.244
forints=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 7,869 km total; 7,620 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 214 km narrow gauge
(mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.524-meter
broad gauge, 1,1 19 km double track, 1,807
km electrified; government owned (1983)
Highways: 29,684 km total; 25,922 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 3,213 km asphalt
treated, gravel, crushed stone; 549 km earth
(1982)
Inland waterways: 1,622 km (1983)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,160 km; natural gas,
3,732 km (1984)
Freight carried: rail — 124 million metric
tons, 23. 1 billion metric ton/km (1983);
highway — 235 million metric tons, 6.5 bil-
lion metric ton/km (1983); waterway — est.
3.2 million metric tons, 1.7 billion metric
ton/km (public and private use)(1983)
River ports: 2 principal (Budapest,
Dunaujvaros); no maritime ports; outlets are
Rostock, GDR; Gdansk, Gdynia, and
Szczecin in Poland; and Gala(i and Braila in
Romania (1978)
Defense Forces
Branches: Hungarian People's Army, Fron-
tier Guard, Air and Air Defense Command
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,588,000;
2,074,000 fit for military service; about
75,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, 23.3 billion
f orints; 3. 8% of total budget
Greenland Sea
H.fn.rl,ordhUf
North Atlantic Ocean
See regional m«p V
Land
102,845 km2; the size of Virginia; arable and
forest negligible, 22% meadow and pasture,
78% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 4,988 km
People
Population: 244,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Icelanders);
adjective — Icelandic
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous mixture of
descendants of Norwegians and Celts
Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3%
other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% no
affiliation
Language: Icelandic
Infant mortality rate: 6.1/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 73.9, women 79.4
Literacy: 99.9%
Labor force: 114,000(1984); 18.6% com-
merce, finance, and services; 12.2%
construction; 9.0% agriculture; 8.0% fish
112
processing; 6.3% transportation and commu-
nications; 5.4% fishing; 16.8% other manu-
facturing; 23.7% other (1983); 1.3% unem-
ployment (1984 average)
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Iceland
Type: republic
Capital: Reykjavik
Political subdivisions: 23 counties, 200 par-
ishes, 23 incorporated towns
Legal system: civil law system based on
Danish law; constitution adopted 1944; legal
education at University of Iceland; does not
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Estab-
lishment of the Republic, 17 June
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with President and parliament (Althing);
executive power vested in President but ex-
ercised by Cabinet responsible to parlia-
ment; Supreme Court and 29 lower courts
Government leaders: Vigdis FINN-
BOGADOTTIR, President (since August
1980); Steingrimur HERMANNSSON,
Prime Minister (since May 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 20 but not com-
pulsory
Elections: parliamentary every four years,
last held 23 April 1983; presidential held
every four years; last held August 1984
Political parties and leaders: Independence
(conservative), Thorsteinn Palsson; Progres-
sive, Steingrimur Hermannsson; Social
Democratic, Jon Baldvin Hannibalsson;
People's Alliance (left socialist), Svavar
Gestsson
Voting strength:( 1983 election) 38.7% Inde-
pendence, 19.5% Progressive, 17.3%
People's Alliance, 11.7% Social Democratic,
12.8% other
Communists: est. less than 100, some of
whom participate in the People's Alliance,
which drew 22,489 votes in the 1983 parlia-
mentary elections
Member of: Council of Europe, EC (free
trade agreement pending resolution of
fishing limits issue), EFTA, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ITU, IWC— International Whaling
Commission, NATO, Nordic Council,
OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GNP: $2.17 billion (1984), $9,040 per capita;
59% private consumption, 22% private in-
vestment, 17% government (1981); —0.6%
net export of goods and services (1981);
change in stockbuilding 1.0%; growth rate
-5.5% (1983)
Natural resources: fish, hydroelectric and
geothermal power, diatomite
Agriculture: cattle, sheep, dairying, hay,
potatoes, turnips
Fishing: catch, 1,519,000 (1984) metric tons;
marine product exports, $500 million (1984)
Major industries: fish processing, aluminum
smelting, diatomite production, hydroelec-
tricity
Shortages: grains, sugar, vegetables and
vegetable fibers, fuel, wood, minerals
Electric power: 913,000 kW capacity (1985);
4.332 billion kWh produced (1985), 17,975
kWh per capita
Exports: $743.3 million (f.o.b., 1984); fish
and fish products, animal products, alumi-
num, diatomite
Imports: $843.8 million (c.i.f., 1984); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment, pe-
troleum, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: (1984) EC 41.8%
(FRG 11.8%, UK 10.7%, Denmark 6.2%,
Netherlands 5.7%), US 16.9%, CEMA 10.3%,
Japan 4.2%
Aid: economic authorizations, including
Ex-Im from US, $19.1 million (FY70-81)
Budget: (1984) expenditures $577.2 million,
revenues $530.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 41.47 kronur=
US$1 (October 1985 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen
and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treated
and gravel; 10,893 km earth
Ports: 1 major (Reykjavik), 3 secondary
(Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur,
Seydhisfjordhur), and numerous minor
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 98 total, 91 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 1 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic
service, wire and radio communication sys-
tem; 125,000 telephones (52.5 per 100 popl.);
4 AM, 33 FM, and 129 TV stations; 2 subma-
rine cables; 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic
Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Police, Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 64,000;
55,000 fit for military service (Iceland has no
conscription or compulsory military service)
113
India
ese line
^ o, con,ro|
Srmagar" Clndian
~* claim
Ahmadabad
Arabian (Bombay
Sea
%Myd»r«
Calicut
Laccadive
Set
Stt regional map VIII
Nicobar":
Islands '*
Land
3,287,590 km2 (includes Jammu and
Kashmir, the Indian-annexed part of the
former state of Jammu and Kashmir); one-
third the size of the US; 50% arable; 22%
forest; 20% desert, waste, or urban; 5% per-
manent meadow and pasture; 3% inland
water
Land boundaries: 12,700km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 7,000 km (includes offshore is-
lands)
People
Population: 783,940,000, including Sikkim
and the Indian-held part of disputed Jammu
and Kashmir (July 1986); average annual
growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Indian(s); adjective —
Indian
Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25%
Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other
Religion: 83.5% Hindu, 11.0% Muslim, 2.6%
Christian, 2.0-2.5% Sikh, 0.7% Buddhist,
0.2% other
Language: Hindi, English, and 14 other of-
ficial languages; 24 languages spoken by a
million or more persons each; numerous
other languages and dialects, for the most
part mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the
national language and primary tongue of 30
percent of the people; English enjoys
"associate" status but is the most important
language for national, political, and com-
mercial communication; Hindustani, a pop-
ular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken
widely throughout northern India
Infant mortality rate: 1 16/1,000 (1984 est.)
Life expectancy: 54.9
Literacy: 36%
Labor force: (84/85) about 284.4 million;
67% agriculture; more than 10%
unemployed and underemployed
Organized labor: less than 5% of total labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of India
Type: federal republic
Capital: New Delhi
Political subdivisions: 22 states, 9 union ter-
ritories
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution adopted 1950; limited judi-
cial review of legislative acts; accepts com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 26 January
Branches: bicameral parliament — Council
of States, House of the People; relatively
independent judiciary
Government leader: Rajiv GANDHI, Prime
Minister (since October 1984); Zail SINGH,
President (since July 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national and state elections ordi-
narily held every five years; may be post-
poned in emergency and may be held more
frequently if government loses confidence
vote; last general election in December
1984; state elections staggered
Political parties and leaders: Indian Na-
tional Congress, controlled national govern-
ment from independence to March 1977;
split in January 1978 and 1979; party cur-
rently headed by Prime Minister Rajiv
Gandhi; the Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party
(DMKP), formed in late 1984 by Charan
Singh of the Lok Dal Party, also absorbed
the Democratic Socialist Party, a breakaway
faction of the Janata Party, and Sharad
Pawar's Congress (S) Party; Janata Party led
by Chandra Shekhar; Bharatiya Janata
Party, L. K. Advani; Communist Party of
India (CPI), C. Rajeswara Rao; Communist
Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S.
Namboodiripad; Communist Party of
India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML),
Satyanarayan Singh; All-India Anna
Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK), a
regional party in Tamil Nadu, led by
M. G. Ramachandran; Akali Dal, led by
Surjit Singh Barnala, representing Sikh reli-
gious community in the Punjab; Telugu
Desam, a regional party in Andhra Pradesh
led by N. T. Rama Rao; National Sanjay
Front (SVM), led by Maneka Gandhi; Na-
tional Conference (NC), a regional party in
Jammu and Kashmir, split into factions led
by Farooq Abdullah and G. M. Shah
Voting strength: India Congress, 74%;
Telugu Desam Party, 5%; CPM, 4%; Janata,
1.8%; CPI, 1.1%; DMKP, 0.5%; BJP, 0.4%;
other, 6.6%; 34 seats vacant as of January
1985
Communists: 466,000 members claimed by
CPI, 270,000 members claimed by CPI/M;
Communist extremist groups, about 15,000
members
Other political or pressure groups: various
separatist groups seeking reorganization of
states; numerous "senas" or militant/chauvi-
nistic organizations, including Shiv Sena (in
Bombay), Anand Marg, and Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANRPC, Co-
lombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
114
Indonesia
ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, Interna-
tional Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC,
ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG,
WTO
Economy
GNP. $193 billion (FY84/85 at current
prices), $240 per capita; real growth 8%
(FY83/84 est.)
Natural resources: coal, iron ore, manga-
nese, mica, bauxite, chromite
Agriculture: main crops — rice, other cere-
als, pulses, oilseed, cotton, jute, sugarcane,
tobacco, tea, coffee; an illegal producer of
opium poppy and cannabis for the interna-
tional drug trade
Fishing: catch 2.85 million metric tons
(1984); exports $337 million (1982)
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
steel, machinery, transportation equipment,
cement, jute manufactures
Crude steel: 10.0 million metric tons of in-
gots (1983)
Electric power: 43,400,000 kW capacity
(1985); 154 billion kWh produced (1985),
202 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.8 billion (f.o.b., FY84/85); engi-
neering goods, textiles and clothing, tea
Imports: $13.3 billion (c.i.f., FY84/85); ma-
chinery and transport equipment, petro-
leum, edible oils, fertilizers
Major trade partners: US, UK, USSR, Japan
Budget: (FY84/85) central government rev-
enue and capital receipts, $40 billion; dis-
bursements, $58 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 12.028
rupees=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 61,950 km total (1985); 31,750 km
1.676-meter broad gauge, 25,550 km 1.000-
meter gauge, 4,650 km narrow gauge (0.762-
meter and 0.610-meter); 12,617 km double
track; 6,078 km electrified
Highways: 1,633,400 km total (1979);
515,300 km mainly secondary and about
1,1 18,000 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth
Inland waterways: 16,000 km; 2,575 km
navigable by river steamers
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,497 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,828 km; natural gas, 260 km
Ports: 9 major, 79 minor
Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 345 total, 299 usable; 192 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 54 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 96 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair domestic tele-
phone service where available, good internal
microwave links; telegraph facilities wide-
spread; AM broadcast adequate; interna-
tional radio communications adequate; 2.6
million telephones (0.4 per 100 pop!.); about
174 AM stations at 80 locations, 17 TV sta-
tions; domestic satellite system for commu-
nications and TV; submarine cable extends
to Sri Lanka
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast
Guard, Paramilitary Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,
204,005,000; 124,477,000 fit for military
service; about 9,107,000 reach military age
(17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1986; est. budget $7.1 billion; 17.3%
of central government budget
North
Pacific
Ocean
Java
Indian Ocean
See regional map IX
Land
2,027,087 km2; about the size of Alaska and
California combined; consists of an archipel-
ago of more than 13,000 islands, of which
about 1,000 are inhabited; 64% forest; 24%
inland water, waste, urban, and other; 12%
small holding and estate (8.6% cultivated)
Land boundaries: 2,736 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 54,716 km
People
Population: 176,764,000, including Timor
Timur and Irian Jaya (West Irian; July
1986), average annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Indonesian(s); adjec-
tive— Indonesian
Ethnic divisions: majority of Malay stock
comprising 45.0% Javanese, 14.0% Sundan-
ese, 7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal Malays,
26.0% other
Religion: 88% Muslim, 6% Protestant, 3%
Roman Catholic, 2% Hindu, 1% other
Language: Indonesian (modified form of
Malay; official); English and Dutch leading
foreign languages; local dialects, the most
widely spoken of which is Javanese
115
Indonesia (continued)
Infant mortality rate: 95/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy: 62%
Labor force: 67 million (1985 est); 55% agri-
culture, 10% manufacturing, 4% construc-
tion, 3% transport and communications
Organized labor: 3 million members
(claimed); est. 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Indonesia
Type: republic
Capital: Jakarta
Political subdivisions: 28 first-level adminis-
trative subdivisions or provinces, which are
further subdivided into 282 second-level
areas
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law,
substantially modified by indigenous con-
cepts and by new criminal procedures code;
constitution of 1945 is legal basis of govern-
ment; legal education at University of Indo-
nesia, Jakarta; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17
August
Branches: executive headed by President
who is chief of state and head of Cabinet;
Cabinet selected by President; unicameral
legislature (DPR or House of Representa-
tives) of 460 members (96 appointed, 364
elected); second body (MPR or People's
Consultative Assembly) of 920 members
includes the legislature and 460 other mem-
bers (chosen by several processes, but not
directly elected); MPR elects President and
Vice President and theoretically determines
national policy; judicial, Supreme Court is
highest court
Government leader: Gen. (Ret.)
SOEHARTO, President (since March 1968)
Suffrage: universal over age 18 and married
persons regardless of age
Political parties and leaders: Golkar (quasi-
official "party" based on functional groups),
Lt. Gen. Sudharmono; Indonesia Democ-
racy Party (federation of former Nationalist
and Christian Parties), leader unknown;
United Development Party (federation of
former Islamic parties), John Naro
Voting strength: (1982 election) Golkar
64.1%, Unity Development 28%, Indonesia
Democracy 7.9%
Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was
officially banned in March 1966; current
strength est. at 1,000-3,000, with less than
10% engaged in organized activity;
pre-October 1965 hardcore membership has
been estimated at 1.5 million
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Associ-
ation of Tin Producing Countries, CIPEC,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Islamic De-
velopment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, NAM, QIC, OPEC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $90.3 billion (1985 est.), about $540
per capita; real average annual growth, 5.9%
(1980-84); real annual growth rate 3.5%
(1985 est.)
Natural resources: oil, tin, natural gas,
nickel, timber, bauxite, copper
Agriculture: subsistence food production,
and smallholder and plantation production
for export; main crops — rice, cassava, rub-
ber, copra, other tropical products; an illegal
producer of cannabis for the international
drug trade
Fishing: catch 2.2 million metric tons (1984);
shrimp exports $194 million (1984), imports
$4 million (1984)
Major industries: petroleum, textiles, min-
ing, cement, chemical fertilizer production,
timber
Electric power: (including Timor Timur and
Irian Jaya) 10,200,000 kW capacity (1985);
28.5 billion kWh produced (1985), 164 kWh
per capita
Exports: $22.2 billion (1984); petroleum and
liquefied natural gas ($15.0 billion), timber
($1.2 billion), rubber ($0.9 billion), coffee
($0.6 billion), tin ($0.3 billion), palm oil ($0.8
billion), tea ($0.2 billion), copper ($0. 1 bil-
lion)
Imports: $15.3 billion (1984); rice ($1.02 bil-
lion); wheat flour, wheat grains, and other
cereals and cereal products ($0.3 billion),
textiles ($0.3 billion), chemicals ($1.5 billion),
iron and steel products ($0.7 billion), ma-
chinery ($1.3 billion), transport equipment
($0.7 billion)
Major trade partners: (1984)exports — 47%
Japan, 21% US, 9% Singapore; imports —
23% Japan, 18% US, 12% Singapore, 11%
Saudi Arabia, 4% FRG
Budget: (1984/85) expenditures, $17.4 bil-
lion; receipts, $14.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1,125
rupiahs=US$l (31 December 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78
km 0.600-meter gauge; 211km double
track; 101 km electrified; government
owned
Highways: 93,063 km total; 26,583 km
paved, 41,521 km gravel or crushed stone,
24,959 km improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 21,579 km; Sumatra
5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Borneo
10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, and Irian Jaya
4,587 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,450 km; refined prod-
ucts, 456 km; natural gas, 450 km -
Ports: 15 ocean ports
Civil air: approximately 150 major transport
aircraft
116
Iran
Airfields: 416 total, 393 usable; 95 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 1 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 68 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: interisland micro-
wave system and HF police net; domestic
service fair, international service good;
radio-broadcast coverage good; 392,563 tele-
phones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 251 AM, 1 FM, 14
TV stations; 1 international ground satellite
station (1 Indian Ocean antenna and 1 Pa-
cific Ocean antenna), and a domestic satel-
lite communications system
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
44,809,000; 26,513,000 fit for military ser-
vice; about 1,955,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Gulf
See region*! map VI
Strait of
Hormul
JBMW
Gull Behoihi
of
Oman
Land
1,648,000 km2; smaller than Alaska and
Washington combined; 51% desert, waste, or
urban; 30% arable (16% cultivable with ade-
quate irrigation; 14% agricultural; 11.5%
cultivated); 11% forest; 8% migratory graz-
ing and other
Land boundaries: 5,318 km (including areas
belonging to Iran and now occupied by Iraq
during continuing border war)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (fishing 50 nm or median line)
Coastline: 3,180 km, including islands, with
676km
People
Population: 46,604,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3. 1 %; figures do not take
into account the impact of the Iran-Iraq war
Nationality, noun — Iranian(s); adjective —
Iranian
Ethnic divisions: 63% ethnic Persian, 18%
Turkic, 13% other Iranian, 3% Kurdish, 3%
Arab and other Semitic, 1% other
Religion: 93% Shi'a Muslim; 5% Sunni Mus-
lim; 2% Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and
Baha'i
Language: Farsi, Turki, Kurdish, Arabic,
English, French
Infant mortality rate: 100/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy. 48%
Labor force: 12.0 million, est. (1979); 33%
agriculture, 21% manufacturing; shortage of
skilled labor; unemployment may be as high
as 35%
Government
Official name: Islamic Republic of Iran
Type: theocratic republic
Capital: Tehran
Political subdivisions: 24 provinces, subdi-
vided into districts, subdistricts, counties,
and villages
Legal system: the new constitution codifies
Islamic principles of government
National holiday: Shi'a Islam religious holi-
days observed nationwide
Branches: Ayatollah ol-Ozma Ruhollah
Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, pro-
vides general guidance for the government,
which is divided into executive, unicameral
legislature (Islamic Consultative Assembly),
and judicial branches
Government leaders: Ayatollah ol-Ozma
Ruhollah KHOMEINI, "Guardian
Jurisprudent" (since February 1979); Ali
KHAMENEI (cleric), President (since Octo-
ber 1981); Mir Hosein MUSAVI- KHAME-
NEI, Prime Minister (since October 1981);
Ali Akbar HASHEMI RAFSANJANI
(cleric), Speaker of Islamic Consultative As-
sembly (since July 1980); Ayatollah Hosein
Ali MONTAZERI, Designated Successor to
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (22 Novem-
ber 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 15
117
Iran (continued)
Elections: elections to select a president held
in August 1985; those to select an Assembly
of Experts to name Khomeini's successor
held in December 1982; parliamentary elec-
tions held in 1984; next presidential election
to be held during the summer of 1989; next
parliamentary elections to be held in 1988
Political parties and leaders: Islamic Re-
public Party (IRP), Ali Khamenei
Voting strength: reliable figures not avail-
able; supporters of the Islamic Republic
dominate the parliament
Communists: 1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore;
15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers; crack-
down in 1983 crippled the party; trials of
captured leaders began in late 1983 and re-
main incomplete
Other political or pressure groups: People's
Strugglers (Mujahedin), People's Fedayeen,
and Kurdish Democratic Party are armed
political groups that have been harshly but
not completely repressed by the govern-
ment; other ethnic minorities, local leaders,
and Islamic Committees enforce their politi-
cal views through armed militia
Member of: Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
NAM, QIC, OPEC, Economic Cooperation
Organization, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO; continued par-
ticipation in some of these organizations
doubtful under the new Islamic constitution
Economy
GNP: $80.4 billion (1984)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
coal, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manga-
nese, zinc, barite, sulfur, coal, emeralds, tur-
quoise
Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, sugar beets,
cotton, dates, raisins, tea, tobacco, sheep,
goats; an illegal producer of opium poppy
for the international drug trade
Major industries: crude oil production (2.4
million b/d in 1985) and refining, textiles,
cement and other building materials, food
processing (particularly sugar refining and
vegetable oil production), metal fabricating
(steel and copper)
Electric power: 1 1,907,600 kW capacity
(1985); 41.724 billion kWh produced (1985),
923 kWh per capita
Exports: $16.2 billion (est., 1985); 98% petro-
leum; also carpets, fruits, nuts
Imports: $16.5 billion (est., 1984); machin-
ery, military supplies, foodstuffs, pharma-
ceuticals, technical services
Major trade partners: exports — Japan, Tur-
key, Syria, Italy, Netherlands, Spain,
France, FRG; imports— FRG, Japan, Tur-
key, UK, Italy
Budget: (FY85) proposed expenditures of
$42 billion; projected deficit of $4 billion —
actual deficit likely to be higher
Monetary conversion rate: 93 rials=US$l
(official rate)
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
Communications
Railroads: 4,601 km total; 4,509 km 1.435-
meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter gauge
Highways: 85,000 km total; 36,000 km
gravel and crushed stone, 15,000 km im-
proved earth, 19,000 km bitujninous and
bituminous-treated surfaces, 15,000 km un-
improved earth
Inland waterways: 904 km, excluding the
Caspian Sea, 104 km on the Shatt al Arab
(closed since September 1980 because of
Iran-Iraq conflict); 3 inland coastal ports on
Caspian Sea
Pipelines: crude oil, 5,900 km; refined prod-
ucts, 3,900 km; natural gas, 3,300 km
Ports: 5 major (Abadan [closed], Bandar-e
'Abbas, Bandar-e Khomeynl, Bandar
Beheshtl, and Bandar-e Bshehr), 12 minor
(Khorramshahr closed)
Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 165 total, 139 usable; 77 with
permanent-surface runways; 14 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 16 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 67 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Islamic Ground Forces, Navy, Air
Force, and Revolutionary Guard (includes
Basij militia), Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
10,789,000; 6,629,000 fit for military service;
about 462,000 reach military age (21) annu-
ally
118
Iraq
See region*) map VI
Persian
Gulf
Land
434,924 km2; larger than California; 68%
desert, waste, or urban; 18% cultivated; 10%
seasonal and other grazing; 4% forest and
wood
Land boundaries: 3,668 km (including areas
belonging to Iraq and now occupied by Iran
during continuing border war)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: 58 km
People
Population: 16,01 9,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%; figures do not take
into account the impact of the Iran-Iraq war
Nationality: noun — Iraqi(s); adjective —
Iraqi
Ethnic divisions: 75% Arab, 15-20% Kurd-
ish, 5-10% Turkoman, Assyrian, and other
Religion: 95% Muslim (55% Shi'a, 40%
Sunni), 5% Christian or other
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish (official
in Kurdish regions); Assyrian, Armenian
Infant mortality rate: 76/1,000 (1980)
Life expectancy: 56. 1
Literacy: about 50%
Labor force: 3. 1 million (1977); 30% agricul-
ture, 27% industry, 21% government, 22%
other; severe labor shortage due to war; ex-
patriate labor force est. at 1,250,000
Organized labor: 1 1% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Iraq
Type: republic; National Front government
consisting of Ba'th Party (BPI), weak nation-
alist parties, and proadministration Kurds
Capital: Baghdad
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces under
centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law in spe-
cial religious courts, civil law system else-
where; provisional constitution adopted in
1968; judicial review was suspended; legal
education at University of Baghdad; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: anniversaries of the 1958
and 1968 revolutions are celebrated 14 July
and 17 July; various religious holidays
Branches: Ba'th Party of Iraq has been in
power since 1968 coup; unicameral legisla-
ture (National Assembly)
Government leaders: Saddam HUSAYN,
President (since July 1979); Izzat IBRAHIM,
Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary
Command Council (since July 1979)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: National Assembly elections held
October 1984; Legislative Council for the
Autonomous Region held September 1980
Communists: est. 2,000 hardcore members
Political or pressure groups: political parties
and activity severely restricted; possibly
some opposition to regime from disaffected
members of the regime, army officers, and
religious and ethnic dissidents
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $27 billion (1984 est.)
Natural resources: oil, natural gas, phos-
phates, sulfur
Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice, live-
stock
Major industry: crude petroleum 1.4 mil-
lion b/d (1985 est.); petroleum revenues,
$11. 4 billion (1985 est.)
*
Electric power: 6,874,800 kW capacity
(1985); 21.078 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,359 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1985 est.); from
nonoil receipts, $300 million est.
Imports: $11.5 billion (f.o.b., 1985 est); 14%
from Communist countries (1980)
Major trade partners: exports — France,
Italy, Brazil, Japan, Turkey, UK, USSR,
other Communist countries; imports — FRG,
Japan, France, Italy, US, UK, USSR, other
Communist countries (1985)
Budget: public revenues, $13.6 billion; cur-
rent expenditures, $17.5 billion; develop-
ment expenditures, $22.8 billion (1981 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: .3109 Iraqi
dinar=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,145 km total; 1,645 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 520 km 1.000-meter
gauge
Highways: 20,800 km total; 6,490 km paved,
4,654 km improved earth, 9,656 km unim-
proved earth
119
Iraq (continued)
Ireland
Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al Arab
navigable by maritime traffic for about 104
km (closed since September 1980 because of
Iran-Iraq war); Tigris and Euphrates naviga-
ble by shallow-draft steamers (of little im-
portance); Shatt al Ba$rah canal navigable by
shallow-draft vessels
Ports: 3 major (Al Ba$rah [closed], Umm
Qa$r, Al FSw); none in operation due to war
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,950 km; 725 km re-
fined products; 1,360 km natural gas
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 103 total, 94 usable; 56 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 50 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good network consists
of coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and
radiocommunication stations; about 632,000
telephones (4.3 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM,
81 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian
Ocean, and 1 Intersputnik satellite station;
coaxial cable and radio-relay to Kuwait, Jor-
dan, Syria, and Turkey
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Border
Guard Force, mobile police force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,662,000;
2,105,000 fit for military service; about
177,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $14.0 billion
ighan
Irish
Sea
North
Atlantic
Ocean
See regional map V
Land
70,282 km2; larger than West Virginia; 51%
meadow and pasture, 27% waste or urban,
17% arable, 3% forest, 2% inland water
Land boundaries: 360 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,448 km
People
Population: 3,624,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Irishman(men), Irish
(collective pi.); adjective — Irish
Ethnic divisions: Celtic, with English mi-
nority
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Angli-
can, 2% other
Language: Irish (Gaelic) and English (of-
ficial); English is generally spoken
Infant mortality rate: 11/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 73
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: about 1,314,000(1984); 27.5%
manufacturing and construction; 16.4% ag-
riculture, forestry, fishing; 20.4% services;
6.6% government; 6.2% transportation;
other 22.9%; 17.0% unemployment (October
1985)
Organized labor: 36% of labor force
Government
Official name: Ireland, Eire (Gaelic)
Type: republic
Capital: Dublin
Political subdivisions: 26 counties
Legal system: based on English common
law, substantially modified by indigenous
concepts; constitution adopted 1937; judicial
review of legislative acts in Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: St. Patrick's Day, 17
March
Branches: elected President; bicameral par-
liament (Seanad, Dail) reflecting propor-
tional and vocational representation; judi-
ciary appointed by President on advice of
government
Government leaders: Dr. Patrick J.
HILLERY, President (since 1976); Dr. Gar-
ret FITZGERALD, Prime Minister (since
1982); Richard SPRING, Deputy Prime
Minister (since 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Dail (lower house) elected every
five years — last election November 1982;
President elected for seven-year term — last
election October 1983
Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail,
Charles Haughey; Labor Party, Richard
Spring; Fine Gael, Garret FitzGerald; Com-
munist Party of Ireland, Michael O'Riordan;
Workers' Party, Tomas MacGiolla; Sinn
Fein, Gerry Adams; Progressive Democrats,
Desmond O'Malley
120
Voting strength: (1982 election) Dail—
Fianna Fail, 75 seats; Fine Gael, 70 seats;
Labor Party, 16 seats; independents, 3 seats;
Workers' Party, 2 seats
Communists: under 500
Member of: Council of Europe, EC, EMS,
ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $16.0 billion (1984), $4,440 per capita;
64.5% consumption, 23.3% investment,
21.0% government, 2.4% inventories;
— 11.0% net foreign demand; 2.4% real
GNP (1984)
Natural resources: zinc, lead, natural gas,
barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite,
peat, silver
Agriculture: 70% of agricultural area used
for permanent hay and pasture; main prod-
ucts— livestock and dairy products, turnips,
barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; 85%
self-sufficient; food shortages — grains, fruits,
vegetables
Fishing: catch 197,000 metric tons (1983);
exports of fish and fish products $97 million
(1982), imports of fish and fish products $36
million (1982)
Major industries: food products, brewing,
textiles and clothing, chemicals and pharma-
ceuticals, machinery and transportation
equipment
Crude steel: 200,000 metric tons produced
(1984); 330,000 metric ton capacity (1984)
Electric power: 4,087,000 kW capacity
(1985); 11.938 billion kWh produced (1985),
3,325 kWh per capita
Exports: $9.64 billion (1982); foodstuffs (pri-
marily dairy products), computers, live ani-
mals, machinery, chemicals, clothing
Imports: $9.58 billion (c.i.f., 1984); machin-
ery, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, semifinished goods, cereals
Major trade partners: exports — 68.7% EC
(34.4% UK, 10.2% FRG, 8.4% France), 9.8%
US, 1.0% Communist (1984); imports—
64.6% EC (43% UK, 7.4% FRG, 4.8%
France), 16.5% US, 1.8% Communist (1984);
Budget: (1985 est.) expenditures, $7.98 bil-
lion; revenues, $6.69 billion; deficit, $1.29
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 0.8541 Irish
pound=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: Irish National Railways (CIE)
operates 1,942 km 1.600- meter gauge, gov-
ernment owned; 485 km double; 38 km elec-
trified track
Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km sur-
faced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: limited for commercial
traffic
Pipelines: natural gas, 225 km
Ports: 2 major, 6 secondary, 38 minor
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 41 total, 37 usable; 16 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small, modern system
using cable and radio-relay circuits; 824,000
telephones (23.5 per 100 popl.); 24 AM, 20
FM, 84 TV stations; 4 coaxial submarine
cables; 1 satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Naval Service, Army Air
Corps
Military manpower: males 15-49, 852,000;
698,000 fit for military service; about 27,000
reach military age (17) annually
Major ground units: 4 infantry brigades and
2 independent battalions
Supply: UK and France are the principal
suppliers of army materiel; UK provides
105-mm light guns and Scorpion light tanks,
and France provides MILAN antitank mis-
siles and Panhard reconnaissance vehicles;
Sweden also provides weapon systems, in-
cluding RBS-70 surface-to-air missiles, re-
coilless rifles, and armored personnel carri-
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $256.955 million; about
2.5% of the central government budget
121
Israel
(West Bank and Gaza Strip
listed at end of table)
Haifa.
Naiar
Mediterranean
Sea
T.I Aviv Ya'
Ashdod
Boundary feptts«ntal
nol necessarily author
See refional map X'
Late
Tiberias
'dead Sit
NOTE: the Arab territories occupied by
Israel since the 1967 war are not included
in the data below; as stated in the 1978
Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by
the President's 1 September 1982 peace
initiative, the final status of the West Bank
and Gaza Strip, their relationship with
their neighbors, and a peace treaty be-
tween Israel and Jordan are to be negoti-
ated among the concerned parties; Camp
David further specifies that these negotia-
tions will resolve the location of the re-
spective boundaries; pending the comple-
tion of this process, it is US policy that the
final status of the West Bank and Gaza
Strip has yet to be determined (see West
Bank and Gaza Strip "Factsheet"); on 25
April 1982 Israel relinquished control of
the Sinai to Egypt; statistics for the Israeli-
occupied Golan Heights are included in
the Syria "Factsheet."
Land
20,720 km2; the size of Massachusetts; 40%
pasture and meadow; 29% unsurveyed
(mostly desert); 20% cultivated; 4% forest;
4% desert, waste, or urban; 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 1,036 km (before 1967
war)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 273 km (before 1967 war)
People
Population: 4,208,000, excluding West
Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem (July
1986), average annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun — Israeli(s); adjective —
Israeli
Ethnic divisions: 83% Jewish, 17%
non-Jewish (mostly Arab)
Religion: 83% Judaism, 13. 1 % Islam, 2.3%
Christian, 1.6% Druze
Language: Hebrew official; Arabic used of-
ficially for Arab minority; English most
commonly used foreign language
Infant mortality rate: 14.1/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 72. 1
Literacy: 88% Jews, 70% Arabs
Labor force: est. 1,400,000 (1984); 29.5%
public services; 22.8% industry, mining, and
manufacturing; 12.8% commerce; 9.5% fi-
nance and business; 6.8% transport, storage,
and communications; 6.5% construction and
public works; 5.5% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 5.8% personal and other services;
1.0% electricity and water (1983); unem-
ployment about 6.7% (1985)
Organized labor: 90% of labor force
Government
Official name: State of Israel
Type: republic
Capital: Jerusalem; not recognized by US,
which maintains the Embassy in Tel Aviv
Political subdivisions: six administrative
districts
Legal system: mixture of English common
law, British Mandatory regulations, and, in
personal area, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim
legal systems; commercial matters regulated
substantially by codes adopted since 1948;
no formal constitution; some of the functions
of a constitution are filled by the Declaration
of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the
Knesset (legislature) — relating to the Knes-
set, Israeli lands, the president, the govern-
ment— and the Israel citizenship law; no
judicial review of legislative acts; legal edu-
cation at Hebrew University of Jerusalem; in
December 1985 Israel informed the UN Sec-
retariat that it would no longer accept com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: Israel declared inde-
pendence on 14 May 1948; because the Jew-
ish calendar is lunar, however, the holiday
varies from year to year; all major Jewish
religious holidays are also observed as na-
tional holidays
Branches: president has largely ceremonial
functions, except for the authority to decide
which political leader should try to form a
ruling coalition following an election or the
fall of a previous government; executive
power vested in Cabinet; unicameral parlia-
ment (Knesset) of 120 members elected un-
der a system of proportional representation;
legislation provides fundamental laws in
absence of a written constitution; two dis-
tinct court systems (secular and religious)
Government leaders: ; Chaim HERZOG,
President (since May 1983); Shimon PERES,
Prime Minister (since September 1984); in
October 1986 Vice Prime Minister and For-
eign Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR and Peres
are to trade government positions
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held every four years unless re-
quired by dissolution of Knesset; last election
held in July 1984; next scheduled for No-
vember 1988
Political parties and leaders: Israel
currently has a national unity government
comprising 8 parties that hold 97 of the
Knesset's 120 seats; members of the unity
government — Labor Alignment, Prime
Minister Shimon Peres; Likud Bloc, Yitzhak
Shamir; Shinui Party, Minister of Communi-
cations Amnon Rubenstein; National Reli-
gious Party, Minister of Religious Affairs
Yosef Burg; SHAS, Minister of Interior
Yitzhak Peretz; Agudat Israel, Menachem
Porush; Morasha, Chaim Druckman;
Ometz, Yigael Hurwitz; opposition parties —
122
Tehiya-Tzomet, Yuval Ne'eman; MAPAM,
Eliezer Granot, Citizens' Rights Movement,
Shulamit Aloni; RAKAH (Communist
party), Meir Wilner; Progressive List for
Peace, Muhammad Mi'ari; TAMI, Aharon
Abuhatzeira; Kakh, Meir Kahane
Voting strength: Labor Alignment, 40 seats;
Likud, 41 seats; MAPAM, 6 seats; Tehiya-
Tzomet, 5 seats; Citizens' Rights Movement,
4 seats; RAKAH, 4 seats; SHAS, 4 seats; Na-
tional Religious Party, 4 seats; Shinui Party,
3 seats; Morasha, 2 seats; Agudat Yisrael, 2
seats; Progressive List for Peace, 2 seats;
Ometz, 1 seat; Kakh, 1 seat; TAMI, 1 seat
Communists: RAKAH (predominantly Arab
but with Jews in its leadership) has some
1,500 members
Other political or pressure groups: Black
Panthers, a loosely organized youth group
seeking more benefits for oriental Jews;
Gush Emunim, Jewish rightwing nationalists
pushing for freedom for Jews to settle any-
where on the West Bank; Peace Now critical
of government's West Bank/Gaza Strip and
Lebanon policies
Member of: FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IOOC, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, OAS (observer), UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $25.9 billion (1985, in 1985 prices),
$6,270 per capita; 1985 growth of real GNP
2.0%
Natural resources: copper, phosphates, bro-
mide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, bitumen,
manganese
Agriculture: main products — citrus and
other fruits, vegetables, cotton, beef and
dairy products, poultry products
Major industries: food processing, diamond
cutting and polishing, textiles and clothing,
chemicals, metal products, transport equip-
ment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous
machinery, potash mining, high-technology
electronics
Electric power: 4,750,000 kW capacity
(1985); 15.504 billion kWh produced (1985),
3,755 kWh per capita
Exports: $6.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); major
items — polished diamonds, citrus and other
fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods,
fertilizer and chemical products, electronics;
tourism is important foreign exchange
earner
Imports: $8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1984); major
items — military equipment, rough
diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron
and steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships,
and aircraft
Major trade partners: exports — US, UK,
FRG, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy;
imports— US, FRG, UK, Switzerland, Italy,
Belgium, Luxembourg
Budget: public revenue $1 1.5 billion, ex-
penditure $15.5 billion (FY82/83)
Monetary conversion rate: the Israeli pound
was allowed to float on 31 October 1977; the
shekel became the unit of account on 1 Oc-
tober 1980(1 shekel = 10 Israeli pounds);
293.2 shekels=US$l (average conversion
rate for 1984); 1, 500 shekels= US$1 (official
exchange rate year end 1985); new shekel
introduced in September 1985 (1,000 old
shekels=l new shekel)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 516 km 1.435-meter gauge single
track; diesel operated
Highways: 4,500 km; majority is bituminous
surfaced
Inland waterways: none
Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined prod-
ucts, 290 km; natural gas, 89 km
Ports: 3 major (Haifa, Ashdod, Elat), 5 minor
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft
123
Airfields: 66 total, 52 usable; 27 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways
1 ,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: most highly devel-
oped in the Middle East though not the larg-
est; good system of coaxial cable and radio
relay; 1,500,000 telephones (34. 7 per 100
popl.); 11 AM, 24 FM, 54 TV stations; 2 sub-
marine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Israel Defense Forces; historically
there have been no separate Israeli military
services; ground, air, and naval components
are part of Israel Defense Forces
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
1,999,000; of 1,008,000 males 15-49, 635,000
fit for military service; of 991,000 females
15-49, 621,000 fit for military service;
38,000 males and 36,000 females reach mili-
tary age (18) annually; both sexes liable for
military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1985, $4. 1 billion; about 24% of cen-
tral government budget
Italy
300km
C.gli
Mediterranean
Sea
Sc« ref ionil map V
Land
301,223 km2; slightly larger than Arizona;
50% cultivated, 21% forest, 17% meadow
and pasture, 9% waste or urban; 3% unused
but potentially productive
Land boundaries: 1,702 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: 4,996 km
People
Population: 57,226,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.2%
Nationality: noun — Italian(s); adjective —
Italian
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but popu-
lation includes small clusters of German-,
French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north
and of Albanian-Italians in the south
Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman
Catholic
Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto
Adige region (for example, Bolzano) are pre-
dominantly German speaking; significant
French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta
region; Slovene-speaking minority in the
Trieste-Gorizia area
Infant mortality rate: 11.3/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 73
Literacy: 93%
Labor force: 23,083,000 (1984); 30.5% indus-
try, 10.5% agriculture, 48.6% services (1984);
10.4% unemployment (1984)
Organized labor: 40-45% (est.) of labor force
Government
Official name: Italian Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Rome
Political subdivisions: constitution provides
for establishment of 20 regions; five with
special statutes (Sicilia, Sardegna, Trentino-
Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Valle
d'Aosta) have been functioning for some
time, and the remaining 15 regions with reg-
ular statutes were instituted on 1 April 1972;
95 provinces, 8,081 communes
Legal system: based on civil law system,
with ecclesiastical law influence; constitu-
tion came into effect 1 January 1948; judicial
review under certain conditions in Constitu-
tional Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Re-
public, 2 June
Branches: executive— President empowered
to dissolve Parliament and call national elec-
tion; he is also Commander of the Armed
Forces and presides over the Supreme De-
fense Council; otherwise, authority to gov-
ern invested in Council of Ministers; bicam-
eral legislature — popularly elected Parlia-
ment (315- member Senate, 630-member
Chamber of Deputies); independent judicial
establishment
Government leaders: Francesco COSSIGA,
President (since July 1985); Bettino CRAXI,
Premier (since August 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 18 (except in
senatorial elections, where minimum age is
25)
Elections: national election for Parliament
held every five years (most recent, June
1983); provincial and municipal elections
held every five years with some out of phase;
regional elections every five years (held June
1980)
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Party (DC), Ciriaco DeMita
(political secretary); Communist Party (PCI),
Alessandro Natta (secretary general); Social-
ist Party (PSI), Bettino Craxi (party secre-
tary); Social Democratic Party (PSDI),
Franco Nicolazzi (party secretary); Liberal
Party (PLI), Alfredo Biondi (secretary gen-
eral); Italian Social Movement (MSI), Giorgio
Almirante (national secretary); Republican
Party (PRI), Giovanni Spadolini (political
secretary)
Voting strength: (1983 election) 32.5% DC,
30.5% PCI, 11.3% PSI, 6.6% MSI, 5.2% PRI,
4.0% PSDI, 3.0% PLI
Communists: 1,673,751 members (1983)
Other political or pressure groups: the Vati-
can; three major trade union confederations
(CGIL — Communist dominated, CISL —
Christian Democratic, and UIL — Social
Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Ital-
ian manufacturers association (Confindus-
tria); organized farm groups
Member of: ADB, ASSIMER, CCC, Council
of Europe, DAC, EC, ECOWAS, EIB,
ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC,
ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $348.4 billion (1984), $6,096 per cap-
ita; 63.5% private consumption, 18.0% gross
fixed investment, 20.0% government,
—2.1% net foreign balance, 0.7% change in
stocks; 1984 growth rate -2.6% (1980 con-
stant prices)
124
Ivory Coast
Natural resources: mercury, potash, marble,
sulfur, dwindling natural gas reserves, fish
Agriculture: important producer of fruits
and vegetables; main crops — cereals, pota-
toes, olives; 95% self-sufficient; food short-
ages— fats, meat, fish, and eggs
Fishing: catch 478,350 metric tons (1983);
exports $94 million (1984), imports $709
million (1984)
Major industries: machinery and transpor-
tation equipment, iron and steel, chemicals,
food processing, textiles
Shortages: coal, fuels, minerals
Crude steel: 24 million metric tons
produced (1984), 420 kg per capita
Electric power: 51,868,000 kW capacity
(1985); 183.377 billion kWh produced
(1985), 3,209 kWh per capita
Exports: $73.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); principal
items — textiles, chemicals, footwear
Imports: $84.3 billion (c.i.f., 1984); principal
items — petroleum machinery and transport
equipment, foodstuffs, ferrous and nonfer-
rous metals, wool, cotton
Major trade partners: (1981) 44% EC (16%
FRG, 13% France, 6% UK, 4% Switzerland),
13% OPEC (3% Libya), 8% US, 4% USSR,
3% Eastern Europe
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83), $8.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1,785.4
lire=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 20,085 km total; 16,140 km 1.435-
meter government-owned standard gauge,
8,812 km electrified; 3,945 km privately
owned — 2,100 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 1,155 km electrified, and 1,845 km
0. 950-meter narrow gauge, 380 km electri-
fied
Highways: 294,410 km total; autos — trade
5,900 km, state highways 45,170 km, provin-
cial highways 101,680 km, communal high-
ways 141,660 km; 260,500 km concrete, bi-
tuminous, or stone block, 26,900 km gravel
and crushed stone, 7,010 km earth
Inland waterways: 1,600 km for various
types of commercial traffic
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined prod-
ucts, 2,148 km; natural gas, 16,660 km
Ports: 9 major, 1 1 secondary, 40 minor
Civil air: 132 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 148 total, 141 usable; 84 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 34 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: well engineered, well
constructed, and efficiently operated; 23
million telephones (40. 4 per lOOpopl.); 140
AM, 1,837 FM, 1,367 TV stations; 20 subma-
rine cables; 2 communication satellite
ground stations with a total of 6 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,206,000; 11,976,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 462,000 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $9.6 billion; about 4.7% of
central government budget
Gulf of Guinea
See region*! map VII
Land
322,463 km2; slightly larger than New Mex-
ico; 52% grazing, fallow, and waste; 40%
forest and wood; 8% cultivated; 322 km of
lagoons and connecting canals extend east-
west along eastern part of the coast
Land boundaries: 3,227 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coast line: 515 km
People
Population: 10,500,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 4.0%
Nationality: noun — Ivorian(s); adjective —
Ivorian
Ethnic divisions: 1 major indigenous ethnic
groups; no single tribe more than 20% of
population; most important are Agni,
Baoule, Krou, Senoufou, Mandingo; approxi-
mately 2 million foreign Africans, mostly
Burkinabe; about 70,000 to 75,000
non- Africans (30,000 French and 25,000 to
30,000 Lebanese)
Religion: 63% indigenous, 25% Muslim, 12%
Christian
Language: French (official), over 60 native
dialects; Dioula most widely spoken
125
Ivory Coast (continued)
Infant mortality rate: 127/1,000(1980)
Literacy: 24%
Labor force: over 85% of population en-
gaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock rais-
ing; about 1 1 % of labor force are wage earn-
ers, nearly half in agriculture and the re-
mainder in government, industry,
commerce, and professions
Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of the Ivory Coast
Type: republic; one-party presidential re-
gime established 1960
Capital: Abidjan (capital city changed to
Yamoussoukro in March 1983 but not recog-
nized by US)
Political subdivisions: 34 prefectures subdi-
vided into 161 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1960; judicial review in the Consti-
tutional Chamber of the Supreme Court;
legal education at Abidjan School of Law;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: 1 December
Branches: President has sweeping powers,
unicameral legislature (175-member Na-
tional Assembly), separate judiciary
Government leader: Felix HOUPHOUET-
BOIGNY, President (since 1960)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: legislative and municipal elec-
tions were held in October 1985;
Houphouet-Boigny reelected in October
1985 to his fifth consecutive five-year term;
next round of national elections scheduled
for October 1990
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), only party;
Houphouet-Boigny firmly controls party
Communists: no Communist party; possibly
some sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, Niger
River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $6.1 billion (1984), $780 per capita
(1983); real average annual growth rate,
4.0% (1985 est.)
Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds,
manganese
Agriculture: commercial — coffee, cocoa,
wood, bananas, pineapples, palm oil; food
crops — corn, millet, yams, rice; other com-
modities— cotton, rubber, tobacco, fish
Fishing: catch 92,469 metric tons (1982);
exports $44.7 million (1979), imports $71.9
million (1979)
Major industries: food and lumber process-
ing, oil refinery, automobile assembly plant,
textiles, soap, flour mill, matches, three small
shipyards, fertilizer plant, and battery fac-
tory
Electric power: 987,600 kW capacity (1985);
2.162 billion kWh produced (1985), 214
kWh per capita
Exports: $3.5 billion (1985 est.); cocoa (30%),
coffee (20%), tropical woods (11%), cotton,
bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton
Imports: $1.6 billion (1985 est.); manufac-
tured goods and semifinished products
(50%), consumer goods (40%), raw materials
and fuels (10%)
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) ODA and OOF (1970-83), $3.0
billion; US authorizations, including Ex-Im
(FY70-81), $340 million
Major trade partners: (1984) exports —
France, Nigeria, FRG, Netherlands, US
Budget:(lS84 est.), revenues, $1.4 billion;
current expenditures, $1.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commu-
naute Financiere Af ricaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 657 km of the 1,175 km Abidjan
to Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, line, all sin-
gle track 1.000-meter gauge; only diesel
locomotives in use
Highways: 46,600 km total; 3,600 km bitu-
minous and bituminous-treated surface;
32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite,
and improved earth; 11,000 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 740 km navigable rivers
and numerous coastal lagoons
Ports: 2 major (Abidjan, San-Pedro), 2 minor
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft, includ-
ing multinationally owned Air Afrique fleet
Airfields: 49 total, 45 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 13 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system above African
average; consists of open-wire lines and
radio-relay links; 87,700 telephones (1.3 per
100 popl.); 3 AM, 17 FM, 11 TV stations; 2
Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 2 coaxial
submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,531,000;
1,300,000 fit for military service; 98,000
males reach military age (18) annually
126
Jamaica
Caribbean Sea
Caribbean Sea
See regional map 111
Land
10,991 km2; slightly smaller than Connecti-
cut; 23% meadow and pasture; 21% arable;
19% forest; 37% waste, urban, or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: 1,022 km
People
Population: 2,288,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Jamaican(s);
adjective — Jamaican
Ethnic divisions: 76.3% African, 15.1%
Afro-European, 3.4% East Indian and Afro-
East Indian, 3.2% white, 1.2% Chinese and
Afro-Chinese, 0.8% other
Religion: predominantly Protestant (includ-
ing Anglican and Baptist), some Roman
Catholic, some spiritualist cults
Language: English, Creole
Infant mortality rate: 16.8/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 65
Literacy: 76%
Labor force: 728,700 (1984); 32% agricul-
ture, 28% industry and commerce, 27%
services, 13% government; shortage of
technical and managerial personnel; 30%
unemployment
Organized labor: about 33% of labor force
(1980)
Government
Official name: Jamaica
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of
state
Capital: Kingston
Political subdivisions: 12 parishes and the
Kingston-St. Andrew corporate area
Legal system: based on English common
law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Independence Day, first
Monday in August
Branches: Cabinet headed by Prime Minis-
ter; bicameral legislature — 21-member Sen-
ate (13 nominated by the Prime Minister,
eight by opposition leader, if any; currently
no official opposition because of People's
National Party boycott of December 1983
election; eight non-Jamaica Labor Party
members appointed to current Senate by
Prime Minister Seaga), 60-member elected
House of Representatives; judiciary follows
British tradition under a Chief Justice
Government leaders: Edward Philip George
SEAGA, Prime Minister (since November
1980); Sir Florizel A. GLASSPOLE, Gover-
nor General (since 1973)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: at discretion of Governor General
upon advice of Prime Minister but within
five years; last held 15 December 1983
Political parties and leaders: Jamaica Labor
Party (JLP), Edward Seaga; People's Na-
tional Party (PNP), Michael Manley;
Workers' Party of Jamaica (WPJ), Trevor
Munroe
Voting strength: in the 1983 general elec-
tions 54 seats were uncontested; in 6 con-
tested seats the JLP won overwhelmingly
against several small fringe parties; the PNP
and WPJ boycotted the election; in 1980
general elections approx. 58.8% JLP (51 seats
in House), 41.2% PNP (9 seats)
Communists: Workers' Party of Jamaica
(Marxist-Leninist)
Other political or pressure groups: New
World Group (Caribbean regionalists, na-
tionalists, and leftist intellectual fraternity);
Rastafarians (Negro religious/racial cultists,
pan-Africanists); New Creation Interna-
tional Peacemakers Tabernacle (leftist
group); Workers Liberation League (a Marx-
ist coalition of students/labor)
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $2.0 billion (1984), $890 per capita;
real growth rate 1984, — 1.0% est.
Natural resources: bauxite, gypsum, lime-
stone
Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, citrus
fruits, bananas, pimento, coconuts, coffee,
cocoa, tobacco; an illegal producer of canna-
bis for the international drug trade
Major industries: tourism, bauxite mining,
textiles, food processing, light manufactures
Electric power: 1,080,000 kW capacity
(1985); 1.8 billion kWh produced (1985), 790
kWh per capita
Exports: $706 million (f.o.b., 1984); alumina,
bauxite, sugar, bananas, citrus fruits and
fruit products, rum, cocoa
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1984); fuels, ma-
chinery, transportation and electrical equip-
ment, food, fertilizer
127
Jamaica (continued)
Japan
Major trade partners: exports — US 48%,
Canada 14%, UK 13%, Norway 3%,
imports— US 46%, Netherlands Antilles
13%, Venezuela 8%, UK 5% (1984)
Budget: revenues, $1.0 billion; expenditures,
$1.6 billion (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.50 Jamaican
dollars=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 370 km, all 1 .435-meter standard
gauge, single track
Highways: 18,200 km total; 12,600 km
paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved
earth
Pipelines: refined products, 10 km
Ports: 2 major (Kingston, Montego Bay), 10
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 42 total, 39 usable; 15 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fully automatic do-
mestic telephone network with 127,000 tele-
phones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 2 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT stations; 9 AM, 13 FM, 8 TV
stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Jamaica Defense Force (includes
Coast Guard and Air Wing)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 546,000;
403,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion; 32,000 reach minimum volunteer age
(18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1985, $22.6 million; about 2.8% of
central government budget
500km
Pacific
Ocean
Philippine
Sea
? Okinawa
S« region*) mip VIII
Land
372,313 km2; slightly smaller than Califor-
nia; 69% forest; 16% arable and cultivated,
12% urban and waste, 3% grass
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm except 3 nm in five "international
straits" (200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 13,685 km
People
Population: 121,402,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun — Japanese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Japanese
Ethnic divisions: 99.4% Japanese, 0.6%
other (mostly Korean)
Religion: most Japanese observe both Shinto
and Buddhist rites; about 16% belong to
other faiths, including 0.8% Christian
Language: Japanese
Infant mortality rate: 6/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: men 74.54, women 80.18
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: (1985) 59.3 million; 53% trade
and services; 33% manufacturing, mining,
and construction; 9% agriculture, forestry,
and fishing; 3% government; 2.68% unem-
ployed (1985 a ve.)
Organized labor: about 30% of labor force
Government
Official name: Japan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Tokyo
Political subdivisions: 47 prefectures
Legal system: civil law system with English-
American influence; constitution promul-
gated in 1946; judicial review of legislative
acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Birthday of the Emperor,
29 April
Branches: Emperor is merely symbol of
state; executive power is vested in Cabinet
appointed by the Prime Minister, chosen by
the lower house of the bicameral, elective
legislature — Diet (House of Councilors,
House of Representatives); judiciary is inde-
pendent
Government leaders: HIROHITO, Em-
peror (since December 1926); Yasuhiro
NAKASONE, Prime Minister (since Novem-
ber 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: general elections held every four
years or upon dissolution of lower house,
triennially for half of upper house
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Demo-
cratic Party (LDP), Y. Nakasone, president;
Japan Socialist Party (JSP), M. Ishibashi,
chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP),
S. Tsukamoto, chairman; Japan Communist
Party (JCP), T. Fuwa, Presidium chairman;
Clean Government Party (CGP), Y. Takeiri,
chairman; New Liberal Club (NLC),
Y. Kono; Social Democratic Federation
(SDF), S. Eda
128
Voting strength: (1983 election) Lower
House— 45.8% LDP, 19.5% JSP, 10.1%
CGP, 9.3% JCP, 7.3% DSP, 2.4% NLC, 0.7%
SDF, 5% independents and minor parties;
Upper House— 35.3% LDP, 24.3% JSP,
10.5% JCP, 7.8% CGP, 5.7% DSP, 1.2%
NLC, 1 1.8% independents and minor
parties
Communists: approximately 470,000 regis-
tered Communist Party members
Member of: ADB, ASPAC, Colombo Plan,
DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE—
Inter-American Development Bank, IEA,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO,
ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling
Commission, IWC — International Wheat
Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $1,233 billion (1984, at 237.52
yen=US$l); $10,200 per capita (1984); 59%
personal consumption, 28% investment, 10%
government current expenditure, negligible
stocks, and 2% foreign balance; real growth
rate 5.7% (1984); average annual growth rate
4.3% (1980-84)
Natural resources: negligible mineral re-
sources, fish
Agriculture: land intensively cultivated;
rice, sugar, vegetables, fruits; 72%
self-sufficient in food (1980); food
shortages — meat, wheat, feed grains, edible
oils and fats
Fishing: catch 11.2 million metric tons
(1983)
Major industries: metallurgical and engi-
neering industries, electrical and electronic
industries, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: fossil fuels, most industrial raw
materials
Crude steel: 105.6 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984)
Electric power: (including Ryukyus)
175,000,000 kW capacity (1985); 650 billion
kWh produced (1985), 5,385 kWh per capita
Exports: $170. 1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 97%
manufactures (including 25% machinery,
18% motor vehicles, 9% iron and steel)
Imports: $136.5 billion (c.i.f., 1984); 47%
fossil fuels, 22.4% manufactures, 12% food-
stuffs, 8% machinery
Major trade partners: exports — 29% US,
23% Southeast Asia, 16% Western Europe,
12% Middle East, 6% Communist countries,
imports— 27% Middle East, 22% Southeast
Asia, 19% US, 8% Western Europe, 6% Com-
munist countries
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic com-
mitments (1970-83), $35.6 billion
Budget: revenues, $216 billion; expendi-
tures, $270 billion; deficit, $54 billion (pro-
posed general account for fiscal year ending
March 1987)
Monetary conversion rate: 198.5 yen=US$l
(2 January 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 21,387 km total (1982); 1,835 km
1.435-meter standard gauge, 19,552 km pre-
dominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge,
5,690 km double- and multitrack sections,
8,830 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electri-
fied, 1,804 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
electrified
Highways: 1,113,388 km total (1980);
510,904 km paved, 602,484 km gravel,
crushed stone, or unpaved; 2,579 km na-
tional expressways, 40,212 km national high-
ways, 43,907 km principal local roads,
86,930 km prefectural roads, 939,760 km
municipal roads
Inland waterways: approx. 1,770 km; sea-
going craft ply all coastal inland seas'
Pipelines: crude oil, 84 km; natural gas,
1,800 km; refined products, 322 km
Ports: 17 Japanese Port Association specifi-
cally designated major ports, 1 10 other ma-
jor ports, over 2,000 minor ports
Civil air: 265 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 180 total, 160 usable; 126 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 26 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 49 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international service; 64.0 million tele-
phones (53.0 per 100 popl.); 318 AM stations,
58 FM stations plus 436 relay stations; about
12,350 TV stations (196 major— 1 kw or
greater), and 2 ground satellite stations; sub-
marine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines,
China, and USSR
Defense Forces
Branches: Japan Ground Self- Defense Force
(army), Japan Maritime Self- Defense Force
(navy), Japan Air Self- Defense Force (air
force), Maritime Safety Agency (coast guard)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
31,702,000; 26,438,000 fit for military ser-
vice; about 870,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Personnel: Ground Self- Defense Force,
156,000; Maritime Self-Defense Force,
42, 100 (including 1 1 ,900 air arm); Air Self-
Defense Force, 43,400; Maritime Safety
Agency, 11,200
Missiles: 6 operational NIKE-Hercules
groups, 8 operational HAWK groups (NIKE
in air force, HAWK in ground force)
Supply: defense industry potential is large,
with capability of producing the most so-
phisticated equipment; manufactured
equipment includes small arms artillery,
armored vehicles, and other types of ground
forces materiel, aircraft (jet and prop), naval
vessels (submarines, guided missile and other
destroyers, patrol craft, mine warfare ships,
and other minor craft, including amphibi-
ous, auxiliaries, service craft, and small sup-
port ships), small amounts of all types of
army materiel; several missile systems are
produced under US license, and a vigorous
domestic missile development program
exists
Military budget: actual for fiscal year end-
ing 31 March 1987, $16.7 billion; 7.8% of
total budget
129
Jersey
English Channel
English Channel
Set rr|ionsl map V
Land
1 17 km2; more than half the size of Wash-
ington D. C.; part of the Channel Islands;
about 58% of land under cultivation
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing)
Coastline: about 70 km
People
Population: 80,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Channel Islanders);
adjective — Channel Islander
Ethnic divisions: UK and Norman-French
descent
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Bap-
tist, Congregational New Church, Method-
ist, Presbyterian
Language: English and French (official),
with the Norman-French dialect spoken in
country districts
Literacy: probably high
Government
Official name: Bailiwick of Jersey
Type: British crown dependency
Capital: St. Helier
Political subdivisions: 12 parishes
Legal system: English law and local statute;
justice is administered by the Royal Court
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16
June
Branches: the Lieutenant Governor and
Commander in Chief is the personal repre-
sentative of the Crown and is entitled to sit
and speak in the Assembly of the States (leg-
islature) but not vote; the Assembly is pre-
sided over by the Bailiff who has a right of
dissent and a casting vote; it consists of 12
senators (elected for six years), 12 constables
(triennial), and 29 deputies (triennial); the
Crown is ultimately responsible for the
island's "good" government
Government leaders: Adm. Sir William
PILLAR, Lieutenant Governor and Com-
mander in Chief (since 1985); Peter GRILL,
Bailiff, President of the Assembly of the
States and the Royal Court (since 1975)
Suffrage: universal adult
Communists: probably none
Economy
Agriculture: principal crops — potatoes, cau-
liflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farming
Major industries: tourism, banking and
finance
Electric power: 50,000 kW standby capacity
(1985); power supplied by France
Exports: 19.8 million pounds sterling (1983);
light industry, electrical manufacturing,
textiles
Imports: machinery and transport equip-
ment, manufactured goods, food, mineral
fuels, chemicals
Major trade partners: UK
Budget: (1983) revenue 143,680 million
pounds; expenditure 115,902 million pounds
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jersey pound,
which is at par with the pound sterling; 1
pound sterling=US$l. 42 (November 1985)
Fiscal year: 31 April-lMay
Communications
Railroads: none
Ports: St. Helier, Corey, St. Aubin
Airfields: airport at St. Peter
Telecommunications: telephones in service,
61,400 (80.9 per 100 popl.); radio station,
independent TV station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
130
Jordan
(West Bank and Gaza Strip
listed at end of table)
NOTE: the war between Israel and the
Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel
in control of the West Bank; as stated in
the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaf-
firmed by the President's 1 September
1982 peace initiative, the final status of the
West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relation-
ship with their neighbors, and a peace
treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be
negotiated among the concerned parties;
Camp David further specifies that these
negotiations will resolve the location of the
respective boundaries; pending the com-
pletion of this process, it is US policy that
the final status of the West Bank and Gaza
Strip has yet to be determined (see West
Bank and Gaza Strip "Factsheet").
Land
90,650 km2; larger than Minnesota; 88%
desert, waste, or urban; 11% agricultural; 1%
forest
Land boundaries: 1,770 km (1967)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 26 km
People
Population: 2,756,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Jordanian(s); adjec-
tive— Jordanian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% Circassian,
1% Armenian
Religion: 95% Sunni Muslim, 5% Christian
Language: Arabic (official); English widely
understood among upper and middle classes
Infant mortality rate: 62/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 61.7
Literacy: about 71%
Labor force: 580,000 (1983 est); 20% agri-
culture, 20% manufacturing and mining
Organized labor: about 10% of labor force
Government
Official name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jor-
dan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amman
Political subdivisions: eight governorates
under centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
French codes; constitution adopted 1952;
judicial review of legislative acts in a spe-
cially provided High Tribunal; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
May
Branches: King holds balance of power;
Prime Minister exercises executive authority
in name of King; Cabinet appointed by King
and responsible to parliament; bicameral
parliament with House of Representatives,
dissolved by King in February 1976, and
reconvened in January 1984, following na-
tional elections; Senate last appointed by
King in January 1984; secular court system
based on differing legal systems of the
former Transjordan and Palestine; law
Western in concept and structure; Sharia
(religious) courts for Muslims, and religious
community council courts for non-Muslim
communities; desert police carry out quasi-
judicial functions in desert areas
Government leader: HUSSEIN I, King
(since August 1952)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 20
Political parties and leaders: political party
activity illegal since 1957
Communist: party actively repressed,
membership estimated at less than 500
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $4.9 billion (1984), $1,900 per capita;
real growth rate (1984), 2.0%
Natural resources: phosphates, potash, shale
oil
Agriculture: main crops — vegetables, fruits,
olive oil, wheat; not self-sufficient in many
foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining, petro-
leum refining, cement production, light
manufacturing
Electric power: 691,400 kW capacity (1985);
2.422 billion kWh produced (1985), 910
kWh per capita
Exports: $756 million (f.o.b., 1984); fruits
and vegetables, phosphates, fertilizers; Com-
munist share 13% of total (1984)
Imports: $2,789 million (c.i.f., 1984); crude
oil, petroleum, textiles, capital goods, motor
vehicles, foodstuffs; Communist share 6% of
total (1984)
Aid: economic commitments — US, includ-
ing Ex-Im (1970-84), $1.3 billion; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $816 million; Communist coun-
tries (1970-84), $70 million; military— US
(FY70-84), $1.2 billion; Communist coun-
tries (1970-84), $590 million; OPEC ODA
commitments (1974-83), $5.5 billion
131
Jordan (continued)
Kenya
Budget: (1984) total revenue, $1,836 million;
current expenditures, $1,267 million; capital
expenditures, $675 million
Monetary conversion rate: .384 Jordanian
dinar=US$l (1984 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 817 km 1.050-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 6,332 km total; 4,837 km paved,
1,495 km gravel and crushed stone
Pipelines: crude oil, 209 km
Ports: 1 major (Al 'Aqabah)
Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 21 total, 19 usable; 14 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 13 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: adequate system of
radio-relay, cable, and radio; 81,500 tele-
phones (3 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, 24 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, 1
Indian Ocean satellite station; 1 Arab satel-
lite station; coaxial cable and radio-relay to
Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria; radio-relay to
Lebanon inactive
Defense Forces
Branches: Jordan Arab Army, Royal Jorda-
nian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Coast
Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 621,000;
439,000 fit for military service; 39,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Lodww^ X iflurfoff MovTi. >
Indian
Ocean
Set regional map VII
Land
582,646 km2; slightly smaller than Texas;
64% mainly grassland adequate for grazing;
21% forest and wood; 17% arable, 13% suit-
able for agriculture
Land boundaries: 3,368 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 536 km
People
Population: 21,044,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 4.1%
Nationality: noun — Kenyan(s); adjective —
Kenyan
Ethnic divisions: 21% Kikuyu, 14% Luhya,
13% Luo, 11% Kalenjin, 11% Kamba, 6%
Kisii, 5% Meru, 1% Asian, European, and
Arab
Religion: 38% Protestant, 28% Catholic, 26%
indigenous beliefs, 6% Muslim
Language: English and Swahili (official);
numerous indigenous languages
Infant mortality rate: 59/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: men 53, women 58. 1
Literacy: 47%
Labor force: 7.4 million; about 1.1 million
wage earners; 50% public sector, 18% indus-
try and commerce, 17% agriculture, 13%
services
Organized labor: about 390,000
Government
Official name: Republic of Kenya
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Nairobi
Political subdivisions: 1 provinces plus
Nairobi area
Legal system: based on English common
law, tribal law, and Islamic law; constitution
enacted 1963; judicial review in Supreme
Court; legal education at Kenya School of
Law in Nairobi; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional
amendment in 1982 made Kenya a de jure
one- party state
National holiday: Jamhuri Day, 12 Decem-
ber
Branches: President and Cabinet responsible
to unicameral legislature (National Assem-
bly) of 170 seats, 158 directly elected by con-
stituencies and 12 appointed by the Presi-
dent; High Court, with Chief Justice and at
least 1 1 justices, has unlimited original juris-
diction to hear and determine any civil or
criminal proceeding; provision for system of
courts of appeal
Government leader: Daniel T. arap MOI,
President (since 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: Assembly at least every five years;
present National Assembly and President
elected September 1983
Political party and leader: Kenya African
National Union (KANU), Kenya's sole legal
political party, Daniel arap Moi, president
Voting strength: KANU holds all seats in the
National Assembly
132
Kiribati
(formerly Gilbert Islands)
Communists: may be a few Communists
and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor
unions
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAU, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.5 billion (1985), $280 per capita;
real growth rate, 3.5% (1985 est.)
Natural resources: gold, limestone, dioto-
mite, salt barytes, magnesite, feldspar, sap-
phires, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife, land
Agriculture: main cash crops — coffee, tea,
sisal, pyrethrum, cotton, livestock; food
crops — corn, wheat, sugarcane, rice, cas-
sava; largely self-sufficient in food
Major industries: small-scale consumer
goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles,
soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural process-
ing, oil refining, cement, tourism
Electric power: 550,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.686 billion kWh produced (1985), 83 kWh
per capita
Exports: $1,034 million (f.o.b., 1984); reex-
porting of petroleum products, coffee, tea,
sisal, livestock products, pyrethrum, soda
ash, wattle-bark tanning extract
Imports: $1,549 million (c.i.f., 1984); ma-
chinery, transport equipment, crude oil,
paper and paper products, iron and steel
products, and textiles
Major trade partners: EC, Japan, Middle
East, US, Zambia, Uganda
Budget: (1982 percent of GDP) revenues
and grants 24%; total expenditure and net
lending -28%; debt service ratio (1985) 30%
(est.)
External public debt: $2.9 billion (1982 est.);
debt service payment 23% of exports
Monetary conversion rate: 16.75 Kenya
shillings=US $1 (30 September 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 55,400 km total; 7,000 km paved,
4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth
Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria
system is within boundaries of Kenya; prin-
cipal inland port is at Kisumu
Pipelines: refined products, 483 km
Ports: 1 major (Mombasa)
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 217 total, 197 usable; 14 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: in top group of Afri-
can systems; consists of radio-relay links,
open- wire lines, and radiocommunication
stations; 231,000 telephones (1.3 per 100
popl.); 11 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV stations; 1 Atlan-
tic and 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, Air
Force; paramilitary General Service Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,185,000;
2,576,000 fit for military service; no con-
scription
North Pacific Ocean
1—* TARAWA
Kiribati
(Gilbert
Islands)
Kiritimali
(Christmasl
Rawakt
(Phoenix
Islands)
South Pacific Ocean
Set regional map X
Land
719 km2; slightly smaller than New York
City
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (200 nm
fishing zone)
Coastline: about 1,143 km
People
Population: 63,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — Kiribatian(s); adjec-
tive— Kiribati
Ethnic divisions: Micronesian
Religion: Roman Catholic, Protestant
Language: English (official), Gilbertese
Literacy: 90%
Labor force: 15,921 (1973); general unem-
ployment rate 4.9%
Government
Official name: Republic of Kiribati
Type: republic
Capital: Tarawa
133
Kiribati (continued)
Korea, North
Branches: unicameral legislature
(35-member House of Assembly); nationally
elected President
Government leader: leremia T. TABAI,
President (since July 1979)
Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese Na-
tional Party, Christian Democratic Party
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP
(associate member), GATT (de facto), ICAO,
SPF
Economy
GDP: $25 million (1984 est), $417 per capita
Agriculture: limited; copra, subsistence
crops of vegetables, supplemented by do-
mestic fishing
Industry: formerly phosphate production;
supply exhausted by mid-1981; tuna fishing
licenses to USSR fishing fleet within
Kiribati's 200 nm fishing zone, excluding
12-nm territorial zone
Electric power: 2,750 kW capacity (1985); 8
million kWh produced (1985), 129 kWh per
capita
Exports: phosphate, formerly 80% of ex-
ports, exhausted in 1981; copra accounted
for 80% (A$1.45 million) in 1982
Imports: $15 million (1979); foodstuffs, fuel,
transportation equipment
Aid: Western (non-US) commitments ODA
and OOF (1970-83), $192 million; Australia
(1970-83), $25.7 million committed
Budget: $15.2 million (1979)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.0392
Australian$=US$l (23 February 1983)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 483 km of motorable roads
Inland waterways: small network of canals,
totaling 5 km, in Line Islands
Ports: 3 minor
Civil air: 2 Trislanders; no major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 19 total; 16 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways, 4 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1 AM broadcast sta-
tion; 1,400 telephones (2.33 per 100 popl.)
150 k
Sea of
Japan
Sea
Set retionil mip MM
Land
121,129 km2; slightly smaller than Missis-
sippi; 74% forest, scrub, and brush; 17% ara-
ble and cultivated; remainder waste and
urban
Land boundaries: 1,675 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone; 50 nm
"military boundary line" from which all
foreign vessels and aircraft without permis-
sion are banned)
Coastline: 2,495 km
People
Population: 20,543,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Korean(s); adjective —
Korean
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous
Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; reli-
gious activities now almost nonexistent
Language: Korean
Infant mortality rate: 32/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 63, women 67
Literacy: 95% est.
134
Labor force: 6. 1 million (1980); 48% agricul-
tural, 52% nonagricultural; shortage of
skilled and unskilled labor
Government
Official name: Democratic People's Repub-
lic of Korea
Type: Communist state; one-man rule
Capital: P'yongyang
Political subdivisions: nine provinces, four
special cities (P'yongyang, Kaesong,
Namp'o, and Ch'ongjin)
Legal system: based on German civil law
system with Japanese influences and Com-
munist legal theory; constitution adopted
1948 and revised 1972; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 9 September
Branches: Supreme People's Assembly theo-
retically supervises legislative and judicial
functions; State Administration Council
(cabinet) oversees ministerial operations
Government leaders: KIM Il-song, President
(since December 1972); KANG Song-san,
Premier (since January 1984)
Suffrage: universal at age 17
Elections: election to SPA every four years,
but this constitutional provision not neces-
sarily followed — last election February 1982
Political party and leaders: Korean
Workers' Party (KWP); Kim Il-song, General
Secretary, and his son, Kim Chong-il, Secre-
tary
Communists: KWP claims membership of
about 2 million, or about 1 1 % of population
Member of: FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IPU,
ITU, NAM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO; official ob-
server status at UN
Economy
GNP: $23 billion (1984 in 1984 dollars),
$1,170 per capita
Natural resources: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc,
graphite, magnesite, iron, copper, gold,
phosphates, salt, fluorspar, hydroelectric
power
Agriculture: main crops — corn, rice, vegeta-
bles; food shortages — meat, cooking oils;
production of foodstuffs adequate for do-
mestic needs
Major industries: machine building, electric
power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, tex-
tiles, food processing
Shortages: advanced machinery and equip-
ment, coking coal, coal, petroleum, electric
power, transport
Crude steel: 4.0 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 204 kg per capita
Electric power: 5,910,000 kW capacity
(1985); 40 billion kWh produced (1985),
1, 992 kWh per capita
Coal: 52 million tons (1984)
Exports: $1.59 billion (1984); minerals, met-
allurgical products, agricultural products,
manufactures
Imports: $1.36 billion (1984); petroleum,
machinery and equipment, coking coal,
grain
Major trade partners: total trade turnover
$2.95 billion (1983); 55% with Communist
countries, 45% with non-Communist coun-
tries
Aid: economic and military aid from the
Soviet Union and China
Monetary conversion rate: 2 wons=US$l
(December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,535 km total operating in 1980;
3,870 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665
km 0.762-meter narrow gauge, 159 km dou-
ble track; about 3,175 km electrified; gov-
ernment owned
Highways: about 20,280 km (1980); 98.5%
gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5%
concrete or bituminous
Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly naviga-
ble by small craft only
Pipelines: crude oil, 37 km
Ports: 6 major, 26 minor
Defense Forces
Branches: North Korean People's Army
(consists of the army, navy, and air force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,748,000;
2,909,000 fit for military service; 260,000
reach military age (18) annually
135
Korea, South
Ullung do
.. 3
Cheju-do^- — >
Srr regional map Mil
Land
98,500 km2; slightly larger than Indiana;
66% forest, 23% arable (22% cultivated), 10%
urban and other
Land boundaries: 241 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm — 3 nm
in Korea Strait (200 nm exclusive economic
zone)
Coosf/<ne:2,413km
People
Population: 43,285,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun — Korean(s); adjective —
Korean
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small Chi-
nese minority (approx. 20,000)
Religion: strong Confucian tradition; vigor-
ous Christian minority (28% of the total pop-
ulation); Buddhism; pervasive folk religion
(Shamanism); Chondokyo (religion of the
heavenly way), eclectic religion with nation-
alist overtones founded in 19th century,
claims about 1 .5 million adherents
Language: Korean; English widely taught in
high school
Infant mortality rate: 29/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 64, women 71
Literacy: over 90%
Labor force: 15.4 million (1985 est.); 47%
services and other; 30% agriculture, fishing,
forestry; 21% mining and manufacturing;
average unemployment 4.1% (1985 est.)
Organized labor: about 10% of nonagri-
cultural labor force in government- sanc-
tioned unions
Government
Official name: Republic of Korea
Type: republic; power centralized in a
strong executive
Capital: Seoul
Political subdivisions: nine provinces, four
special cities; governors/mayors centrally
appointed
Legal system: combines elements of conti-
nental European civil law systems, Anglo-
American law, and Chinese classical
thought; constitution approved 1980; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
August
Branches: unicameral legislature (National
Assembly), judiciary
Government leaders: CHUN Doo Hwan,
President (since August 1980); LHO Shin
Yong, Prime Minister (since February 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: under new constitution of Octo-
ber 1980, President elected every seven
years indirectly by a 5,000-man electoral
college; last election February 1981; four-
year National Assembly, elected in Febru-
ary 1985, consists of 276 representatives, 184
directly elected and 92 appointed on propor-
tional basis by major parties
Political parties and leaders: major party is
government's Democratic Justice Party
(DJP), Chun Doo Hwan, president, and Roh
Tae Woo, chairman; opposition parties are
New Korea Democratic Party (NKDP), Lee
Min-woo; Korean National Party (KNP), Lee
Man-sup; several smaller parties
Communists: Communist activity banned
by government
Other political or pressure groups: Council
for the Promotion of Democracy; Korean
National Council of Churches; large, poten-
tially volatile student population concen-
trated in Seoul; Federation of Korean Trade
Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Fed-
eration of Korean Industries; Korean Trad-
ers Association
Member of: ABD, AfDB, Asian- African Le-
gal Consultative Committee, Asian Parlia-
mentary Union, APACL — Asian People's
Anti-Communist League, ASPAC, Colombo
Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, Geneva
Conventions of 1949 for the protection of
war victims, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
IWC — International Whaling Commission,
IWC— International Wheat Council, UN-
CTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UN-
IDO, UN Special Fund, UPU, WACL—
World Anti-Communist League, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO; official observer status
at UN
Economy
CNF: $90.1 billion (1984, in 1984 prices),
$2,000 per capita; real growth 7.5% (1984);
real growth 4.7% (1980-84 average)
Natural resources: coal (limited), tungsten,
graphite
Agriculture: 9.0 million people (22% of the
population) live in farm households, but ag-
riculture, forestry, and fishing constitute
15% of GNP; main crops — rice, barley, veg-
etables, and legumes
Fishing: catch 2,909,81 1 metric tons (1984)
Major industries: textiles and clothing, food
processing, chemicals, steel, electronics, ship
building
136
Kuwait
Shortages: heavily dependent on imports of
iron ore, crude oil, base metals, lumber, and
certain food grains
Crude steel: 13.0 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984)
Electric power: 15,560,000 kW capacity
(1985); 56.49 billion kWh produced (1985),
1, 325 kWh per capita
Exports: $29.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); textiles
and clothing, electrical machinery, foot-
wear, steel, ships, fish
Imports: $30.6 billion (c.i.f., 1984); machin-
ery, oil, steel, transport equipment, textiles,
organic chemicals, grains
Major trade partners: exports — 36% US,
16% Japan; imports— 25% Japan, 22% US
(1984)
Aid: economic — US, including Ex-Im
(1970-83), $3.9 billion committed; Japan
(1965-75), $1.8 billion extended; military-
US (1970-84) $3.8 billion committed
Budget: planned expenditures, $15.4 billion
(1986)
Monetary conversion rate: 892 won=US$l
(2 January 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,106.5 km operating in 1983;
3,059.4 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
46.9 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, 712.5
km double-track, 417.9 km electrified; gov-
ernment owned
Highways: 53,936 km total (1982); 13,476
km national highway, 49,460 km provincial
and local roads
Inland waterways: 1,609 km; use restricted
to small native craft
Freight carried: rail (1983) 51 million metric
tons; highway 126 million metric tons; air
(1983) 47,000 metric tons (domestic)
Pipelines: 294 km refined products
Ports: 1 1 major, 32 minor
Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 121 total, 109 usable; 67 with
permanent-surface runways; 23 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic
and international services; 4.8 million tele-
phones (121 per 100 pop!.); 79 AM, 46 FM,
256 TV stations (57 of 1 kW or greater); 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Naval
Marine Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
12,055,000; 8,129,000 fit for military service;
464,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, $4.7 billion;
about 31.2% of central government budget
Bubiyan
See regional map VI
Land
1 7,81 8 km2 (excluding neutral zone but in-
cluding islands); slightly smaller than New
Jersey; nearly all desert, waste, or urban;
insignificant forest; 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 459 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: 499 km
People
Population: 1,77 1,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.5%
Nationality: noun — Kuwaiti(s); adjective —
Kuwaiti
Ethnic divisions: 39% Kuwaiti, 39% other
Arab, 9% South Asian, 4% Iranian, 9% other
Religion: 85% Muslim, 15% Christian,
Hindu, Parsi, and other
Language: Arabic (official); English widely
spoken
Infant mortality rate: 26. 1/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 69, women 74
Literacy: about 71%
137
Kuwait (continued)
Labor force: 566,000 (1985); 45.0% services,
20.0% construction, 12.0% trade, 8.6% man-
ufacturing, 2.6% finance and real estate,
1.9% agriculture, 1.7% power and water,
1.4% mining and quarrying; 70% of labor
force is non-Kuwaiti
Organized labor: labor unions, first autho-
rized in 1964, formed in oil industry and
among government personnel
Government
Official name: State of Kuwait
Type: nominal constitutional monarchy
Capital: Kuwait
Political subdivisions: 4 governorates (Ku-
wait City, Hawalli, Ahmadi, Johra), 25 vot-
ing constituencies
Legal system: civil law system with Islamic
law significant in personal matters; constitu-
tion took effect in 1963; popularly elected
50-man National Assembly (the 15 cabinet
members can also vote) reinstated in March
1981 after being suspended in 1976; judicial
review of legislative acts not yet determined;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: National Day, 25 Febru-
ary
Branches: Council of Ministers;
legislature — National Assembly
Government leader: Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir
Al SABAH, Amir (since December 1977)
Suffrage: adult males who resided in Kuwait
before 1920 and their male descendents (eli-
gible voters, 8.3% of citizenry)
Elections: National Assembly elected in
February 1985
Political parties and leaders: political par-
ties prohibited, some small clandestine
groups are active
Communists: insignificant
Other political or pressure groups: large
(350,000) Palestinian community
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAPEC,
QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $21.8 billion (1984), $13,620 per cap-
ita GNP (1984); 5% annual growth rate
(1984)
Natural resources: petroleum, fish, shrimp
Agriculture: virtually none; dependent on
imports for food; approx. 75% of potable
water must be distilled or imported
Major industries: crude petroleum produc-
tion average for 1984, 1.1 million b/d; petro-
leum refining (capacity approximately 0.5
million b/d); other major industries include
petrochemicals, retail trade, and manufac-
turing; water desalinization capacity 618
million liters per day (1983 prelim.)
Electric power: 5,335,300 kW capacity
(1985); 18.694 billion kWh produced (1985),
10,930 kWh per capita
Exports: $1 1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1985), of which
petroleum accounted for about 85%
Imports: $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); major
suppliers — Japan, US, FRG, UK
Major trading partners: exports — Japan,
US, FRG, Italy; imports— Japan, FRG, UK,
US
Budget: (1984/85 actual) revenues, $10.6
billion; expenditures, $12.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: .29 Kuwaiti
dinar=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,600 km total; 2,300 km bitumi-
nous; 300 km earth, sand, light gravel
Pipelines: crude oil, 877 km; refined prod-
ucts, 40 km; natural gas, 121 km
Ports: 3 major (Ash Shuwaykh, Ash
Shu'aybah, MlnS' al Ahmadi), 6 minor
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 9 total, 4 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional and adequate domestic telecommuni-
cation facilities; 258,000 telephones (16 per
100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, 3 TV stations; 1 In-
dian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
stations, 1 INMARSAT satellite station; 1
Arab satellite station; coaxial cable and
radio-relay to Iraq and Saudi Arabia
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Police Force, National Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
438,000; about 266,000 fit for military ser-
Military budget: operating expenditures for
fiscal year ending 30 June 1985, $865 mil-
lion; 7.3% of central government budget
138
Laos
Src regional map l\
Land
236,804 km2; slightly larger than Utah; 60%
forest; 8% agricultural; 32% urban, waste, or
other; except in limited areas, soil is poor;
most of forested area is not exploitable
Land boundaries: 5,053 km
People
Population: 3,679,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Lao (sing., Lao or Lao-
tian); adjective — Lao or Laotian
Ethnic divisions: 48% Lao; 25% Phoutheung
(Kha); 14% Tribal Tai; 13% Meo, Yao, and
other
Religion: 50% Buddhist, 50% animist and
other
Language: Lao (official), French, and Eng-
lish
Infant mortality rate: 159/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 42, women 45
Literacy: 85%
Labor force: about 1-1.5 million; 80-90%
agriculture
Organized labor: only labor organization is
subordinate to the Communist Party
Government
Official name: Lao People's Democratic
Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Vientiane
Political subdivisions: 16 provinces subdi-
vided into districts, cantons, and villages
Legal system: based on civil law system; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: President; 37-member Supreme
People's Council; Cabinet; Cabinet is totally
Communist but Council contains a few
nominal neutralists and non-Communists;
National Congress of People's Representa-
tives established the current government
structure in December 1975
Government leaders: SOUPHANOU-
VONG, President (since December 1975);
KAYSONE PHOMVIHAN, Chairman
(since December 1975)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for National Assembly,
originally scheduled for 1 April 1976, have
not yet been held
Political parties and leaders: Lao People's
Revolutionary Party (Communist), Kaysone
Phomvihan, party chairman; includes Lao
Patriotic Front and Alliance Committee of
Patriotic Neutralist Forces; other parties
moribund
Other political or pressure groups: non-
Communist political groups moribund; most
leaders have fled the country
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, Mekong
Committee, NAM, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $765 million, $220 per capita (1984
est.)
Natural resources: tin, timber, gypsum, hy-
droelectric power
Agriculture: main crops — rice (overwhelm-
ingly dominant), corn, vegetables, tobacco,
coffee, cotton; formerly self-sufficient; food
shortages (due in part to distribution defi-
ciencies) include rice; an illegal producer of
opium poppy and cannabis for the interna-
tional drug trade
Major industries: tin mining, timber, green
coffee, electric power
Shortages: capital equipment, petroleum,
transportation system, trained personnel
Electric power: 175,100 kW capacity (1985);
905 million kWh produced (1985), 250 kWh
per capita
Exports: $36 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.); elec-
tric power, forest products, tin concentrates;
coffee, undeclared exports of opium and
tobacco
Imports: $98 million (c.i.f., 1984 est.); rice
and other foodstuffs, petroleum products,
machinery, transportation equipment
Major trade partners: imports — Thailand,
USSR, Japan, France, China, Vietnam; ex-
ports— Thailand, Malaysia
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $386 million; US(FY70-79), $276
million; military — US assistance $1.1 billion
(1970-75)
Budget: (1979 est.) receipts, $100 million;
expenditures, $191 million; deficit, $91 mil-
lion
Monetary conversion rate: official — 10
kips= US$1; commercial — 35 kips=US$l;
inward remittances — 108 kips=US$l (De-
cember 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30June
139
Laos (continued)
Lebanon
Communications
Highways: about 21,300 km total; 1,300 km
bituminous or bituminous treated; 5,900 km
gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth;
14,100 km unimproved earth and often im-
passable during rainy season mid-May to
mid-September
Inland waterways: about 4,587 km, pri-
marily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 addi-
tional kilometers are sectionally navigable
by craft drawing less than 0.5 m
Pipelines: 136 km, refined products
Ports (river): 5 major, 4 minor
Airfields: 66 total, 50 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 1 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general
public considered poor; radio network pro-
vides generally erratic service to govern-
ment users; approx. 10 AM stations; 1 TV
station; over 5,000 telephones; 1 ground sat-
ellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Lao People's Army (LPA, which
consists of an army with naval, aviation, and
militia elements), Air Force, National Police
Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 878,000;
469,000 fit for military service; 43,000 reach
military age (18) annually; no conscription
age specified
50km
Land
10,360 km2; smaller than Connecticut; 64%
desert, waste, or urban; 27% agricultural; 9%
forest; 400,000 hectares under cultivation
Land boundaries: 551 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: 225 km
People
Population: 2,675,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Lebanese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Lebanese
Ethnic divisions: 93% Arab, 6% Armenian,
1% other
Religion: 57% Muslim (Sunni and Shi'a) and
Druze, 42% Christian (Maronite, Greek
Orthodox and Catholic, Roman Catholic,
Protestant), 1% other (official estimates);
Muslims, in fact, constitute a majority
Language: Arabic (official); French is widely
spoken; Armenian, English
Infant mortality rate: 48/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 63, women 67
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: 650,000 (1985); 79% industry,
commerce, and services, 1 1 % agriculture,
10% goverment; high unemployment
Organized labor: about 65,000
Government
NOTE: Between early 1975 and late 1976
Lebanon was torn by civil war between its
Christians — then aided by Syrian troops —
and its Muslims and their Palestinian allies.
The cease-fire established in October 1976
between the domestic political groups gener-
ally held for about six years, despite occa-
sional fighting. Syrian troops constituted as
the Arab Deterrent Force by the Arab
League have remained in Lebanon. Syria's
move toward supporting the Lebanese Mus-
lims and the Palestinians and Israel's grow-
ing support for Lebanese Christians brought
the two sides into rough equilibrium, but no
progress was made toward national reconcil-
iation or political reforms — the original
cause of the war.
Continuing Israeli concern about the Pales-
tinian presence in Lebanon led to the Israeli
invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. Israeli
forces occupied all of the southern portion of
the country and mounted a summer-long
seige of Beirut, which resulted in the evacua-
tion of the PLO from Beirut in September
under the supervision of a multinational
force made up of US, French, and Italian
troops.
Within days of the departure of the multina-
tional force (MNF), Lebanon's newly elected
president, Bashir Gemayel, was assassinated.
In the wake of his death, Christian militia-
men massacred hundreds of Palestinian ref-
ugees in two Beirut camps. This prompted
the return of the MNF to ease the security
burden on Lebanon's weak army and secu-
rity forces. In late March 1984 the last MNF
units withdrew.
Lebanon continues to be partially occupied
by Syrian troops. Israel withdrew the bulk of
its forces from the south in 1985, retaining a
10-km deep security zone just north of the
1949 Armistice Line. Israel continues to arm
and train the Army of South Lebanon (ASL),
which opposes the return of Palestinian
140
ghters to South Lebanon. The ASL has in-
creasingly been involved in confronting
Shi'a as well as leftist militias sponsored by
Syria.
Syria maintains troops in the Riyaq area of
the Bekaa, while Special Forces units are
stationed in the Matn, and in the Tripoli ar-
eas, north and northeast. In late 1985 the
Syrian regime successfully negotiated a tri-
partite agreement among the three major
rival Christian, Druze, and Shi'a militias, but
implementation remains a distant possibil-
ity. The Christian and Muslim communities
are deeply split from within over specific
points in the agreement.
Israel and Lebanon signed a withdrawal
agreement on 17 May 1983. The agreement
was never implemented and was
subsequently voided. A partial Israeli with-
drawal and government attempts to extend
authority have led to renewed factional
fighting. The following description is based
on the present constitutional and customary
practices of the Lebanese system.
Official name: Republic of Lebanon
Type: republic
Capital: Beirut
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law,
canon law, and civil law system; constitution
mandated in 1926; no judicial review of leg-
islative acts; legal education at Lebanese
University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
November
Branches: power lies with the President,
who is elected by unicameral legislature
(National Assembly); Cabinet appointed by
President, approved by legislature; indepen-
dent secular courts on French pattern; reli-
gious courts for matters of marriage,
divorce, inheritance, etc.; by custom, the
President is a Maronite Christian, the Prime
Minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the presi-
dent of legislature is a Shi'a Muslim; each of
nine religious communities are represented
in the legislature in proportion to their na-
tional numerical strength
Government leader: Amine Pierre
GEMAYEL, President (since September
1982); Rashid KARAMI, Prime Minister
(since May 1984)
Suffrage: compulsory for all males over 21;
authorized for women over 21 with elemen-
tary education
Elections: National Assembly held every
four years or within three months of dissolu-
tion of Chamber; security conditions have
prevented parliamentary elections since
April 1972
Political parties and leaders: political party
activity is organized along largely sectarian
lines; numerous political groupings exist,
consisting of individual political figures and
followers motivated by religious, clan, and
economic considerations; most parties have
well-armed militias, which are still involved
in occasional clashes
Communists: the Lebanese Communist
Party was legalized in 1970; members and
sympathizers estimated at 2,000-3,000
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
IWC — International Wheat Council, NAM,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $5.3 billion (1983 est.)
Natural resources: limestone, iron
Agriculture: fruits, wheat, corn, barley, po-
tatoes, tobacco, olives, onions; not
self-sufficient in food; an illegal producer of
opium poppy and cannabis for the interna-
tional drug trade
Major industries: service industries, food
processing, textiles, cement, oil refining,
chemicals, some metal fabricating
Electric power: 1,047,300 kW capacity
(1985); 13.761 billion kWh produced (1985),
5,254 kWh per capita
Exports: $595 million (f.o.b., 1984)
Imports: $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1984)
Budget: (1985 est.) public revenues, $500
million; public expenditures, $1.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 18 Lebanese
pounds=US$l (November 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 390 km total; 305 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 85 km 1.050-meter gauge;
all single track; system almost inoperable
Highways: 7,370 km total; 6,270 km paved,
450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km
improved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 72 km
Ports: 3 major (Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon), 5 mi-
nor
Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 9 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m; major military airfields are
Riyaq, Kleiat, and al-Fidar Air Strip
Telecommunications: rebuilding program
disrupted; had fair system of radio relay,
cable; approx 150,400 telephones (5.0 per
100 popl.); 3 FM, 5 AM, 15 TV stations; 1
Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean statellite
station, both inactive; 3 submarine coaxial
cable (inactive); radio-relay to Jordan and
Syria inoperable
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
141
Lesotho
Quthmg
Srf regional mip \ II
Land
30,460km2; slightly larger than Maryland;
15% cultivable, 13% arable, largely moun-
tainous
Land boundaries: 805 km
People
Population: 1,552,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Mosotho(sing.), Basotho
(pi.); adjective — Basotho
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% Sotho; 1,600 Euro-
peans, 800 Asians
Religion: 80% Christian, rest indigenous
beliefs
Language: Sesotho (southern Sotho) and En-
glish (official); also Zulu and Xhosa
Infant mortality rate: 104.3/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 51.5
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: 426,000 economically active
(1976); 87.4% of resident population
engaged in subsistence agriculture;
150,000-250,000 spend from six months to
many years as wage earners in South Africa
Organized labor: negligible
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Lesotho
Type: constitutional monarchy under King
Moshoeshoe II; independent member of
Commonwealth
Capital: Maseru
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative
districts
Legal system: based on English common
law and Roman- Dutch law; constitution
came into effect 1966; judicial review of leg-
islative acts in High Court and Court of Ap-
peal; legal education at National University
of Lesotho; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: 4 October
Branches: executive and legislative author-
ity nominally vested in King; real power
rests with 6-man Military Council, estab-
lished after military coup January 1986; 20-
member Council of Ministers responsible for
administrative duties; judicial — 63 Lesotho
courts administer customary law for Afri-
cans, High Court and subordinate courts
have criminal jurisdiction over all residents,
Court of Appeal at Maseru has appellate
jurisdiction
Government leaders: MOSHOESHOE II,
King (since 1966); Maj. Gen. Justinus Mets-
ing LEKHANYA, chairman of Military
Council and Minister of Defense and Inter-
nal Security (since January 1986); other
members of council — Col. E. T.
RAMAEMA, Col. A. K. MOSOEUNYANE,
Col. M. K. TSOTETSI, Lt. Thabe LETSIE,
Lt. Col. Joshua Sekhobe LETSIE (since Jan-
uary 1986)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: elections scheduled for Septem-
ber 1985 were boycotted by all opposition
parties because of procedural irregularities;
ruling BNP won all 60 parliamentary seats
by default
Political parties and leaders: Basotho Na-
tional Party (BNP), Leabua Jonathan; Basu-
toland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu Mokh-
ehle; Basotho Democratic Alliance (CDA),
C. D. Molapo; National Independent Party
(NIP), A. C. Manyeli; Marematlou Freedom
Party (MFP), B. Khaketla
Voting strength: National Assembly inoper-
ative as of 20 January 1986
Communists: diplomatic relations with So-
viet Union, Romania, North Korea, and Yu-
goslavia established in 1983; Soviet Union,
China, and North Korea maintain diplo-
matic presence in Maseru
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $300 million (1983)
Natural resources: some diamonds and
other minerals, water, agricultural and graz-
ing land
Agriculture: exceedingly primitive, mostly
subsistence farming and livestock; principal
crops are corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, bar-
ley
Major industries: none
Electric power: 1,660 kW capacity (1985); 1
million kWh produced (1985), 0.7 kWh per
capita
Exports: labor to South Africa (deferred re-
mittances $94 million est. in 1983); $29 mil-
lion (f.o.b., 1984), wool, mohair, wheat, cat-
tle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, tourism,
diamonds
Imports: $476 million (f.o.b., 1984); mainly
corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles,
machinery, medicines, petroleum, oil, and
lubricants
Major trade partner: South Africa; member
of Southern African Customs Union
142
Liberia
Budget: (FY84/85) revenues, $160 million;
current expenditures, $130 million; develop-
ment (capital) expenditures, $50 million
Monetary conversion rate: the Lesotho
maloti exchanges at par with the South Afri-
can rand; 2.3 maloti=US$l (29 January
1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 1.6 km; owned, operated, and
included in the statistics of the Republic of
South Africa
Highways: approx. 4,221 km total; 508 km
paved; 1,585 km crushed stone, gravel, or
stabilized soil; 946 km improved, 2,128 km
unimproved earth
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 28 total, 28 usable; 1 with perma-
nent surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: system a modest one
consisting of a few land lines, a small radio-
relay system, and minor radiocommunica-
tion stations; 5,920 telephones (0.3 per 100
popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM stations; 1 TV station
planned; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Army Air Wing, Police
Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 353,000;
189,000 fit for military service
Buchana
North Atlantic Ocean
f regional map VII
Harper*
Land
111,370 km2; slightly smaller than Pennsyl-
vania; 40% forest, 30% jungle and swamp,
20% agricultural, 10% other
Land boundaries: 1,336 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
200 nm
Coastline: 579 km
People
Population: 2,307,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Liberian(s); adjective —
Liberian
Ethnic divisions: 95% indigenous African
tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru,
Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma,
Kissi, Vai, and Bella; 5% descendants of re-
patriated slaves known as Americo-
Liberians
Religion: 75% traditional, 15% Muslim, 10%
Christian
Language: English (official); more than 20
local languages of the Niger-Congo language
group; English used by about 20%
Infant mortality rate: 153/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy: 24%
Labor force: 510,000, of which 220,000 are
in monetary economy; non-African foreign-
ers hold about 95% of the top-level manage-
ment and engineering jobs; 70.5% agricul-
ture, 10.8% services, 4.5% industry and com-
merce, 14.2% other
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Liberia
Type: republic under military rule from
April 1980 until January 1986, when it re-
turned to civilian rule
Capital: Monrovia
Political subdivisions: country divided into
13 counties
Legal system: new constitution approved by
nationwide referendum in July 1984 and
implemented in January 1986); judicial
powers invested in People's Supreme Court
and lower courts
National holiday: National Redemption
Day, 12 April; Independence Day, 26 July
Branches: executive powers held by Presi-
dent, assisted by appointed Cabinet; legisla-
tive powers held by bicameral legislature;
independent judiciary
Government leader: Gen. Samuel Kanyon
DOE, President and Commander in Chief
of the Armed Forces (since April 1980)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: presidential and legislative elec-
tions held October 1985; Doe was
proclaimed winner of presidential election
and took office in January 1986
Political parties and leaders: 4 parties par-
ticipated in elections in October 1985; Na-
tional Democratic Party of Liberia, headed
by Samuel Doe; Liberian Action Party;
Liberian Unity Party; and Unity Party
143
Liberia (continued)
Libya
Communists, no Communist Party and only
a few sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
IPU, IRC, ITU, Mano River Union, NAM,
OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.14 billion (1984), $490 per capita;
2% real annual growth rate (1984)
Natural resources: iron ore, rubber, timber,
diamonds, gold
Agriculture: rubber, rice, oil palm, cassava,
coffee, cocoa; imports of rice, wheat, and
live cattle and beef are necessary for basic
diet
Fishing: catch 13,553 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: rubber processing, food
processing, construction materials, furni-
ture, palm oil processing, mining (iron ore,
diamonds)
Electric power: 374,200 kW capacity (1985);
491 million kWh produced (1985), 219 kWh
per capita
Exports: $432 million (f.o.b., 1984); iron ore,
rubber, diamonds, lumber and logs, coffee,
Imports: $366 million (c.i.f., 1984); machin-
ery, transportation equipment, petroleum
products, manufactured goods, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: US, FRG, Nether-
lands, Italy, Belgium
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US), ODA and OOF (1970-83), $560
million; US authorizations (including Ex-Im)
(FY70-84), $443 million; Communist
(1970-84), $73.0 million; military commit-
ments US (FY70-84), $57 million
Budget: (FY84-85) revenues, $192 million;
current expenditures, $238 million; develop-
ment and nonbudgetary expenditures, $151
million
Monetary conversion rate: uses the US dol-
lar and the Liberian dollar, which trades
officially at par
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 487 km total; 342 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 145 km 1.067-meter narrow
gauge; all lines single track; rail systems
owned and operated by foreign steel and
financial interests in conjunction with Liber-
ian Government
Highways: 10,087 km total; 603 km bitumi-
nous treated, 2,848 km all-weather, 4,313
km dry-weather
Inland waterways: no significant waterways
Ports: 1 major (Monrovia), 4 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 80 total, 75 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone and tele-
graph service via radio- relay network; main
center is Monrovia; 7,700 telephones (0.5 per
100 popl.); 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV stations; 1 At-
lantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces of Liberia, Liberia
National Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 498,000;
269,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
JRIPOLI
Mediterranean Sea
S*t regional mip VII
Land
1,759,540 km2; larger than Alaska; 93%
desert, waste, or urban; 6% agricultural; 1%
forest
Land boundaries: 4,345 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (except for Gulf of Sidra where sover-
eignty is claimed and northern limit of juris-
diction fixed at 32°30'N)
Coastline: 1,770 km
People
Population: 3,876, 000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Libyan(s); adjective —
Libyan
Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab with
some black stock; some Greeks, Maltese,
Jews, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks,
Indians, and Tunisians
Religion: 97% Sunni Muslim
Language: Arabic; Italian and English
widely understood in major cities
Infant mortality rate: 84/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: men 56, women 59
Literacy: 50-60%
144
Labor force: 1 million, of which about
280,000 are resident foreigners; 31 % indus-
try, 27% services, 24% government, 18%
agriculture
Government
Official name: Socialist People's Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya
Type: republic; major overhaul of the consti-
tution and government structure in March
1977 established a system of popular con-
gresses, which theoretically controls the
General People's Committee, or cabinet
Capital: Tripoli
Political subdivisions: 46 municipalities
closely controlled by central government
Legal system: based on Italian civil law sys-
tem and Islamic law; separate religious
courts; no constitutional provision for judi-
cial review of legislative acts; legal education
at Law School at University of Libya at
BanghazI; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1
September
Branches: officially, paramount political
power and authority rests with the General
People's Congress, which theoretically func-
tions as a parliament with a cabinet called
the General People's Committee
Government leaders: Col. Mu'ammar Abu
Minyar al-QADHAFI (no official title; runs
country and is treated as chief of state); Mi-
ftah al-Ista 'UMAR, Secretary of the General
People's Congress (chief of state in theory
but not treated as such)
Suffrage: mandatory universal adult
Elections: representatives to the General
People's Congress are drawn from popularly
elected municipal committees
Political parties: none
Communists.- no organized party, negligible
membership
Other political or pressure groups: various
Arab nationalist movements and the Arab
Socialist Resurrection (Ba'th) party with al-
most negligible memberships may be func-
tioning clandestinely
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Is-
lamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, QIC,
OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: roughly $26 billion (1985 est), $7,180
per capita
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
gypsum
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, barley,
olives, dates, citrus fruits, peanuts; 65% of
food is imported
Major industries: petroleum, food process-
ing, textiles, handicrafts
Electric power: 4,070,100 kW capacity
(1985); 12.478 billion kWh produced (1985),
3,325 kWh per capita
Exports: $10.0 billion (f.o.b., 1985); petro-
leum
Imports: $7.0 billion (f.o.b., 1985); manufac-
tures, food
Major trade partners: imports — Italy, FRG;
exports — Italy, FRG, Spain, France, Japan,
UK
Budget: (1985 est.) revenues, $10 billion;
expenditures, $9.9 billion, including devel-
opment expenditure of $5.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: .2961 Libyan
dinar=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 19,300 km total; 10,800 km bitu-
minous and bituminous treated, 8,500 km
gravel, crushed stone and earth
Pipelines: crude oil 3,893 km; natural gas
938 km; refined products 443 km (includes
217 km liquid petroleum gas)
Ports: 4 major (Tobruk, Tripoli, BanghazI,
Misratah), 2 secondary, 15 minor, and 6 pe-
troleum terminals
Civil air: 76 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 118 total, 107 usable; 37 with
permanent-surface runways, 8 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 24 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 36 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab
Jamahariya (including Army, Arab Air
Force, Air Defense Command, Arab Navy)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 936,000;
551,000 fit for military service; about 39,000
reach military age (17) annually; conscrip-
tion now being implemented
145
Liechtenstein
RuggeU
Sff regional map V
5 km
Land
160 km2; the size of Washington, D. C.
Land boundaries: 76 km
People
Population: 28,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Liechtensteiner(s); ad-
jective— Liechtenstein
Ethnic divisions: 95% Alemannic, 5% Italian
and other
Religion: 82.7% Roman Catholic, 7.1% Prot-
estant, 10.2% other
Language: German (official), Alemannic
dialect
Infant mortality rate: 6.3/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: men 65, women 74
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: 12,258; 5,078 foreign workers
(mostly from Switzerland and Austria);
54.5% industry, trade, and building; 41.6%
services; 4.0% agriculture, fishing, forestry,
and horticulture; no unemployment
Government
Official name: Principality of Liechtenstein
Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital: Vaduz
Political subdivisions: 11 communes
Legal system: principality has its own civil
and penal codes; lowest court is county court
(Landgericht), presided over by one judge,
which decides minor civil cases and sum-
mary criminal offenses; criminal court
(Kriminalgericht), with a bench of five
judges, is for major crimes; another court of
mixed jurisdiction is the court of assizes
(three judges) for misdemeanors; Superior
Court (Obergericht) and Supreme Court
(Oberster Gerichtshof) are courts of appeal
for civil and criminal cases (five judges each);
an administrative court of appeal from gov-
ernment actions and the State Court deter-
mine the constitutionality of laws; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
Branches: unicameral legislature (Diet) with
15 deputies elected to four-year terms,
hereditary Prince, independent judiciary
Government leaders: FRANZ JOSEF II,
Prince (since 1938); Hans BRUNHART,
Head of Governrnent (Prime Minister; since
May 1978); the Prince transferred most of
his executive powers to his son, Prince
HANS ADAM, in August 1984
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every four years; last election
1986
Political parties and leaders: Fatherland
Union (VU), Dr. Otto Hasler; Progressive
Citizens' Party (FBP), Dr. Herbert Batliner;
Christian Social Party, Fritz Kaiser
Voting strength: (1986) VU 50.2% (8 seats),
FBP about 4 1.9% (7 seats)
Communists: none
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA,
IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
UNCTAD, UNIDO, UNICEF, UPU,
WIPO; considering UN membership; has
consultative status in the EC; under several
post-World War I treaties Switzerland han-
dles Liechtenstein's customs and represents
the principality abroad on a diplomatic and
consular level whenever requested to do so
by the Liechtenstein Government
Economy
NOTE: Liechtenstein has a prosperous econ-
omy based primarily on small-scale light
industry and some farming; metal industry
is by far the most prominent sector; high-
frequency installations, boilers for central
heating, hardware, small machinery, canned
goods, furniture and upholstery, chemical
and pharmaceutical goods, vacuum installa-
tions, optical and measuring instruments, oil
tanks, artificial teeth, ceramics, and textiles
are the principal manufactures, intended
almost entirely for export; industry accounts
for 54% of total employment, service sector
42%, and agriculture and forestry 4%; live-
stock raising and dairying are the main
sources of income in the small farm sector;
the sale of postage stamps to foreign collec-
tors, estimated at $10 million annually, pro-
vides for 10% of state expenditures; compa-
nies incorporated in Liechtenstein solely for
tax purposes provide a further 30% of the
state budget; low business taxes (the maxi-
mum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation
rules have induced between 20,000 and
30,000 holding companies, so-called letter
box companies, to establish nominal offices
in the principality; economy is tied closely to
that of Switzerland in a customs union; no
national accounts data are available
GNP: approximately $15,000 per capita
(1984)
Natural resources: hydroelectric power
Agriculture: livestock, vegetables, corn,
wheat, potatoes, grapes
Major industries: electronics, metal manu-
facturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuti-
cals, food products
Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity (1985);
150 million kWh produced (1985), 5,357
kWh per capita
Exports: (1984) $440 million; 39% EC, 32%
EFTA (24% Switzerland), 29% other
146
Luxembourg
Budget: (1983) revenues, $108 million; ex-
penditures, $86 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.17 Swiss
francs=US$l (October 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and
included in statistics of Austrian Federal
Railways
Highways: 130.66 km main roads, 192.27
km byroads
Civil air: no transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone
system serving about 20,020 telephones (77.0
per 100 popl.); no broadcast facilities
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Switzerland
Branches: Police Department
Troiivierget
Scr rtf ionil mtp V
Land
2,586 km2; smaller than Rhode Island; 43.9%
arable, 33% forest, 27% meadow and pas-
ture, 15% waste or urban, negligible inland
water
Land boundaries: 356 km
People
Population: 367,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Luxembourger(s); ad-
jective— Luxembourg
Ethnic divisions: Celtic base, with French
and German blend; also guest and worker
residents from Portugal, Italy, and Euro-
pean countries
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 3% Protes-
tant and Jewish
Language: Luxembourgish, German,
French; most educated Luxembourgers also
speak English
Infant mortality rate: 12/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: men 70, women 76.7
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: (1983) 160,800; one-third of
labor force is foreign, comprising mostly
workers from Portugal, Italy, France, Bel-
gium, and FRG (1981); unemployment 1.5%
(1985 average); 45% services, 39% industry
and commerce, 15% government, 0.7% agri-
culture
Government
Official name: Grand Duchy of Luxem-
bourg
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Luxembourg
Political subdivisions: unitary state, but for
administrative purposes has 3 districts (Lux-
embourg, Diekirch, Grevenmacher) and 12
cantons
Legal system: based on civil law system;
constitution adopted 1868; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 June
Branches: parliamentary democracy; seven
ministers compose Council of Government
headed by President, which constitutes the
executive; it is responsible to the unicameral
legislature (Chamber of Deputies); the
Council of State, appointed for indefinite
term, exercises some powers of an upper
house; judicial power exercised by indepen-
dent courts; coalition governments are usual
Government leaders: JEAN, Grand Duke
(since 1964); Jacques SANTER, Prime Min-
ister (since June 1984)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: every five years for entire Cham-
ber of Deputies; latest elections June 1984
Political parties and leaders: Christian So-
cial Party, Jacques Santer, parliamentary
president, and Jean Spautz, party president;
Socialist Workers Party, Ben Fayot, party
president; Social Democrat, Henry Crava-
tte, party president; Liberal, Colette Flesch;
Communist, Dominique I'rbany; Indepen-
dent Socialists, Jean Gremling, party presi-
dent; Green Alternative, Jean Huss; Enroles
de Force
147
Luxembourg (continued)
Macau
Voting strength: (1984) Chamber of
Deputies — Christian Social Paarty, 25; So-
cialist Workers Party, 21; Liberals, 14; Com-
munists, 2; Green Alternative, 2
Communists: 500 party members (1981)
Other political or pressure groups: group of
steel industries representing iron and steel
industry, Centrale Paysanne representing
agricultural producers; Christian and Social-
ist labor unions; Federation of Industrialists;
Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation
Member of: Benelux, BLEU, Council of
Europe, EC, EIB, EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU,
ITU, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $4.2 billion, $1 1.350 per capita (1983);
53.2% private consumption, 22.4% invest-
ment, 14.6% government consumption,
—0.7% stockbuilding, 10.4% net foreign
balance; 1.6% real GDP growth (1983)
Natural resources: iron ore
Agriculture: mixed farming, dairy products,
and wine
Major industries: banking, iron and steel,
food processing, chemicals, metal products
and engineering, tires, and banking,
Crude steel: 3.98 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 10.8 metric tons per capita; 6.4
metric ton capacity (1982)
Electric power: 1,497,000 kW capacity
(1985); 956 million kWh produced (1985),
2,605 kWh per capita
Exports, imports, major trade partners:
Luxembourg has a customs union with Bel-
gium under which foreign trade is recorded
jointly for the two countries; Luxembourg's
principal exports are iron and steel products,
principal imports are minerals, metals, food-
stuffs, and machinery; most of its foreign
trade is with FRG, Belgium, France, and
other EC countries (for totals, see Belgium)
Budget: (1984 est.) revenues, $1.18 billion;
expenditures, $1.17 billion; surplus, $0.13
million
Monetary conversion rate: 51.6 Luxem-
bourg francs=US$l (December 1985); under
the BLEU agreement, the Luxembourg
franc is equal in value to the Belgian franc,
which circulates freely in Luxembourg
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: Luxembourg National Railways
(CFL) operates 270 km 1 .435-meter stan-
dard gauge; 162 km double track; 163 km
electrified
Highways: 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved,
57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km
limited access divided highway
Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River
Pipelines: refined products, 48 km
Port: (river) Mertert
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 lotah 2 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate and effi-
cient system, mainly buried cables; 210,000
telephones (55 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 3 FM, 3
TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 96,000;
80,000 fit for military service; about 2,000
reach military age (19) annually
llha de Coloane
ginnal map VIII
2 km
Zhujiang
Kou
llha de Taipa
Land
15.5 km2; smaller than Washington, D. C.;
90% urban, 10% agricultural
Land boundaries: 201 m
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(12 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 40 km
People
Population: 404,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Macanese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Macau
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% Portu-
guese
Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Catho-
lics, of whom about half are Chinese
Language: 98% Chinese, 2% Portuguese
Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese
and Macanese; no data on Chinese popula-
tion
Government
Official name: Macau
Type: Chinese territory under Portuguese
administration
148
Madagascar
Capital: Lisbon (Portugal)
Political subdivisions: municipality of
Macau and two islands (Taipa and Coloane)
Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
Branches: 18- member Legislative Assembly,
with Governor and 5 appointed, 6 nomi-
nated, and 6 elected representatives
Government leader: vacant since resigna-
tion of former Governor, Rear Adm. Vasco
Fernando Lecte da Almeida e COSTA, on 7
January 1986
Suffrage: Portuguese, Chinese, and foreign
residents over 18
Elections: conducted every four years
Political parties and leaders: Association to
Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Dem-
ocratic Center; Group to Study the Develop-
ment of Macau; Macau Independent Group
Other political or pressure groups: wealthy
Macanese and Chinese representing local
interests, wealthy pro-Communist
merchants representing China's interests; in
January 1967 Macau Government acceded
to Chinese demands that gave Chinese veto
power over administration of the enclave
Member of: Multifiber Agreement
Economy
GNP: $640 million (1980 est.)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, vegetables;
food shortages — rice, vegetables, meat; de-
pends mostly on imports for food require-
ments
Major industries: textiles, toys, plastic prod-
ucts, furniture
Electric power: 123,000 kW capacity (1985);
335 million kWh produced (1985), 852 kWh
per capita
Exports: $755.9 million (f.o.b., 1983); textiles
and clothing
Imports: $722.4 million (c.i.f., 1983); food-
stuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 27% US,
22% Hong Kong, 12% FRG, 10% France;
imports — 39% Hong Kong, 28% China
(1983)
: (1982) expenditures, $140.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 8 patacas=US$l
(June 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 42 km paved
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: fairly modern com-
munication facilities maintained for domes-
tic and international services; 13,000 tele-
phones; 4 AM and 3 FM radio broadcast
transmitters; est. 75,000 radio receivers; in
international high frequency radio commu-
nication facility; access to international com-
munications carriers provided via Hong
Kong and China
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
Military manpower: males 15-49, 109,000;
63,000 fit for military service
ToemMinaj Indian
ANTANANARIVO / Ocean
See rtfionil map VII
Faradofay
Land
592,900 km2; slightly smaller than Texas;
58% pasture, 21% forest, 8% waste, 5% culti-
vated, 2% rivers and lakes, 6% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 4,828 km
People
Population: 10,227,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Malagasy (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Malagasy
Ethnic divisions: basic split between high-
landers of predominantly Malayo-
Indonesian origin, consisting of Merina
(1,643,000) and related Betsileo (760,000) on
the one hand and coastal tribes — collectively
termed the Coders — with mixed Negroid,
Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry on
the other; coastal tribes include
Betsimisaraka 941,000, Tsimihety 442,000,
Antaisaka 415,000, Sakalava 375,000; there
are also 10,000-12,000 European French,
5,000 Indians of French nationality, and
5,000 Creoles
Religion: more than half indigenous beliefs;
about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim
Language: French and Malagasy official
149
Madagascar (continued)
Infant mortality rate: 177/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 46
Literacy: 53%
Labor force: about 4.8 million (1984), of
which 90% are nonsalaried family workers
engaged in subsistence agriculture; of
175,000 wage and salary earners, 26% agri-
culture, 17% domestic service, 15% industry,
14% commerce, 11% construction, 9% ser-
vices, 6% transportation, 2% miscellaneous
Organized labor: 4% of labor force
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of
Madagascar
Type: real authority in hands of the Presi-
dent, although Supreme Revolutionary
Council is theoretically ultimate executive
authority
Capital: Antananarivo
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and traditional Malagasy law; consti-
tution of 1959 modified in October 1972 by
law establishing provisional government
institutions; new constitution accepted by
referendum in December 1975; legal educa-
tion at National School of Law, University of
Madagascar; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 26
June
Branches: executive — a 19-member
Supreme Revolutionary Council (made up
of military and political leaders); assisted by
cabinet called Council of Ministers; unicam-
eral legislative — Popular National Assem-
bly; Military Committee for Development;
regular courts are patterned after French
system, and a High Council of Institutions
reviews all legislation to determine its consti-
tutional validity
Government leader: Adm. Didier
RATSIRAKA, President (since June 1975);
Lt. Col. Desire RAKOTOARIJAONA,
Prime Minister (since 1977)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: referendum held in December
1975 gave overwhelming approval to gov-
ernment and new constitution; elections for
Popular National Assembly held in June
1977 and in August 1983; only one political
group allowed to take part in the election,
The National Front for the Defense of the
Revolution, which presented a single list of
candidates; a presidential election in No-
vember 1982 returned President Ratsiraka
with an 80% majority; the challenger, Monja
Jaona, received 20% and was later arrested
after leading demonstrations to protest elec-
tion fraud
Political parties and leaders: seven parties
are now allowed limited political activity
under the national front and are represented
on the Supreme Revolutionary Council: Ad-
vance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution
(AREMA), Didier Ratsiraka; Congress Party
for Malagasy Independence (AKFM), Pastor
Richard Andriamanjato; Movement for Na-
tional Unity (VONJY), Dr. Marojama
Razanabahiny; Malagasy Christian
Demcratic Union (UDECMA), Norbert
Andriamorasata; Militants for the Establish-
ment of a Proletarian Regime (MFM),
Manandafy Rakotonirina; National Move-
ment for the Independence of Madagascar
(MONIMA), Monja Jaona; Socialist Organi-
zation MONIMA (VS MONIMA), Remanin-
dry Jaona
Voting strength: 4.8 million registered vot-
ers (1982); in 1977 local elections, President
Ratsiraka 's AREMA captured approxi-
mately 89.5% of the 73,000 available posi-
tions on 1 1,400 local executive committees;
AKFM won about 7.3% of the seats,
MONIMA 1.7%, and VONJY 1.4%;
UDECMA won only about 45 seats; in the
1983 legislative election AREMA won 117
out of the 137 seats in the Popular National
Assembly
Communists: Communist party of virtually
no importance; small and vocal group of
Communists has gained strong position in
leadership of AKFM, the rank and file of
which is non-Communist
Member of: Af DB, EAMA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.4 billion (1984), about $250 per
capita; real growth rate 2.1% (1984)
Natural resources: graphite, chrome, coal,
bauxite, ilmenite, tar sands, semiprecious
stones
Agriculture: cash crops — coffee, vanilla,
cloves, sugar, tobacco, sisal, raffia; pepper;
cocoa; food crops — rice, cassava, cereals,
potatoes, corn, beans, bananas, coconuts,
and peanuts; animal husbandry widespread;
imports some rice, milk, and cereal
Fishing: catch 54,500 (1983); marketed out-
put—22,150 metric tons fish (1984 prov.);
6,695 metric tons shellfish (1984 prov.)
Major industries: agricultural processing
(meat canneries, soap factories, brewery,
tanneries, sugar refining), light consumer
goods industries (textiles, glassware), cement
plant, auto assembly plant, paper mill, oil
refinery
Electric power: 1 14,000 kW capacity (1985);
402 million kWh produced (1985), 40 kWh
per capita
Exports: $350 million (f.o.b., 1985 est);
coffee, vanilla, sugar, cloves; agricultural
and livestock products account for about
85% of export earnings
Imports: $353 million (f.o.b., 1985 est.); raw
materials, intermediate goods, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: France, other EC,
US, Saudi Arabia; trade with Communist
countries remains a minute part of total
trade
Budget: 1984 overall government operations
(1984) — total revenues, $420 million; cur-
rent expenditures, $300 million; capital ex-
penditures, $150 million; other expendi-
tures, $90 million
External debt: (1984) $2.2 billion disbursed;
debt service payment 33% of exports after
rescheduling
150
Malawi
Monetary conversion rate: 621.12 Malagasy
francs=US$l (October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,020 km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 40,000 km total; 4,694 km paved,
811km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; remainder improved and unimproved
earth (est.)
Inland waterways: of local importance only;
isolated streams and small portions of Canal
des Pangalanes
Ports: 4 major (Toamasina, Antsiranana,
Mahajanga, Toliary)
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 152 total, 125 usable; 28 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system includes
open-wire lines, coaxial cables, and radio-
relay links; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station;
38,200 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 14
AM, no FM, 24 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Popular Army, Aeronaval Forces
(includes Navy and Air Force), paramilitary
Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,260,000;
1,383,000 fit for military service; 93,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $60,000; about .01% of cen-
tral government budget
Lake
Nyasa
See regional map VII
Chtsefnula Island
Likoms Island
^~\
{ Zombi
Land
1 18,484 km2; the size of Pennsylvania; 34%
of land area arable (of which 86% is culti-
vated), nearly 25% forest, 6% meadow and
pasture, 35% other
Land boundaries: 2,881 km
People
Population: 7,292,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Malawian(s); adjec-
tive— Malawian
Ethnic divisions: Chewa, Nyanja,
Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga,
Ngoni, Asian, European
Religion: 55% Protestant, 20% Roman Cath-
olic, 20% Muslim; traditional indigenous
beliefs are also practiced by some members
of these groups
Language: English and Chichewa (official);
Tombuka is second African language
Infant mortality rate: 14/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 47
Literacy: 25%
Labor force: 344,052 wage earners
employed in Malawi (1982); 52% agricul-
ture, 16% personal services, 9% manufactur-
ing, 7% construction, 6% commerce, 4%
miscellaneous services, 5% other perma-
nently employed
Organized labor: small minority of wage
earners are unionized
Government
Official name: Republic of Malawi
Type: one-party state
Capital: Lilongwe
Political subdivisions: 3 administrative re-
gions and 24 districts
Legal system: based on English common
law and customary law; constitution
adopted 1964; judicial review of legislative
acts in the Supreme Court of Appeals; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Republic Day, 6 July
Branches: strong presidential system with
Cabinet appointed by President; unicameral
National Assembly of 87 elected and up to
15 nominated members; High Court with
Chief Justice and at least two justices
Government leader: Dr. Hastings Kamuzu
BANDA, President (since 1966)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: President Banda designated Pres-
ident for Life in 1970; parliamentary elec-
tions last held June 1983, next scheduled for
1988
Political parties and leaders: Malawi Con-
gress Party (MCP), Robson Chirwa, adminis-
trative secretary
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, EC
(associated member), FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITU,
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
151
Malawi (continued)
Malaysia
Economy
GDP: $1.34 billion (1982), $210 per capita;
real growth rate 3.0% (1982)
Natural resources: limestone, uranium po-
tential
Agriculture: cash crops — tobacco, tea, sugar,
peanuts, cotton, tung oil, maize; subsistence
crops — corn, sorghum, millet, pulses, root
crops, fruit, vegetables, rice; self-sufficient in
food production
Electric power: 174,000 kW capacity (1985);
458 million kWh produced (1985), 65 kWh
per capita
Major industries: agricultural processing
(tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement,
consumer goods
Exports: $259.9 million (c.i.f., 1984);
tobacco, tea, sugar, peanuts, cotton, corn
Imports: $303 billion (c.i.f., 1984); manufac-
tured goods, machinery and transport
equipment, building and construction mate-
rials, fuel, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports — UK, FRG,
US, Netherlands, South Africa; imports —
South Africa, UK, Japan, US, FRG
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $1.2 billion; US authorized (FY70-
84), $55 million
Budget: 1983 revenues $211.9 million, ex-
penditures $231.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.67 Malawi
kwacha=US$l (June 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 789 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 13,135 km total; 2,364 km paved;
251 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; 10,520 km earth and improved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Nyasa, 23,300 km2;
Shire River, 144 km, 4 lake ports
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 50 total, 49 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open-
wire lines, radio-relay links, and radio com-
munication stations; 36,800 telephones (0.5
per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV stations;
1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Army Air Wing, Army
Naval Detachment, paramilitary Police Mo-
bile Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,548,000;
about 883,000 fit for military service
500km
South
China
Sea to" Kimbllu
See refionil map IX
Land
NOTE: established on 16 September 1963,
Malaysia consists of Peninsular Malaysia,
which includes 1 1 states of the former Fed-
eration of Malaya, plus East Malaysia, which
includes the two former colonies of North
Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak
Peninsular Malaysia: 131,313 km2; larger
than New Mexico; 26% forest reserve, 20%
cultivated, 54% other;
Sabah: 76,146 km2; smaller than Nebraska;
34% forest reserve, 13% cultivated, 53%
other
Sarawak: 125,097 km2; larger than New
Mexico; 24% forest reserves, 21% cultivated,
55% other
Land boundaries: 509 km Peninsular Ma-
laysia, 1,786 km East Malaysia
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia,
2,607 km East Malaysia
People
Population: 15,820, 000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Peninsular Malaysia: 13,002,000 (July
1986), average annual growth rate 2.1%
152
Sabah: 1,293,000 (July 1986), average annual
growth rate 3. 9%
Sarawak: 1,525,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Malaysian(s); adjec-
tive— Malaysian
Ethnic divisions: 50% Malay, 36% Chinese,
10% Indian, 4% other
Religion: Peninsular Malaysia: Malays
nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly
Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu
Sabah: 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45%
other
Sarawak: 35% tribal religion, 24% Buddhist
and Confucianist, 20% Muslim, 16% Chris-
tian, 2% other
Language: Peninsular Malaysia: Malay
(official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil
Sabah: English, Malay, numerous tribal dia-
lects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects predom-
inate among Chinese
Sarawak: English, Malay, Mandarin, numer-
ous tribal languages
Infant mortality rate: 25/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 67.7
Literacy: 72% overall Peninsular Malaysia:
75%
Sabah: 58%
Sarawak: 55%
Labor force: Malaysia: 5.95 million (1985);
33% agriculture; 22% manufacturing, 15%
government
Organized labor: 620,000 (1985), about 10%
of total labor force; unemployment about
6.2% of total labor force (1985), but higher in
urban areas
Government
Official name: Malaysia
Type: Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July
1963 Malaysia: constitutional monarchy
nominally headed by Paramount Ruler
(King); a bicameral Parliament consisting of
a 58-member Senate and a 154-member
House of Representatives
Peninsular Malaysian states: hereditary
rulers in all but Penang and Melaka where
Governors appointed by Malaysian Govern-
ment; powers of state governments limited
by federal constitution
Sabah: self-governing state within Malaysia
in which it holds 16 seats in House of Repre-
sentatives; foreign affairs, defense, internal
security, and other powers delegated to fed-
eral government
Sarawak: self-governing state within Malay-
sia in which it holds 24 seats in House of
Representatives; foreign affairs, defense,
and internal security, and other powers are
delegated to federal government
Capital: Peninsular Malaysia: Kuala Lum-
pur
Sabah: Kota Kinabalu
Sarawak: Kuching
Political subdivisions: 14 states (including
Sabah and Sarawak)
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution came into force 1963; judi-
cial review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court at request of Supreme Head of the
Federation; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Day
August, Independence
Branches: nine state rulers alternate as Para-
mount Ruler for five-year terms; locus of
executive power vested in Prime Minister
and Cabinet, who are responsible to bicam-
eral Parliament (Senate, House of Represen-
tatives); following communal rioting in May
1969, government imposed state of emer-
gency and suspended constitutional rights of
all parliamentary bodies; parliamentary
democracy resumed in February 1971
Peninsular Malaysia: executive branches of
1 1 states vary in detail but are similar in de-
sign; a Chief Minister, appointed by heredi-
tary ruler or Governor, heads an executive
council (cabinet), which is responsible to an
elected, unicameral legislature
Sarawak and Sabah: executive branch
headed by Governor appointed by central
government, largely ceremonial role; execu-
tive power exercised by Chief Minister who
heads parliamentary cabinet responsible to
unicameral legislature; judiciary part of Ma-
laysian judicial system
Government leader: Dr. MAHATHIR bin
Mohamad, Prime Minister (since July 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: minimum of every five years; last
elections April 1982
Political parties and leaders: Peninsular
Malaysia: National Front, a confederation
of 1 1 political parties dominated by United
Malay National Organization (UMNO),
Mahathir bin Mohamad; major opposition
parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP),
Chen Man Hin; and Pan Malayan Islamic
Party (PAS), Yusof Rawa
Sabah: Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohamad
Noor Haji Mansodr; Bersatu Sabaj (PBS),
Joseph Pairin Kitingan; United Sabah Na-
tional Organization (USNO), Tun Datuk
Mustapha
Sarawak: coalition Sarawak National Front
composed of the Party Pesaka Bumipatra
Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Abdul Taib; the
United People's Party (SUPP), Wong Soon
Kai; and the Sarawak National Party
(SNAP), Datuk James Wong; opposition is
Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Leo
Moggie
153
Malaysia (continued)
Voting strength: Peninsular Malaysia:
(1982 election) lower house of parliament;
National Front, 132 seats; DAP, 9 seats; PAS,
5 seats; independents, 8 seats
Sabah: (April 1985 election) State Assem-
bly—Berjaya Party, 6 seats; USNO, 16 seats;
PBS, 26 seats
Sarawak: (1979 election) State Assembly
National Front controlled about 30 of 46
seats
Communists: Peninsular Malaysia: approx-
imately 2,000 armed insurgents on Thailand
side of Thai/Malaysia border; approxi-
mately 200 full-time inside Peninsular Ma-
laysia
Sarawak: less than 100, North Kalimantan
Communist Party
Sabah: insignificant
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Associ-
ation of Tin Producing Countries, Colombo
Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE—
Islamic Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC,
ITC, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $28.4 billion (1984), $1,870 per capita;
annual growth 5.0% (1984)
Natural resources: tin, petroleum, timber,
copper, iron
Agriculture: Peninsular Malaysia: natural
rubber, oil palm, rice; 10-15% of rice re-
quirements imported
Sabah: mainly subsistence; main crops —
rubber, timber, coconut, rice; food deficit —
rice
Sarawak: main crops — rubber, timber, pep-
per; food deficit — rice
Fishing: catch 741,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: Peninsular Malaysia:
rubber and oil palm processing and
manufacturing, light manufacturing indus-
try, electronics, tin mining and smelting,
logging and processing timber
Sabah: logging, petroleum production
Sarawak: agriculture processing, petroleum
production and refining, logging
Electric power: Peninsular Malaysia:
2,732,000 kW capacity (1985); 10.382 billion
kWh produced (1985), 808 kWh per capita
Sabah: 430,000 kW capacity (1985); 1,252
million kWh produced (1985), 1,010 kWh
per capita
Sarawak: 350,000 kW capacity (1985); 1,019
million kWh produced (1985), 685 kWh per
capita
Exports: $16.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); natural
rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum,
light manufactures
Imports: $14.1 billion (c.i.f., 1984)
Major trade partners: exports — 22%
Singapore, 20% Japan, 15% EC, 13% US;
imports— 25% Japan, 16% US, 14% EC, 14%
Singapore (1983)
Budget: 1985 operating expenditures, $9. 1
billion; development expenditures, $2.8 bil-
lion; deficit, $2.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.371
ringgits=US$l (September 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: Peninsular Malaysia: 1,665 km
1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track; gov-
ernment owned
East Malaysia: 136 km 1.000-meter gauge in
Sabah
Highways: Peninsular Malaysia: 19,753 km
total; 15,900 km hard surfaced (mostly bitu-
minous surface treatment), 3,000 km
crushed stone/gravel, 883 km improved or
unimproved earth
East Malaysia: about 5,426 km total (1,644
km in Sarawak, 3,782 km in Sabah); 819 km
hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface
treatment), 2,936 km gravel or crushed
stone, 1,671 km earth
Inland waterways: Peninsular Malaysia:
3,209 km
East Malaysia: 4,200 km (1,569 km in Sa-
bah, 2,518 km in Sarawak)
Ports: Peninsular Malaysia: 3 major, 14 mi-
East Malaysia: 3 major, 12 minor (2 major, 3
minor in Sabah; 1 major, 9 minor in Sar-
awak)
Civil air: approximately 28 major transport
aircraft
Pipelines: crude oil, 707 km; natural gas,
379km
Airfields: 136 total, 134 usable; 30 with
permanent-surface runways; 7 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: Peninsular Malaysia:
good intercity service provided mainly by
microwave relay; international service good;
good coverage by radio and television broad-
casts; 609,288 telephones (5. 13 per 100
popl.); 26 AM, 1 FM, 20 TV stations;
IOCON submarine cables extend to India;
connected to SEACOM submarine cable
terminal at Singapore by microwave relay; 2
international ground satellite stations; 1 do-
mestic ground satellite station
Sabah: adequate intercity radio-relay net-
work extends to Sarawak via Brunei; 43,000
telephones (3. 94 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 1
FM, 7 TV stations; SEACOM submarine
cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; 1
ground satellite station
Sarawak: adequate intercity radio-relay
network extends to Sabah via Brunei; 64,512
telephones (4.65 per 100 popl.); 5 AM sta-
tions, no FM, 6 TV stations
154
Maldives
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Malaysian Army, Royal
Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air
Force, Royal Malaysian Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,037,000;
2,560,000 fit for military service; 176,000
reach military age (21) annually
External defense dependent on loose Five
Power Defense Agreement (FPDA), which
replaced Anglo- Malayan Defense Agree-
ment of 1957 as amended in 1963
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $1.8 billion; about 14% of
central government budget
&
'V Male Atoll
Arabian );;," V«_
Sea ?4 ';'
Laccadive
Sea
See regional map VIII
"f
'!Gan
Land
298 km2; twice the size of Washington, D. C;
2,000 islands grouped into 19 atolls; about
220 islands inhabited
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): the
land and sea between latitudes 7°9'N and
0°45'S and between longitudes 72°30'E and
73°48'E; these coordinates form a rectangle
of approximately 37,000 nm; territorial sea
ranges from 2.75 to 55 nm; fishing, approxi-
mately 100 nm; 37 to 310 nm exclusive eco-
nomic zone
Coastline: 644 km (approx.)
People
Population: 184,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Maldivian(s); adjec-
tive— Maldivian
Ethnic divisions: admixtures of Sinhalese,
Dravidian, Arab, and black
Religion: Sunni Muslim
Language: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script
derived from Arabic); English spoken by
most government officials
Infant mortality rate: 88/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 46.5
Literacy: 36%
Labor force: total employment is approxi-
mately 66,000; fishing industry employs 80%
of the labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Maldives
Type: republic
Capital: Male
Political subdivisions: 19 administrative
districts corresponding to atolls, plus capital
city
Legal system: based on Islamic law with
admixtures of English common law prima-
rily in commercial matters; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: Independence Day, 26
July; Republic Day, 1 1 November
Branches: popularly elected unicameral
national legislature, People's Council (mem-
bers elected for five-year terms); elected
President, chief executive; appointed Chief
Justice responsible for administration of Is-
lamic law
Government leader: Maumoon Abdul
GAYOOM, President (since 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: no organized
political parties; country governed by the
Didi clan for the past eight centuries
Communists: negligible number
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth (special member), ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDE — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, QIC, SAARC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $74 million (1982), $462 per capita;
real growth rate (est. 1983), 10%
Natural resources: fish
155
Maldives (continued)
Mali
Agriculture: crops — coconut, limited pro-
duction of millet, corn, pumpkins, sweet
potatoes; shortages — rice, sugar, flour
Fishing: catch 38,500 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: fishing, tourism, some
coconut processing, garment industry, wo-
ven mats, shipping, coir (rope)
Electric power: 4,690 kW capacity (1985); 9
million kWh produced (1985), 51 kWh per
capita
Exports: US$ 17.3 million (1982)
Imports: US$46.0 million (1982)
Major trade partners: Japan, Sri Lanka,
Thailand
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $22.7 million;
expenditures, $41.65 million (at official rate
of5.50rufiyas=US$l
Monetary conversion rate: 5.50 Maldivian
rufiyas=US$l, official rate; 7.05 Maldivian
rufiyas=US$l, market rate (August 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Male, Can)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: minimal domestic
and international telecommunication facili-
ties; 1,060 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 1
TV, 1 FM, 2 AM stations; 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT station
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, about $1.8 million
See region*) mip VII
Land
1,240,000 km2; larger than Texas and Cali-
fornia combined; 75% sparse pasture or
desert, about 25% arable, negligible forest
Land boundaries: 7,459 km
People
Population: 7,898,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Malian(s); adjective —
Malian
Ethnic divisions: 50% Mande (Bambara,
Malinke, Sarakole), 17% Peul, 12% Voltaic,
6% Songhai, 5% Tuareg and Moor
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% indigenous be-
liefs, 1 % Christian
Language: French (official); Bambara spo-
ken by about 80% of the population
Infant mortality rate: 152/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 45
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 3. 1 million (1981); 80% agricul-
ture, 19% services, 1% industry and com-
merce
Organized labor: National Union of Malian
Workers (UNTM) is umbrella organization
over 13 national unions
Government
Official name: Republic of Mali
Type: republic; single-party constitutional
government
Capital: Bamako
Political subdivisions: 8 administrative re-
gions
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1974, came into full effect in 1979;
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitu-
tional Section of Court of State; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
September
Branches: until 1979 executive authority
exercised by Military Committee of Na-
tional Liberation (MCNL) composed of 1 1
army officers; now Cabinet composed of
civilians and army officers; unicameral legis-
lature (National Council); judiciary
Government leader: Gen. Moussa
TRAORE, President (led Mali as President
of MCNL during 1968-79; President since
1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Union of Malian People (UDPM) is the sole
political party; under civilian leadership
Elections: constitutional elections took place
June 1979
Communists: a few Communists and some
sympathizers (no legal Communist party)
Member of: Af DB, APC, CEAO, EGA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, Niger
River Commission, NAM, OAU, OIC,
OMVS (Organization for the Development
of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
156
Malta
Economy
GDP: $1.0 billion (1982), $140 per capita;
annual real growth rate 4.4% (1982)
Natural resources: gold, phosphates, kaolin,
salt, limestone; bauxite, iron ore, manganese,
lithium, and uranium deposits are known or
suspected but not exploited
Agriculture: main crops — millet, sorghum,
rice, corn, peanuts; cash crops — peanuts,
cotton, livestock
Fishing: catch 33,000 tons (1983 est.)
Major industries: small local consumer
goods and processing
Electric power: 92,000 kW capacity (1985);
161 million kWh produced (1985), 20 kWh
per capita
Exports: $145.8 million (f.o.b., 1982); live-
stock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins
Imports: $232.6 million (f.o.b., 1982); tex-
tiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machin-
ery, sugar, cereals
Major trade partners: mostly franc zone
and Western Europe; also with USSR, China
Budget: (1982) revenues, $154 million; ex-
penditures and net lending, $169 million
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commun-
aute Financiere Af ricaine (CFA) francs=
US$1 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 642 km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: approximately 15,700 km total;
1,670 km bituminous, 3,670 km gravel and
improved earth, 10,360 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 1,815 km navigable
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 38 total, 31 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic system poor
and provides only minimal service; radio-
relay, wire, and radio communications sta-
tions in use; expansion of radio relay in
progress; 8,000 telephones (0. 1 per 100
popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, no TV stations; 1 Atlan-
tic and 1 Indian Ocean satellite ground sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force; paramilitary,
Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National
Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,727,000;
872,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $24.8 million; about 22.2%
of central government budget
Mediterranean
Sea
See regional map \
Land
313 km2; twice the size of Washington,
D. C.; 45% agricultural; negligible forest;
remainder urban, waste, or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (fishing 25 nm)
Coastline: 140 km
People
Population: 354,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate —0.2%
Nationality: noun — Maltese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Maltese
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Sicilian,
Norman, Spanish, Italian, English
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
Language: Maltese and English (official)
Infant mortality rate: 11.2/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 73
Literacy: 83%
Labor force: 121,686(1984); 30% services
(except government), 24% manufacturing,
21% government (except job corps), 8% con-
struction, 5% utilities and drydocks, 4% agri-
culture; 8.3% registered unemployed
157
Malta (continued)
Organized labor: approximately 40% of la-
bor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Malta
Type: parliamentary democracy, indepen-
dent republic within the Commonwealth
since December 1974
Capital: Valletta
Political subdivisions: 2 main populated
islands, Malta and Gozo, divided into 13
electoral districts (divisions)
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution adopted 1961, came into
force 1964; has accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive, consisting of Prime
Minister and Cabinet; unicameral legisla-
ture (65-member House of Representatives);
independent judiciary
National holiday: Freedom Day, 31 March
Government leaders: Agatha BARBARA,
President (since February 1982); Karmenu
MIFSUD BONNICI, Prime Minister (since
December 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; registration
required
Elections: at the discretion of the Prime
Minister, but must be held before the expira-
tion of a five-year electoral mandate; last
election December 1981
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist
Party, Edward Fenech Adami; Malta Labor
Party, Karmenu Mifsud Bonniei
Voting strength: (1981 election) House of
Representatives— Labor, 34 seats (49% of
the vote); Nationalist, 31 seats (51% of the
vote)
Communist*: less than 100 (est.)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of
Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM,
UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.0 billion (1984), $3,010 per capita
(1984); 68.9% private consumption, 27.4%
gross investment; 17.4% government con-
sumption, — 15.2% net foreign sector;
change in stocks 1.0%; in 1984 real GDP
growth was 1.2%
Natural resources: limestone, salt
Agriculture: overall, 20% self-sufficient; gen-
erally adequate supplies of vegetables, poul-
try, milk, and pork products; seasonal or
periodic shortages in grain, animal fodder,
fruits, other basic foodstuffs; main prod-
ucts— potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat,
barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green
peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs
Major industries: tourism, ship repair yard,
clothing, building industry, food manufac-
turing, textiles
Shortages: most consumer and industrial
needs (fuels and raw materials) must be im-
ported
Electric power: 157,000 kW capacity (1985);
766 million kWh produced (1985), 2,158
kWh per capita
Exports: $393.7 million (f.o.b., 1984); cloth-
ing, textiles, ships, printed matter
Imports: $717.8 million (c.i.f., 1984)
Major trade partners: 74% EC (24% Italy,
22% FRG, 17% UK); 6% US
Budget: (1984) projects $486 million in ex-
penditures, $475 million in revenues
Monetary conversion rate: 0.43 Maltese
lira=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December
Communications
Highways: 1,292 km total; 1,179 km paved
(asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35
km improved and unimproved earth
Ports: 2 major (Valletta, Marsaxlokk [under
development] ), 1 secondary, 1 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern automatic
telecom system centered in Valletta; 113,000
telephones (34.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 5 FM,
2 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Police, Task
Force, Paramilitary Dejima Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 89,000;
73,000 fit for military service
Supply: various facilities and equipment
turned over by the UK in 1965; has received
2 patrol boats, helicopters, small arms, and
mortars from Libya; vehicles and engineer
equipment from Italy; patrol boats and heli-
copters from FRG
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $12.2 million; about 2.5%
of central government budget
158
Man, Isle of
Irish Sea
:astletow
See regional map V
Land
588 km2; smaller than New York City; ex-
tensive rural arable land and forests
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing)
Coost/ine:113km
People
Population: 65,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Manxman, adjective —
Manx
Ethnic divisions: native Manx of Norse-
Celtic descent; British
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Meth-
odist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Society of
Friends
Language: English, Manx Gaelic
Literacy, compulsory education between
ages of 5 and 15
Labor force: 25,864; manufacturing 3,467,
construction 2,921, transport and communi-
cation 2,300, retail 2,687, professional and
scientific services 3,737 (1981); unemploy-
ment 8% (1984)
Organized labor: 22 labor unions patterned
along British lines (1971)
Government
Official name: Isle of Man
Type: self-governing British dependent ter-
ritory
Capital: Douglas
Political subdivisions: 6 sheadings and 7
constituencies
Legal system: English law and local statute
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16
June
Branches: the Tynwald (parliament) consists
of the Lieutenant Governor, appointed by
and representative of the Crown; the Legis-
lative Council (upper house), which includes
members indirectly elected by the House of
Keys and certain ex officio members; and the
elected 24-member House of Keys (lower
house); an Executive Council carries out ad-
ministrative actions; the Crown has ultimate
responsibility for the island's "good" govern-
ment
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Laurence
NEW, Lieutenant Governor (since 1985)
who is appointed by the Lord of Mann,
Queen Elizabeth II, Head of State; J. C.
NIVISON, President of the Legislative
Council (since 1985)
Suffrage: universal at age 21
Elections: every five years, next general
election slated for November 1986
Political parties and leaders: there is no
party system and members sit as indepen-
dents; affiliations — Manx Labor Party, Alan
Clague, chairman; Manx National Party,
Audrey Ainsworth, chairman; Mec Vannin
(Sons of Man), Lewis Crellin, chairman
Communists: probably none
Economy
GNP: 195 million pounds (1983/4); financial
services 21%, manufacturing 13.7%, tourism
10.8%, construction 10.4% (1984)
Natural resources: lead, iron
Agriculture: cereals and vegetables; cattle,
sheep, pigs, poultry
Fishing: 8,300 metric tons with a value of
170,934 pounds sterling (1983)
Major industries: the Isle of Man is an im-
portant offshore financial center; financial
services, light manufacturing, tourism
Electric power: 61,000 kW capacity (1985);
185 million kWh produced (1985), 3,025
kWh per capita
Exports: tweeds, herring, processed shellfish
meat
Imports: timber, fertilizers, fish
Major trade partners: UK
Budget: (FY 1984/85 est.) revenues, 108,214
million pounds; expenditures, 94,949 million
pounds
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Isle of Man
pound (at par with the pound
sterling)= US$1. 42 (November 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 36 km electric track, 24 km steam
track
Highways: 640 km motorable roads
Ports: 3 minor (Douglas, Ramsey, Peel)
Airfields: airport at Ronaldsway
Telecommunications: radio station; 24,435
telephones
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
159
Martinique
Caribbean x FORT DE FRANCEC.
La Vauclin
Sec regional map III
Land
1, 100 km2; slightly smaller than Rhode Is-
land; 31% crop, 29% forest, 24% waste or
built on, 16% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 290 km
People
Population: 328,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Martiniquais (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Martiniquais
Ethnic divisions: 90% African and African-
Caucasian-Indian mixture, 5% Caucasian,
less than 5% East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu
and pagan African
Language: French, Creole patois
Infant mortality rate: 12.6/1,000(1981)
Life expectancy: 68
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 100,000; 31.7% service indus-
try, 29.4% construction and public works,
13.1% agriculture, 7.3% industry, 2.2% fish-
eries, 16.3% other; 14% unemployed
Organized labor: 1 1 % of labor force
Government
Official name: Department of Martinique
Type: overseas department and region of
France; represented by three deputies in the
French National Assembly and two senators
in the Senate
Capital: Fort-de-France
Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34
communes, each with a locally elected mu-
nicipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest
court is a court of appeal based in Marti-
nique with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe,
French Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by
Paris; legislative, popularly elected council
of 36 members and a Regional Council in-
cluding all members of the local general
council and the locally elected deputies and
senators to the French parliament; judicial,
under jurisdiction of French judicial system
Government leader: jean CHEVANCE,
Prefect of the Republic (since 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council election nor-
mally held every five years; last General
Council election took place in June 1981;
regional assembly elections held February
1983
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the
Republic (RPR), Edmond Valcin; Progres-
sive Party of Martinique (PPM), Aime Ce-
saire; Communist Party of Martinique
(PCM), Armand Nicolas; Democratic Union
of Martinique (UDM), Leon-Laurent Valere
Voting strength: RPR, 1 seat in French Na-
tional Assembly; UDF, 1 seat; Socialist
Party, 1 seat
Communists: 1,000 estimated
Other political or pressure groups: Proletar-
ian Action Group (GAP), Socialist Revolu-
tion Group (GRS), Martinique
Independence Movement (MIM), Caribbean
Revolutionary Alliance (ARC), Central
Union for Martinique Workers (CSTM)
Member o/.- WFTU
Economy
GDP: $1.38 billion (1980), $4,540 per capita
Natural resources: scenery, cultivable land
Agriculture: bananas, pineapples, vegeta-
bles, flowers, limited sugarcane for rum
Major industries: construction, rum, ce-
ment, oil refining, light industry, tourism
Electric power: 66,000 kW capacity (1985);
319 million kWh produced (1985), 976 kWh
per capita
Exports: $123 million (1981); refined petro-
leum products, bananas, rum, pineapples
Imports: $703 million (1981); petroleum
products, foodstuffs, construction materials,
vehicles, clothing and other consumer goods
Major trade partners: exports — 56% France
(1978); imports— 62% France, 28% EC and
franc zone, 4.5% US, 5.5% other (1977)
Aid: economic — bilateral ODA and OOF
commitments (1970-81) from Western (non-
US) countries, $3. 1 billion; no military aid
Budget: (1981) expenditures, $215 million
Monetary conversion rate: 7.71 French
francs=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved,
380 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Fort-de-France), 5 minor
160
Mauritania
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total; 3 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities are
adequate; 68,900 telephones (21.5 per 100
popl.); interisland radio-relay links to Guad-
eloupe, Dominica, and St. Lucia; 2 Atlantic
Ocean satellite antennas; 1 AM, 5 FM, 10
TV stations
•
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 84,000
See regional map VII
Land
1,030,700 km2; the size of Texas and Califor-
nia combined; almost 90% desert, 10% pas-
ture, less than 1 % suitable for crops
Land boundaries: 5,118 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 70
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 754 km
People
Population: 1,691, 000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Mauritanian(s); adjec-
tive— Mauri tanian
Ethnic divisions: 40% mixed Moor /black;
30% Moor, 30% black
Religion: nearly 100% Muslim
Language: Hasaniya Arabic (national);
French (official); Toucouleur, Fula, Sarakole,
Wolof
Infant mortality rate: 136/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 44, women 47
Literacy: 17%
Labor force: total labor force 465,000 (1981
est.); about 45,000 wage earners (1980 IMF);
47% agriculture, 29% services, 14% industry
and commerce, 10% government; consider-
able unemployment
Organized labor: 30,000 members claimed
by single union, Mauritanian Workers'
Union
Government
NOTE: Mauritania acquired administrative
control of the southern third of Western (for-
merly Spanish) Sahara under a 1975 agree-
ment with Morocco and Spain. Following an
August 1979 peace agreement with Polisario
insurgents fighting for control of Western
Sahara, Mauritania withdrew from the terri-
tory and renounced all territorial claims.
Official name: Islamic Republic of Maurit-
ania
Type: republic; military first seized power in
bloodless coup 10 July 1978; a palace coup
that took place on 12 December 1984
brought the President to power
Capital: Nouakchott
Political subdivisions: 12 regions and a capi-
tal district
Legal system: based on Islamic law; military
constitution April 1979
National holiday: Independence Day, 28
November
Branches: executive, Military Committee
for National Salvation rules by decree; Na-
tional Assembly and judiciary suspended
pending restoration of civilian rule
Government leader: Col. Maaouiya Ould
Sid Ahmed TAYA, President and Prime
Minister (since December 1984)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: in abeyance; last presidential
election August 1976
Political parties and leaders: suspended
Communists: no Communist Party, but
there is a scattering of Maoist sympathizers
161
Mauritania (continued)
Mauritius
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League,
CEAO, CIPEC (associate), EAMA, EIB (as-
sociate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IDE — Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC,
OM VS (Organization for the Development
of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: about $730 million (1982 est), $460
per capita
Natural resources: iron ore, gypsum, fish
Agriculture: most Mauritanians are nomads
or subsistence farmers; main products —
livestock, cereals, vegetables, dates; cash
crops — gum arabic
Fishing: catch, 353,800 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: mining of iron ore and
gypsum, fish processing
Electric power: 131,000 kW capacity (1985);
114 million kWh produced (1985), 68 kWh
per capita
Exports: $275 million (f.o.b., 1984); iron ore,
processed fish, and small amounts of gum
arabic and gypsum; also unrecorded but
numerically significant cattle exports to
Senegal
Imports: $215 million (f.o.b., 1984); food-
stuffs and other consumer goods, petroleum
products, capital goods
Major trade partners: France and other EC
members, Senegal, and US
Budget: $225 million budgeted in 1984;
$184 million revenues (planned 1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 61.4
ouguiyas=US$l (30 July 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 740 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, single track, privately owned
Highways: 7,540 km total; 1,350 km paved;
710 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise
improved; 5,480 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 800 km
Ports: 2 major (Nouadhibou and
Nouakchott)
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 31 usable; 10 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor system of cable
and open-wire lines, minor radio-relay links,
and radio communications stations; 5,200
telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM
or TV stations; 2 satellite ground stations
under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Gendarmerie, paramilitary National
Guard, paramilitary National Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 369,000;
179,000 fit for military service; conscription
law not implemented
Supply: primarily dependent on France; has
also received material from Algeria, UK,
Spain, and Romania; West Germany fur-
nishes unspecified military cooperation/aid;
military students being trained in France,
Algeria, Libya, US, Morocco, Canada, Saudi
Arabia, Iraq, Senegal, Burkina, and Zaire
Agalega Islands Cargadcv
Cataios Shoals and
flixjngues are not shown
Sff rcfionil map VII
Land
1,865 km2; smaller than Rhode Island (ex-
cluding dependencies); 50% agricultural,
intensely cultivated; 39% forest, wood,
mountain, rivers, and natural resources; 5%
lakes; 3% built on; 2% roads and tracks; 1%
waste
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 177 km
People
Population: 1,020, 000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Mauritian(s); adjec-
tive— Mauritian
Ethnic divisions: 68% Indo-Mauritian, 27%
Creole, 3% Sino-Mauritian, 2%
Franco-Mauritian
Religion: 51% Hindu, 30% Christian (mostly
Roman Catholic with a few Anglicans), 17%
Muslim
Language: English (official), Creole, French,
Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori
Infant mortality rate: 28/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: 67
Literacy: 79%
162
Labor force: 335,000; 29% government ser-
vices, 27% agriculture and fishing, 22% man-
ufacturing, 22% other; 20% are unemployed
Organized labor: about 35% of labor force,
forming over 270 unions
Government
Official name: Mauritius
Type: independent state, recognizing Eliza-
beth II as Chief of State
Capital: Port Louis
Political subdivisions: 5 organized munici-
palities and various island dependencies
Legal system: based on French civil law
system with elements of English common
law in certain areas; constitution adopted 6
March 1968
National holiday: Independence Day, 12
March
Branches: executive power exercised by
Prime Minister and 19-member Council of
Ministers; unicameral legislature (Legisla-
tive Assembly) with 62 members elected by
direct suffrage, 8 specially elected under
"best loser" system
Government leader: Aneerood JUG-
NAUTH, Prime Minister (since June 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legislative August 1983
Political parties and leaders: the govern-
ment is currently controlled by a coalition
composed of the Militant Socialist Move-
ment (MSM), A. Jugnauth, and the Maurit-
ian Social Democratic Party (PMSD), G.
Duval and the Mauritian Workers' Assem-
bly (RTM), Beergoonath Ghurburrun; the
Mauritian Labor Party (MLP) faction, led by
party head S. Boolell, voted to leave the coa-
lition in February 1984; the main opposition
parties are the Mauritian Militant Move-
ment (MMM), P. Berenger, and the Rodr-
igues People's Organization (OPR)
Voting strength: MSM, 30 of 70 seats in the
Assembly; MMM, 21; MLP, 11; PMSD, 4;
OPR, 2; and independents, 2
Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers;
several Communist organizations; Mauritius
Lenin Youth Organization, Mauritius
Women's Committee, Mauritius Commu-
nist Party, Mauritius People's Progressive
Party, Mauritius Young Communist League,
Mauritius Liberation Front, Chinese Middle
School Friendly Association, Mauritius/
USSR Friendship Society
Other political or pressure groups: various
labor unions
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.0 billion (1984/85 prov.), $1,000
per capita; real growth rate, 4.2% (1984/85
prov.)
Agriculture: sugar crop is a major economic
asset; over 90% of cultivated land area is
planted in sugar; also sugar derivatives, tea,
tobacco; most food imported
Shortage: land
Major industries: mainly food manufactur-
ing (largely sugar milling); textiles and wear-
ing apparel; chemical and chemical prod-
ucts; and metal products, transport equip-
ment, and nonelectrical machinery
Electric power: 237,000 kW capacity (1985);
416 million kWh produced (1985), 411 kWh
per capita
Exports: $387.8 million (merchandise, f.o.b.,
1984/85 prov.); sugar (48%); Export Process-
ing Zone exports
Imports: $406 million (f.o.b., 1984/85);
food, petroleum products, manufactured
goods
Major trade partners: all EC countries and
US have preferential treatment, UK buys
almost all of Mauri tius's sugar export at sub-
sidized prices; small amount of sugar ex-
ported to Canada, US, and Italy; nonoil im-
ports from UK and EC primarily, also from
South Africa, Australia, US, and Japan; some
minor trade with China
Budget: central government — (1984/85
prov.) revenues, $217 million; external
grants, $10 million; current expenditures,
$247 million; capital expenditures, $40 mil-
lion
Monetary conversion rate: 14.557 Maurit-
ian rupees=US$l (31 October 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Highways: 2,000 km total; 1,200 km paved,
800 km earth
Ports: 1 major (Port Louis)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: small system with
good service; new microwave link to Re-
union; high-frequency radio links to several
countries; 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV stations;
48,000 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 1 In-
dian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: paramilitary Special Mobile
Force, Police Riot Units, and Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 272,000;
142,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1983, $13.45 million; 3.2% of central
government budget
163
Mayotte
s//0 M'Zambourou
SecrctionilmipYM "Mottmbique Channel
Land
375 km2; more than twice the size of Wash-
ington, D. C.; part of the Comoro archipel-
ago; the main island is within an offshore
coral reef with many breaks and passages
and is surrounded by at least six small satel-
lite islands
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: about 165 km (not including is-
lets)
People
Population: 63,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Mahorais(sing., pi.);
adjective — Mahoran
Religion: 99% Muslim; remainder Christian,
mostly Roman Catholic
Language: Mahorian (a Swahili dialect),
French
Literacy: probably high
Government
Official name: Mayotte
Type: French overseas territority
Capital: Dzaoudzi
Legal system: represented in French Parlia-
ment by one deputy in the National Assem-
bly and one member in the Senate; superior
court of appeal
Branches: elected 17-member general coun-
cil; appointed commissioner
Government leader: Christian PELLERIN,
Commissioner of the Republic (since 1983);
Younoussa BAMANA, President of the Gen-
eral Council (since 1976)
Political parties and leaders: Mahoran Pop-
ular Movement (MPM), Zha M'Oere; Party
for the Mahoran Democratic Rally (PRDM),
Daroueche Maoulida; Mahoran Rally for the
Republic (RMPR), Abdoul Anizizi
Communists: probably none
Economy
Aid: from France, 84 million francs (1983)
Agriculture: vanilla, ylang-ylang, coffee,
copra
Fishing: annual catch, about 2,000 tons
Major industries: newly created lobster and
shrimp industry
Exports: 5 million francs (1982);
ylang-ylang, vanilla
Imports: 116 million francs (1982); building
materials, transport equipment, rice, cloth-
ing, flour
Major trade partners: imports — France
57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Paki-
stan 8%; exports— France 79%, Reunion
19%, Comoros 10%
Budget: 144.3 million francs (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 8.40 French
francs=US$l (January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 85 km tarred
Inland waterways: none
Ports: none
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: small system admin-
istered by French Department of Posts and
Telecommunications; includes radio-relay
and high-frequency radiocommunications
for links with Comoros and for international
communications; 450 telephones (9 per 100
popl.); 1 AM station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
164
Mexico
1000km
Tijuana
Land
1,972,547 km2; three times the size of Texas;
40% pasture; 22% forest; 12% crop; 26%
other, including waste, urban areas and pub-
lic lands
Land boundaries: 4,220 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 9,330 km
People
Population: 81,709,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Mexican(s); adjective —
Mexican
Ethnic divisions: 60% mestizo (Indian-
Spanish), 30% Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian, 9% white or predominantly
white, 1% other
Religion: 97% nominally Roman Catholic,
3% Protestant
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 55.9/1,000(1980)
Life expectancy: 65.4
Literacy: 88.1%
Labor force: 24,000,000(1985); 31.4% ser-
vices; 26% agriculture, forestry, hunting,
fishing; 13.9% commerce; 12.8% manufac-
turing; 9.5% construction; 4.8% transporta-
tion; 1.3% mining and quarrying; 0.3% elec-
tricity; 10% unemployed, 40% underem-
ployed
Organized labor: 35% of total labor force
Government
Official name: United Mexican States
Type: federal republic operating in fact un-
der a centralized government
Capital: Mexico
Political subdivisions: 31 states and the Fed-
eral District
Legal system: mixture of US constitutional
theory and civil law system; constitution
established in 1917; judicial review of legis-
lative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 16
September
Branches: dominant executive, bicameral
legislature (National Congress — Senate,
Federal Chamber of Deputies), Supreme
Court
Government leader: Miguel DE LA
MADRID Hurtado, President (since Decem-
ber 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory
but unenforced
Elections: next presidential election to be
held in 1988
Political parties and leaders: (recognized
parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party
(PRI), Adolfo Lugo Verduzco; National Ac-
tion Party (PAN), Pablo Emilio Madero;
Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Jorge
Cruickshank Garcia; Unified Socialist Party
of Mexico (PSUM), Pablo Gomez Alvarez;
Mexican Democratic Party (PDM), Ignacio
Gonzalez Gollaz; Socialist Workers Party
(PST), Pedro Etiene; Revolutionary Workers
Party (PRT), Ricardo Pascoe Pierce; Mexi-
can Workers Party (PMT), Heberto Castillo
Martinez; Authentic Party of the Revolution
(PARM), Carlos Enrique Cantu Rosas
Voting strength: (1985 congressional elec-
tion) 66% PRI, 15% PAN, 3% PSUM, 3%
PDM, 2% PST, 2% PPS, 2% PARM, 2%
PMT, 1% PRT, 4% other parties or annulled
Other political or pressure groups: Roman
Catholic Church, Confederation of Mexican
Workers (CTM), Confederation of Industrial
Chambers (CONCAMIN), Confederation of
National Chambers of Commerce (CON-
CANACO), National Peasant Confederation
(CNC), National Confederation of Popular
Organizations (CNOP), Revolutionary Con-
federation of Workers and Peasants (CROC)
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC— Inter-
national Whaling Commission, LAIA, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $176.0 billion (1984), $2,200 per cap-
ita; 60% private consumption, 10% private
investment, 10% public consumption, 7%
public investment (1983); net foreign bal-
ance 14%; real growth rate 1984, 3.7%
Natural resources: petroleum, silver, cop-
per, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber
Agriculture: main crops — corn, cotton,
wheat, coffee, sugarcane, sorghum, oilseed,
pulses, and vegetables; an illegal producer of
opium poppy and cannabis for the interna-
tional drug trade
Fishing: catch 1,200,000 metric tons (1984);
exports valued at $481 million, imports at
$21.9 million (1982)
Major industries: processing of food, bever-
ages, and tobacco; chemicals, basic metals
and metal products, petroleum products,
mining, textiles and clothing, and transport
equipment
165
Mexico (continued)
Monaco
Crude steel: 10 million metric tons capacity
(1984); 7.5 million metric tons produced
(1984)
Electric power: 21,492,000 kW capacity
(1985); 83.7 billion kWh produced (1985),
1, 051 kWh per capita
Exports: $23.727 billion (f.o.b., 1984); cot-
ton, coffee, nonferrous minerals (including
lead and zinc), shrimp, petroleum, sulfur,
salt, cattle and meat, fresh fruit, tomatoes,
machinery and equipment
Imports: $11. 870 billion (f.o.b., 1984); ma-
chinery, equipment, industrial vehicles, and
intermediate goods
Major trade partners: exports — 53% US,
10% EC, 6% Japan (1984); imports— 60%
US, 16% EC, 5% Japan
Aid: economic commitments, US, including
Ex-Im (FY70-84), $2.9 billion; (ODA and
OOF) Western (non-US) countries (1970-83),
$3.7 billion; Communist countries (1970-84),
$97 million; military commitments, US
(FY70-84), $7.8 million
Budget: (at controlled rate of exchange)
1984 public sector, budgeted revenues,
$54.5 billion; budgeted expenditures, $63.7
billion
Monetary conversion rate: dual exchange
rates — controlled rate 364 pesos=US$l;
"free" rate 454=US$1 (both rates as of
1 January 1986, set daily by the Mexican
Government
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 20,680 km total; 19,950 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge; 730 km 0.914-meter
narrow gauge
Highways: 210,000 km total; 65,000 km
paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone,
60,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or
roads under construction, 55,000 km unim-
proved earth roads
Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable riv-
ers and coastal canals
Pipelines: crude oil, 5,134 km; refined prod-
ucts, 6,875 km; natural gas, 9,490 km
Ports: 1 1 major, 20 minor
Civil air: 174 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,928 total, 1,741 usable; 182 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 28 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 276 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed
telecom system with extensive radio-relay
links; connection into Central American
microwave net; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
ground antennas; 6.41 million telephones
(8.9 per 100 pop!.); 650 AM, 120 TV, and
about 180 low-power TV relay stations; 120
domestic satellite terminals
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine
Corps
Military manpower: males 15-49,
19,372,000; 15,361,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 905,000 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Military budget: for year ending 31 Decem-
ber 1985, $1.16 billion (proj.); expenditures,
including support of parastatals, 3.4% of
central government budget
Mediterranean
Sea
See regional map V
Land
1.9 km2; about one-tenth the size of Wash-
ington, D. C.
Land boundaries: 3.7 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: 4.1 km
People
Population: 28,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Monacan(s) or Mone-
gasque(s); adjective — Monacan or Mone-
gasque
Ethnic divisions: 47% French, 16% Mone-
gasque, 16% Italian, 21% other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholicism
Language: French (official), English, Italian,
Monegarque
Literacy: 99%
Government
Official name: Principality of Monaco
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Monaco
166
Mongolia
Political subdivisions: 1 commune com-
posed of 4 communal sectors
Legal system: based on French law; new
constitution adopted 1962; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 19 November
Branches: legislative branch is composed of
the Prince and National Council of 18 mem-
bers; executive consists of the Prince as
Chief of State, the Minister of State as Head
of Government (senior French civil servant
appointed by Prince), and the Council of
Government as Cabinet; judicial authority is
delegated by the Prince to the Supreme Tri-
bunal
Government leader: Prince RAINIER III,
Chief of State (since November 1949)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: National Council every five years;
national election held January 1983; munici-
pal election held February 1983
Political parties and leaders: National and
Democratic Union (UND), Democratic
Union Movement (MUD), Monaco Action,
Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)
Voting strength: (1978) National Council-
UNO 18 seats
Member of: IAEA, ICAO, IHO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, UN
(permanent observer), UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO
Economy
GNP: 55% tourism; 25-30% industry (small
and primarily tourist oriented); 10-15% reg-
istration fees and sales of postage stamps;
about 4% traceable to the Monte Carlo ca-
sino
Major industries: chemicals, food process-
ing, precision instruments, glass making,
printing
Electric power: 8,000 kW standby capacity
(1985); power supplied by France
Trade: full customs integration with France,
which collects and rebates Monacan trade
duties; also participates in EC market system
through customs union with France
Monetary conversion rate: 8.40 French
francs=US$l (4 January 1984)
Communications
Railroads: 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge
Highways: none; city streets
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable airfield with permanent-
surface runways
Telecommunications: served by the French
communications system; automatic tele-
phone system with about 34,600 telephones
(123.6 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV sta-
tions
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
Sec regional map VIM
Land
1,564,619 km2; more than twice the size of
Texas; almost 90% of land area is pasture or
desert waste, varying in usefulness; 10% for-
est; less than 1 % arable
Land boundaries: 8,000 km
People
Population: 1,942,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Mongolian(s); adjec-
tive— Mongolian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4% Kazakh,
2% Chinese, 2% Russian, 2% other
Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist,
about 4% Muslim, limited religious activity
because of Communist regime
Language: Khalkha Mongol used by over
90% of population; minor languages include
Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
Life expectancy: 63
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: primarily agricultural; over
half the adult population is in the labor
force, including a large percentage of
women; shortage of skilled labor
Government
Official name: Mongolian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
167
Mongolia (continued)
Montserrat
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces and 3
autonomous municipalities (Ulaanbaatar,
Darhan, and Erdenet)
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese,
and Turkish systems of law; new constitu-
tion adopted 1960; no constitutional provi-
sion for judicial review of legislative acts;
legal education at Ulaanbaatar State Univer-
sity; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: People's Revolution Day,
11 July
Branches: executive — Council of Ministers;
legislative — unicameral People's Great
Hural; judicial — court system; Supreme
Court elected by People's Great Hural
Government leaders: Jambyn BATMONH,
Chairman of the Presidium of the People's
Great Hural (since December 1984);
Dumaagiyn SODNOM, Chairman of the
Council of Ministers (since December 1984)
Suffrage: universal at age 18 and over
Elections: legislative election theoretically
held every four years; last election held June
1981
Political party and leader: Mongolian
People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP),
Jambyn Batmonh, General Secretary (since
August 1984)
Communists: estimated MPRP member-
ship, 81,000 (1984)
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA,
ILO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.20 billion (1976 est.); average an-
nual real growth, 1.6% (1970-77)
Natural resources: coal, copper, molybde-
num, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc,
wolfram, fluorspar, gold
Agriculture: livestock raising predominates;
main crops — wheat, oats, barley
Major industries: processing of animal
products; building materials; mining
Electric power: 645,000 kW capacity (1985);
2.2 billion kWh produced (1985), 1,150 kWh
per capita
Exports: livestock, animal products, wool,
hides, fluorspar, nonferrous metals, minerals
Imports: machinery and equipment, petro-
leum, clothing, building materials, sugar,
tea, chemicals
Major trade partners: nearly all trade with
Communist countries (approx. 80% with
USSR); total turnover about $1.0 billion
(1977)
Aid: heavily dependent on USSR
Monetary conversion rate: 3.3555 tugriks=
US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,600 km (1981); all 1.524-meter
broad gauge
Highways: 46,700 km total; 700 km hard
surface; 46,000 km other surfaces (1981)
Inland waterways: 397 km of principal
routes (1981)
Freight carried: rail — 10.7 million metric
tons, 3,609 million metric ton/km (1981);
highway — 27.8 million metric tons, 1,624
million metric ton/km (1981); waterway —
0.04 million metric tons, 4.7 million metric
ton/km (1981)
Defense Forces
Branches: Mongolian People's Army, Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 454,000;
296,000 fit for military service; 21,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Supply: military equipment supplied by
USSR
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1977, 405 million tugriks, 12% of
total budget
Caribbean
Sea
See regional map III
Land
102 km2; a little over half the size of Wash-
ington, D. C.; part of the Leeward Islands
group of the Lesser Antilles in the Eastern
Caribbean; entirely volcanic, consisting of
three main mountain ranges; some arable
land with 5,000 acres of forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 40 km
People
Population: 12,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 0.2%
Nationality: noun — Montserratian(s); adjec-
tive— Montserratian
Ethnic divisions: mostly black with a few
Europeans
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Cath-
olic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist,
other Christian denominations
Language: English
Literacy: 77%
Infant mortality rate: 124/1,000(1983)
Labor force: 5,100 (1983 prelim.); 40.5%
community, social, and personal services,
168
Morocco
13.5% construction, 12.3% trade, restau-
rants, and hotels, 10.5% manufacturing,
8.8% agriculture, forestry, and fishing,
14.4% other; 7.0% unemployment (1984)
Organized labor: 3 trade unions with 1 ,498
members; about 30% of work force (1984)
Government
Official name: Montserrat
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Plymouth
Political subdivisions: 1 districts
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Executive Council presided over
by governor, consisting of two ex-officio
members (attorney general and financial
officer) and four unofficial members (chief
minister and three other ministers); Legisla-
tive Council presided over by speaker cho-
sen from outside the Council, seven elected,
two official, and two nominated members
Government leader: A. C. WATSON, Gov-
ernor (since 1984); Dr. J. A. OSBORNE,
Chief Minister (since 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: at least once every five years; last
election held February 1983
Political parties and leaders: People's Liber-
ation Movement (PLM), John Osborne; Pro-
gressive Democratic Party (PDF), P. Austin
Bramble; United National Front (UNF), Dr.
George Irish; National Development Party
(NDP), Bertram Osborne
Voting strength: July 1984 elections— PLM,
4 seats; PDF, 3 seats
Communists: probably none
Economy
GDP: $32.4 million (1983); $2,760 per capita
(1983); real GDP growth rate 2% (1984); 15%
tourism
Agriculture: main crops — cotton, limes, po-
tatoes, tomatoes, hot peppers; livestock —
cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, poultry
Fishing: catch 150 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: tourism; light manufac-
turing— plastic bags, textiles, electronic ap-
pliances
Electric power: 3,900 kW capacity (1985);
12 million kWh produced (1985), 1,000 per
capita
Exports: $1.6 million (1983); plastic bags,
electronic parts, textiles; hot peppers, live
plants; cattle
Imports: $20 million (1983); machinery and
transport equipment, foodstuffs, manufac-
tured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related
materials
Major trade partners: UK
Budget: (1984 est.) revenue $10.6 million;
expenditure $10.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: $2.70 East
Caribbean = US$1 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 200 km total; approximately 200
km paved, 80 km gravel and earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Plymouth)
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runway
1,036.32 m
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones, 26
telex (1984); 3 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV stations
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
300km
Mediterranean Sea
uta |Sp.)
l.(Sp)
Art.
See regional mip VII
Land
446,550 km2; larger than California; 51%
desert, waste, or urban; about 32% arable
and grazing; 17% forest and esparto grass
Land boundaries: 1,996 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,835 km
People
Population: 23,667,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.4%
Nationality: noun — Moroccan(s); adjec-
tive— Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: 99. 1 % Arab- Berber, 0.7%
non-Moroccan, 0.2% Jewish
Religion: 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian,
0.2% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); several Berber
dialects; French is language of business, gov-
ernment, diplomacy, and postprimary edu-
cation
Infant mortality rate: 117/1,000(1978)
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy: 28%
169
Morocco (continued)
Labor force: 7.5 million (1985); 50% agricul-
ture, 26% services, 15% industry, 9% other;
at least 20% of urban labor unemployed
Organized labor: about 5% of the labor
force, mainly in the Union of Moroccan
Workers (UMT) and the Democratic Con-
federation of Labor (CDT)
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Morocco
Type: constitutional monarchy (constitution
adopted 1972)
Capital: Rabat
Political subdivisions: 36 provinces (does not
include Western Sahara) and 2 prefectures
(Rabat-Sale and Casablanca, which consists
of 5 divisions)
NOTE: Morocco acquired administrative
control in 1976 over the northern two-thirds
of the former Spanish Sahara under an
agreement with Mauritania, but the legal
question of sovereignty over the area has yet
to be determined. Spain's role as coadminis-
trator of the disputed territory ended in
February 1976. Morocco moved to occupy
and assert administrative control over the
former Mauritanian-claimed (southern) sec-
tor of Western Sahara in August 1979,
thereby establishing a fourth additional
province in the Sahara.
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
French and Spanish civil law system; judi-
cial review of legislative acts in Constitu-
tional Chamber of Supreme Court; modern
legal education at branches of Mohamed V
University in Rabat and Casablanca and
Karaouine University in Fes
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
November
Branches: constitution provides for Prime
Minister and ministers named by and re-
sponsible to King; King has paramount exec-
utive powers; unicameral legislature (Cham-
ber of Representatives), of which two-thirds
of the members are directly elected and one-
third are indirectly elected; judiciary inde-
pendent of other branches
Government leaders: HASSAN II, King
(since March 1961); Mohamed KARIM
LAMRANI, Prime Minister (since Novem-
ber 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: provincial elections held 10 June
1983; elections for National Assembly held
14 September 1984
Political parties and leaders: Morocco has
14 political parties; the major ones are
Istiqlal Party, M'Hamed Boucetta; Socialist
Union of Popular Forces (USFP),
Abderrahim Bouabid; Popular Movement
(MP), Mahjoubi Aherdan; National Assem-
bly of Independents (RNI) formed in Octo-
ber 1978 is progovernment grouping of pre-
viously unaffiliated deputies in parliament,
Ahmed Osman; National Democratic Party
(PND), a splinter group from the RNI
formed July 1981, Mohamed Arsalane
El-Jadidi; Party for Progress and Socialism
(PPS), legalized in August 1974, is front for
Moroccan Communist Party (PCM), which
was proscribed in 1959, Ali Yata; new
promonarchy party — the Constitutional
Union (UC), Maati Bouabid
Voting strength: progovernment parties
hold absolute majority in Chamber of Rep-
resentatives; with palace-oriented Popular
Movement deputies, the King controls over
two-thirds of the seats
Communists: 2,000 est.
Member of: Af DB, Arab League, EC (associ-
ate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITU,
NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1 1.9 billion (1984 est.), about $500
per capita; average annual real growth 6-7%
during 1973-77, 3-4% during 1978-80, 2.0%
in 1984 (est.), 2.5% in 1985 (est.)
Natural resources: phosphates, iron, manga-
nese, lead, zinc, fish
Agriculture: cereal farming and livestock
raising predominate; main products —
wheat, barley, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables,
olives; some fishing; an illegal producer of
cannabis for the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 440,000 metric tons (1983);
exports $165 million (1983)
Major industries: mining and mineral pro-
cessing, food processing, textiles, construc-
tion and tourism
Electric power: 1,930,100 kW capacity
(1985); 6.763 billion kWh produced (1985),
290 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 24% phos-
phates, 76% other
Imports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 25% pe-
troleum products, 75% other
Major trade partners: France, FRG, Italy,
Saudi Arabia
Budget: (1984 est.) revenues, $4.5 billion;
current expenditures, $3.6 billion; develop-
ment expenditures, $2.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 10.06
dirhams=US$l (average 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,785 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 161 km double track; 708 km electri-
fied
Highways: 58,000 km total; 25,750 km bitu-
minous treated, 32,250 km gravel, crushed
stone, improved earth, and unimproved
earth
Pipelines: 362 km crude oil; 491 km (aban-
doned) refined products; 241 km natural gas
Ports: 10 major (including
Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla), 14
minor
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft
170
Mozambique
Airfields: 79 total, 75 usable; 26 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 14 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 29 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system com-
posed of wire lines, cables, and radio-relay
links; principal centers Casablanca and Ra-
bat, secondary centers Fes, Marrakech,
Oujda, Tangier and Tetouan; 270,100 tele-
phones (1.3 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 6 FM, 47
TV stations; 5 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic
Ocean satellite stations; radio-relay to Gibr-
altar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial
cable to Algeria
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal
Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,222,000;
3,225,000 fit for military service; 256,000
reach military age (18) annually; limited
conscription
ualimana
Mozambique
Channel
Chicualacua
See regional map VII
'ilanculos
Inhambana
APUTO
Land
783,030 km2; larger than Texas; 56% wood
and forest; 30% arable, of which 1% culti-
vated; 14% waste and inland water
Land boundaries: 4,627 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 2,470 km
People
Population: 14,022,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Mozambican(s); adjec-
tive— Mozambican
Ethnic divisions: majority from indigenous
tribal groups; approximately 10,000 Europe-
ans, 35,000 Euro- Africans, 15,000 Indians
Religion: 60% indigenous beliefs, 30% Chris-
tian, 10% Muslim
Language: Portuguese (official); many indig-
enous dialects
Infant mortality rate: 109/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 44, women 47
Literacy: 14%
Labor force: 85% engaged in agriculture
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Mozam-
bique
Type: people's republic
Capital: Maputo
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces subdi-
vided into 112 districts; administrators are
appointed by central government
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law
system and customary law
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
June
Branch: unicameral legislature (People's
Assembly; last convened in December 1985)
Government leader: Samora Moi'ses
MACHEL, President (since June 1975)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general elections announced for
1986
Political parties and leaders: the Mozam-
bique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), led by
Samora Machel, is only legal party
Communists: FRELIMO is a Marxist orga-
nization and maintains close ties to the So-
viet Union and its allies but has recently
taken steps to improve relations with the
West and neighboring South Africa
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $2 billion (1985 est), about $150 per
capita; average annual growth rate — 1 %
(1971-84 est.)
Natural resources: coal, iron ore, natural
gas, copper, heavy minerals, bauxite, possi-
bly petroleum
171
Mozambique (continued)
Namibia
(South-West Africa)
Agriculture: cash crops — raw cotton,
cashew nuts, sugar, tea, copra, sisal, rice;
other crops — corn, wheat, peanuts, potatoes,
beans, sorghum, cassava; imports corn and
wheat
Fishing: 13,500 metric tons (1984)
Major industries: food processing (chiefly
sugar, tea, wheat, flour, cashew kernels);
chemicals (vegetable oil, oilcakes, soap,
paints); petroleum products; beverages; tex-
tiles; nonmetallic mineral products (cement,
glass, asbestos, cement products); tobacco
Electric power: 228,700 kW capacity (1985);
2.998 billion kWh produced (1985), 217
kWh per capita
Exports: $95 million (1984); cashews,
shrimp, sugar, tea, cotton
Imports: $539 million (1984); refined petro-
leum products, machinery, transportation
goods, spare parts, consumer goods
Major trade partners: exports — US, West-
ern Europe; imports — Western and Eastern
Europe
Budget: (1982) current expenditures, $500
million; revenues, $600 million
Monetary conversion rate: 43 meticais=
US$1 (January 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,436 km total; 3,288 km 1.067-
meter gauge; 148 km 0.750-meter narrow
gauge
Highways: 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved;
829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil;
21,076 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 3,750 km of nav-
igable routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 306 km (not operating);
refined products, 280 km
Ports: 3 major (Maputo, Beira, Nacala), 2
significant minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 239 total, 210 usable; 28 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 31 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of
troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio re-
lay; 57,400 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 9
AM, 3 FM stations; 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Mozambique Armed Forces (in-
cluding Army, Border Guard, Naval Com-
mand, Air Force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,084,000;
1,823,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $240 million; 38% of cen-
tral government budget
Swakopmund
South
Atlantic
Ocean \ |(Mtm«n>hoop
liUntufm
K.ratburo
See regional map VII
Land
824,296 km2; twice the size of California;
mostly desert except for interior plateau and
area along northern border
Land boundaries: 3,798 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 1,489 km
People
Population: 1,142,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Namibian(s); adjec-
tive— Namibian
Ethnic divisions: 85.6% black, 7.5% white,
6.9% mixed; approximately half the Afri-
cans belong to Ovambo tribe
Religion: whites predominantly Christian,
nonwhites either Christian or indigenous
beliefs
Language: Afrikaans principal language of
about 60% of white population, German of
33%, and English of 7% (all official); several
indigenous languages
Literacy: 100% whites, 16% nonwhites
172
Labor force: about 500,000 (1981); 60% agri-
culture, 19% industry and commerce, 8%
services, 7% government, 6% mining; 15-
17% unemployment
Organized labor: 6 trade unions, whose
membership is almost exclusively white and
mulatto
Government
Official name: Namibia
Type: former German colony of South- West
Africa mandated to South Africa by League
of Nations in 1920; UN formally ended
South Africa's mandate on 27 October 1966,
but South Africa has retained administrative
control
Capital. Windhoek
Political subdivisions: 10 tribal homelands,
mostly in northern sector, and zone open to
white settlement with administrative subdi-
visions similar to a province of South Africa
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and customary law
Branches: since September 1977 Adminis-
trator General, appointed by South African
Government, has exercised coordinative
functions over zone of white settlement and
tribal homelands, where traditional chiefs
and representative bodies exercise limited
autonomy; veto power over legislation pro-
posed by National Assembly; interim gov-
ernment established June 1985 with
8-member Cabinet, 16-member Constitu-
tional Council and 62-member National
Assembly
Government leader: Louis A. PIENAAR,
Administrator General (since July 1985)
Suffrage: universal white adult suffrage at
territorial level; lower level elections open to
blacks
Elections: last election of Namibian Na-
tional Assembly, December 1978
Political parties and leaders: approximately
45 political parties; member parties of the
interim Multi- Party Conference govern-
ment— Multisocial Democratic Turnhalle
Alliance (DTA), Dirk Mudge; South- West
African National Union (SWANU), Moses
Katjiuongua; South- West African People's
Organization Democrats (SWAPO-D), An-
dreas Shipanga; South-West African Na-
tional Party (SWANP), Kosie Pretorius; Col-
ored Labor Party, David Bezuidenhout;
Rehoboth Free Democratic Party (RFDP),
Hans Diergaardt; other parties — United
Democratic Party, formed in September
1985 after merger of 2 Capri vi parties,
Mishake Muyongo; Federal Party, largely
white, English-speaking, liberal; Christian
Democratic Action Party, a primarily
Ovambo party formed in early 1982 as a
result of a split in the DTA, Peter Kalangula
Voting strength: (1978 election) Namibian
National Assembly— DTA, 22 seats;
SWANP, 8 seats; SWANU, 8 seats;
SWAPO-D, 8 seats; CP, 8 seats; RFDP, 8
seats; Assembly appointed in June 1985
Communists: no Communist Party;
SWAPO guerrilla force is supported by So-
viet Union, Cuba, and other Communist
states as well as OAU
Other political or pressure groups: South-
West African People's Organization
(SWAPO), led by Sam Nujoma, maintains a
foreign-based guerrilla movement; is pre-
dominantly Ovambo but has some influence
among other tribes; is the only Namibian
group recognized by the UN General Assem-
bly and the Organization of African Unity
Member of: FAO, ILO, UNESCO, WFTU,
WHO
Economy
Natural resources: diamonds, copper, ura-
nium, lead, tin, zinc, salt, vanadium
Agriculture: livestock raising (cattle and
sheep) predominates; subsistence crops (mil-
let, sorghum, corn, and some wheat) are
raised, but most food must be imported
Fishing: est. catch 341,000 metric tons
(1983); processed mostly in South African
exclave of Walvis Bay
Major industries: (nearly all for export)
meatpacking, fish processing, dairy prod-
ucts, copper, lead, zinc, diamond, and ura-
nium mining
Electric power: 400,000 kW capacity (1985);
700 million kWh produced (1985), 631 kWh
per capita
Monetary conversion rate: 2.3 SA
rands=US$l (January 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 2,340 km 1.067-meter gauge, sin-
gle track
Highways: 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved,
2,540 gravel, remainder earth roads and
tracks
Ports: 2 major (Walvis Bay and Lderitz)
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 151 total, 141 usable; 21 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 63 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good urban, fair rural
services; radio relay connects major towns,
wires extend to other population centers;
57,400 telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 2 AM,
13 FM, 3 TV stations
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Republic of
South Africa; however, a SouthrWest Afri-
can Territory Force was established 1 Au-
gust 1980 (includes an air element)
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
256,000; about 153,000 fit for military ser-
vice
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984, $128.3; 8% of central govern-
ment budget
173
Nauru
South
Pacific
Ocean
Set regional map X
Land
20.7 km2; less than one-eighth the size of
Washington, D. C.; insignificant arable land,
no urban areas
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 24 km
People
Population: 8,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — Nauruan(s); adjective —
Nauruan
Ethnic divisions: 58% Nauruan, 26% other
Pacific Islander, 8% Chinese, 8% European
Religion: Christian (two-thirds Protestant,
one-third Catholic)
Language: Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island
language (official); English widely under-
stood and spoken
Literacy: 99%
Government
Official name: Republic of Nauru
Type: republic
Capital: no capital city per se; government
offices in Yaren District
Political subdivisions: 14 districts
National holidays: Independence Day, 31
January; Constitution Day, 17 May; Angram
Day, 26 October
Branches: President elected from and by
Parliament for an unfixed term; popularly
elected 18-member unicameral legislature
(Parliament); four-member Cabinet to assist
the President appointed by him from Parlia-
ment members
Government leader: Hammer
DEROBURT, President (since May 1978)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last held in December 1983
Political parties and leaders: governing fac-
tion, President DeRoburt; opposition Nauru
Party, Lagumot Harris
Member of: Commonwealth (special mem-
ber), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU,
South Pacific Commission, SPF, UPU
Economy
CNP: over $160 million (1984), $20,000 per
capita
Natural resources: phosphates
Agriculture: negligible; almost completely
dependent on imports for food and water
Major industries: mining of phosphates,
about 2 million tons per year
Electric power: 13,250 kW capacity (1985);
48 million kWh produced (1985), 6,000 kWh
per capita
Exports: $93 million (f.o.b., 1984)
Imports: $11 million (c.i.f., 1979); food, fuel,
water
Major trade partners: exports — 75% Austra-
lia and New Zealand; imports — Australia,
UK, New Zealand, Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 1.0778 Austra-
lian dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 27 km total; 21 km paved,
6 km improved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft, one on
order
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate intraisland
and international radio communications
provided via Australian facilities; 1,500 tele-
phones (20.8 per 100 popl.); 3,600 radio re-
ceivers, 1 AM, no FM or TV stations; 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
No formal defense structure and no regular
armed forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
1,800; fit for military service, about 1,000;
about 100 reach military age (18) annually
174
Nepal
Stt rtiionil map VIII
Land
140,791 km2; the size of North Carolina;
38% alpine land (nonarable), waste, or ur-
ban; 32% forest; 16% agricultural; 14% per-
manent meadow and pasture
Land boundaries: 2,800 km
People
Population: 17,422,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Nepalese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Nepalese
Ethnic divisions: Newars, Indians, Tibetans,
Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais,
Limbus, Sherpas, as well as many smaller
groups
Religion: only official Hindu kingdom in
world, although no sharp distinction
between many Hindu (about 88%) and
Buddhist groups; small groups of Muslims
and Christians
Language: Nepali (official); 20 mutually
unintelligible languages divided into numer-
ous dialects
Infant mortality rate: 143/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 47, women 45
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 4. 1 million; 93% agriculture,
5% services, 2% industry; great lack of
skilled labor
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Nepal
Type: nominally a constitutional monarchy;
King Birendra exercises autocratic control
over multitiered panchayat system of gov-
ernment
Capital: Kathmandu
Political subdivisions: 75 districts, 14 zones
Legal system: based on Hindu legal con-
cepts and English common law; legal educa-
tion at Nepal Law College in Kathmandu;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: Birthday of the King and
National Day, 28 December
Branches: Council of Ministers appointed by
the King; Rastriya Panchayat (National As-
sembly; 1 12 directly elected, 28 appointed
by King)
Government leaders: BIRENDRA Bir
Bikram Shah Dev, King (since 1973);
Nagendra Prasad RIJAL, Prime Minister
(since July 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: village, town, and district councils
(panchayats) elected by universal suffrage; a
constitutional amendment in 1980 provided
for direct elections to the National Pancha-
yat, which consists of 140 members (includ-
ing 28 appointed by the King), who serve
five- year terms; Nepal's first general election
in 22 years was held in May 1981; general
elections are scheduled for 12 May 1986
Political parties and leaders: all political
parties outlawed but operate more or less
openly; Nepali Congress Party (NCP),
Ganesh Man Singh, K. P. Bhattarai, G. P.
Koirala
Communists: Communist Party of Nepal
(CPN); factions include V. B. Manandhar,
Man Mohan Adhikari, Bharat Raj Joshi, Rai
Majhi, Tulsi Lai, Krishna Raj Burma, Sahana
Pradhan
Other political or pressure groups: numer-
ous small, left-leaning student groups in the
capital; Indian merchants in Terai and capi-
tal
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC,
ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.4 billion (FY84/85 current prices),
$142 per capita; 9% real growth in FY84/85
(est.)
Natural resources: quartz, water, timber,
hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty
Agriculture: over 90% of population en-
gaged in agriculture; main crops — rice,
corn, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds; an illegal
producer of cannabis for the international
drug trade
Major industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and
oilseed mills; match, cigarette, and brick
factories
Electric power: 160,000 kW capacity (1985);
395 million kWh produced (1985), 23 kWh
per capita
Exports: $157 million (FY84/85 est.); rice
and other food products, jute, timber, manu-
factured goods
Imports: $450 million (FY84/85); manufac-
tured consumer goods, fuel, construction
materials, fertilizers, food products
Major trade partner: India
Budget: (FY84/85 revised est.) domestic
revenues, $290 million; expenditures, $485
million
Monetary conversion rate: 20.40 Nepalese
rupees=US$l (November 1985)
Fiscal year: 15 July-14 July
175
Nepal (continued)
Netherlands
Communications
Railroads: 169 km (1985), all 0.762-meter
narrow gauge; all in Terai close to Indian
border; 10km from Raxaul to Blrganj is gov-
ernment owned
Highways: 5,270 km total (1985); 2,322 km
paved, 556 km gravel or crushed stone,
1,829 km improved and unimproved earth;
additionally 241 km of seasonally motorable
tracks
Civil air: 5 major and 1 1 minor transport
aircraft
Airfields: 38 total, 38 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor telephone and
telegraph service; fair radiocommunication
and broadcast service; international
radiocommunication service is poor; 10,000
telephones (less than 0.1 per 100popl.);3
AM, no FM or TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Ne-
palese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,186,000;
2, 114,000 fit for military service; 196,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 15
July 1986, $62.0 million; 9.6% of central
government budget
Sec regional map V
Land
40,844 km2; the size of Massachusetts, Con-
necticut, and Rhode Island combined; 70%
cultivated, 8% forest, 8% inland water, 5%
waste, 9% other
Land boundaries: 1,022 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 451 km
People
Population: 14,536,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Netherlander(s); adjec-
tive— Netherlands
Ethnic divisions: 99% Dutch, 1% Indonesian
and other
Religion: 40% Roman Catholic, 31% Protes-
tant, 24% unaffiliated
Language: Dutch
Infant mortality rate: 8.4/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 76
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 5.9 million (1984); 57% services,
30% manufacturing and construction, 6%
transportation and communications, 5% ag-
riculture; 12.5% unemployed, September
1985
•
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of the Netherlands
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amsterdam, but government re-
sides at The Hague
Political subdivisions: 1 1 provinces and 4
special municipalities governed by centrally
appointed commissioners of Queen
Legal system: civil law system incorporating
French penal theory; constitution of 1815
frequently amended, reissued 1947; judicial
review in the Supreme Court of legislation
of lower order rather than Acts of Parlia-
ment; legal education at six law schools; ac-
cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with res-
ervations
National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April
Branches: executive (Queen and Cabinet of
Ministers), which is responsible to bicameral
parliament (States General) consisting of a
First Chamber (75 indirectly elected mem-
bers) and a Second Chamber (150 directly
elected members); independent judiciary;
coalition governments are usual
Government leaders: BEATRIX Wilhelm-
ina Armgard, Queen (since April 1980);
Ruud LUBBERS, Prime Minister (since No-
vember 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: must be held at least every four
years for lower house (next scheduled for 21
May 1986); following an amendment to the
constitution that took effect in 1983, elec-
tions are held for the upper house every four
years (most recent August 1983)
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Appeal (CDA), Chairman Pieter
Bukman; Labor (PvdA), Max van den Berg;
Liberal ( VVD), Jan Kamminga; Democrats
176
66 (D'66), Jacob Kohnstamm; Communist
(CPN), Henk Hoekstra; Pacifist Socialist
(PSP), Bram van der Lek; Political Reformed
(SGP), Hette G. Abma; Reformed Political
Union (GPV), Jan van der Jagt; Radical
Party (PPR), Herman Verbeek; Democratic
Socialist 70(DS'70), Z. Hartog; Rightist Peo-
ples Party (RVP), Hendrik Koekoek; Re-
formed Political Federation (RPF), P.
Lamgeler; Center Party (CP), H. Janmatt;
Evangelical People's Party (EVP), J. Renes
Voting strength: (1982 election) 30. 8%
PvdA (47 seats), 29.3% CDA (45 seats), 23%
VVD (36 seats), 4.3% D'66 (6 seats), 2.3% PSP
(3 seats), 1.9% SGP (3 seats), 1.8% CPN (3
seats), 1.7% PPR (2 seats), 1.3% RDF (2 seats),
0.8% GPF (1 seat), 0.8% CP (1 seat); 0.7%
EVP (1 seat); two members of the CDA were
expelled from the party in 1984 and are now
serving as independents
Communists: CPN claims about 27,000
members
Other political or pressure groups: large
multinational firms; Federation of Nether-
lands Trade Union Movement (comprising
Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a
Protestant trade union; Federation of Catho-
lic and Protestant Employers Associations;
the nondenominational Federation of Neth-
erlands Enter prises; and IKV — Interchurch
Peace Council
Member of: ADB, Benelux, Council of Eu-
rope, DAC, EC, ECE, EIB, ELDO, EMS,
ESCAP, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INRO,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC,
ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council
(with respect to interests of the Netherlands
Antilles and Suriname), NATO, OAS (ob-
server), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $123.8 billion (1984), $8,500 per cap-
ita; 59.3% consumption, 18.4% investment,
16.8% government, 0.5% inventories, 5.0%
net foreign demand, 1.7% real GNP growth
(1984)
Natural resources: natural gas, oil
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates; main crops — horticultural crops,
grains, potatoes, sugar beets; food
shortages — grains, fats, oils
Fishing: catch 328,000 metric tons (1983);
exports of fish and fish products, $416. 1 mil-
lion (1982); imports, $150.2 million (1982)
Major industries: food processing, metal
and engineering products, electrical and
electronic machinery and equipment,
chemicals, petroleum products, natural gas
Shortages: crude petroleum, raw cotton,
base metals and ores, pulp, pulpwood, lum-
ber, feedgrains, oilseeds
Crude steel: 8.0 million metric ton capacity
(1984); 5.7 million metric tons produced, 394
kg per capita (1984)
Electric power: 19,546,000 kW capacity
(1985); 63.632 billion kWh produced (1985),
4,398 kWh per capita
Exports: $65.8 billion (f.o.b., 1984); food-
stuffs, machinery, chemicals, petroleum
products, natural gas, textiles
Imports: $62.3 billion (c.i.f., 1984); machin-
ery, transportation equipment, crude petro-
leum, foodstuffs, chemicals, raw cotton, base
metals and ores, pulp
Major trade partners: (1984) exports —
71.9% EC (29.8% FRG, 13.8% Belgium-
Luxembourg, 10.5% France, 9.4% UK), 5.0%
US, 1.9% Communist; imports— 53.3% EC
(21.8% FRG, 11.4% Belgium-Luxembourg,
8.7% UK), 8.8% US, 5.3% Communist
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83), $11.0 billion
Budget: (1985 est.) revenues, $47.4 billion;
expenditures, $56.4 billion; deficit, $9.0 bil-
lion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.9820
guilders=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
177
Communications
Railroads: Netherlands Railways (NS) oper-
ates 2,867 km 1.435-meter standard gauge;
3,033 km total trackage; 1,810 km electri-
fied, 1,800 km double track; 166 km pri-
vately owned
Highways: 108,360 km total; 92,525 km
paved (including 2,185 km of limited access,
divided highways); 15,835 km gravel,
crushed stone
Inland waterways: 6,340 km, of which 35%
is usable by craft of 900 metric ton capacity
or larger
Pipelines: 418 km crude oil; 965 km refined
products; 10,230 km natural gas
Ports: 8 major, 10 minor
Civil air: 98 major transport air craft
Airfields: 29 total, 28 usable; 19 with
permanent-surface runways; 12 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed,
well maintained, and integrated; extensive
system of multiconductor cables, supple-
mented by radio- relay links; 8.27 million
telephones (57.5 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 38
FM, 29 TV stations; 9 submarine cables; 1
satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean and 2
Indian Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Netherlands Army, Royal
Netherlands Navy/Marine Corps, Royal
Netherlands Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,004,000;
3,397,000 fit for military service; 132,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $4.1 billion; about 9.2% of
central government budget
Netherlands Antilles
Islands not shown in true
geographical position
Caribbean Sea
Sabana *V-N.
westpunt L \Curacao
Sfint Martin
I M
Philiplburg*
Sab,
Stnt Eustatius.
^-V~ —
V,r\
MSTADt~— -^
Kralendij
WILLEMSTAD
S«e rrfional map III
Bonaire
Land
1,821 km2; more than one and one-half
times the size of New York City; 95% waste,
urban, or other; 5% arable
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 364 km
People
Population: 236,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Netherlands Antill-
ean(s); adjective — Netherlands Antillean
Ethnic divisions: 85% mixed African; re-
mainder Carib Indian, European, Latin, and
Oriental
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic;
Protestant, Jewish, Adventist
Language: Dutch (official); Papiamento, a
Spanish-Portuguese- Dutch-English dialect
predominates; English widely spoken; Span-
ish
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 89,000 (1983); 65% govern-
ment, 28% industry and commerce, 1.5%
agriculture; unemployment about 16% on
Curapao and about 10% on Aruba (1984 est.)
Organized labor: 60-70% of labor force
Government
Official name: Netherlands Antilles
Type: autonomous territory within King-
dom of the Netherlands, enjoying complete
domestic autonomy
Capital: Willemstad on Curacao
Political subdivisions: three island territo-
ries— Bonaire, Curacao, and the Windward
Islands — St. Eustatius, southern part of St.
Martin (northern part is French), Saba;
Aruba, formerly part of the Antilles federa-
tion, assumed separate status (under Prime
Minister Jan Hendrik Albert Eman) within
the Kingdom of the Netherlands on 1 Janu-
ary 1986
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law sys-
tem, with some English common law influ-
ence; constitution adopted 1954
Branches: federal executive power rests
nominally with Governor (appointed by the
Crown); actual power exercised by eight-
member Council of Ministers or cabinet pre-
sided over by Minister-President; legislative
power rests with 22-member Legislative
Council; independent court system under
control of Chief Justice of Supreme Court of
Justice (administrative functions under Min-
ister of Justice); each island territory has is-
land council headed by Lieutenant Gover-
Covernment leaders: Domenico Felip
MARTINA, Prime Minister (since January
1986); Dr. Rene ROMER, Governor (since
1983)
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: federal elections mandatorily
held every four years, last regular held 22
November 1985; island council elections
every four years, last held 25 April 1983
Political parties and leaders: political par-
ties are indigenous to each island:
Curasao: Movement for a New Antilles
(MAN), Domenico Felip Martina;
Democratic Party (DP), Augustin Diaz;
People's National Party (PNP), Maria
Liberia-Peters; Frente Obrero de Liberacion
(FOL), Wilson "Papa" Godett; Social Demo-
cratic Party (PSD), Efraim Cintje
Bonaire: Union Party of Bonaire (UPB),
Charles E. R. Ellis; Democratic Party of
Bonaire, Jopie Abraham; New Democratic
Action (ADEN)
Windward Islands: Windward Islands
Democratic Party (DPWI), Leo Chance and
Claude Wathey; United Federation of Antil-
lean Workers (UFA); Windward Islands
People's Movement (WIPM); and others
Voting strength: in June 1984 the govern-
ment of Prime Minister Don Martina lost its
majority in the Legislative Council; an in-
terim coalition government was appointed
by the Governor; the coalition controls 15 of
22 seats in the Council and consists of mem-
bers of the PNP, DP, MEP, DPWI, and UPB
parties
Communists: small leftist groups
Member of: EC (associate), INTERPOL;
associated with UN through the Nether-
lands; UPU, WMO
Economy
GNP: $1.35 billion (1983), $9,140 per capita;
real growth rate, 1.0% (1984)
Natural resources: phosphates (Curacao
only), salt (Bonaire only)
Agriculture: corn, pulses
Major industries: petroleum refining on
Curacao (refinery currently closed but may
start up again); petroleum transshipment
facilities on Curacao, Aruba, and Bonaire;
tourism on Curacao, Aruba, and St. Martin;
light manufacturing on Curacao and Aruba
Electric power: 433,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.312 billion kWh produced (1985), 5,560
kWh per capita
Exports: $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 98% pe-
troleum products, phosphate
178
New Caledonia
Imports: $4.5 billion (c.i.f., 1983); 64% crude
petroleum, food, manufactures
Major trade partners: exports— 46% US, 2%
Canada, 1% Netherlands; imports — 35%
Venezuela, 11% US, 4% Netherlands (1977)
Aid: bilateral ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-79), economic— Western (non-US)
countries $353 million
Budget: (1984) central government reve-
nues, $616 million; central government ex-
penditures, $656 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.8 Netherlands
Antillean florins (NAF)=US$1 (September
1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 950 km total; 300 km paved, 650
km gravel and earth
Ports: 4 major (Willemstad, Oranjestad,
Philipsburg, Kralendijk); 6 minor (of which 4
are significant ports for petroleum tankers)
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 total, 7 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: generally adequate
telecom facilities; extensive interisland
radio-relay links; 65,000 telephones (24.6
per 100 popl.); 12 AM, 7 FM, 3 TV stations; 2
submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
antennas
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of the Netherlands
Military manpower: males 15-49, 58,000;
33,000 fit for military service; about 2,400
reach military age (20) annually
Coral Sea
lies
Loyaute
New
Caledonia
NOUMEA
Coral Sea
Set regional map X
//• des Pins
Islands of Huon and
Chesterfield are not shown.
Land
22,139 km2; larger than Massachusetts; 22%
pasture, 15% forest, 6% arable, 57% waste or
other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 2,254 km
People
Population: 152,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — New Caledonian(s);
adjective — New Caledonian
Ethnic divisions: Melanesian 42.5%, Euro-
pean 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian
3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%
Religion: over 60% Roman Catholic, 30%
Protestant
Language: French; Melanesian-Polynesian
dialects
Labor force: 50,469 (1980 est); Javanese and
Tonkinese laborers were imported for plan-
tations and mines in pre- World War II
period; immigrant labor now coming from
Wallis and Futuna, Vanuatu, and French
Polynesia; est. 8% unemployment
Government
Official name: Territory of New Caledonia
and Dependencies
Type: French overseas territory; represented
in French parliament by two deputies and
one senator
Capital: Noumea
Political subdivisions: 4 islands or island
group dependencies — He des Pins, He
Loyaute, He Huon, Island of New Caledonia
Legal system: French law
Branches: administered by High Commis-
sioner, responsible to French Ministry for
Overseas France and Council of Govern-
ment; 46-seat Territorial Assembly
Government leader: Fernand WIBAUX,
French High Commissioner and President
of the Council of Government (since 1985);
Kanak Provisional Government —
Jean-Marie TJIBAOU, President (since De-
cember 1984)
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Assembly elections every five
years, last in November 1984; referendum
on New Caledonian independence sched-
uled for 1987
Political parties: white-dominated Rassem-
blement pour la Calrdonie dans la Republ-
ique (RPCR) — Conservative; Melanesian
proindependence Kanak Socialist National
Liberation Front (FLNKS); Melanesian
moderate Kanak Socialist Liberation (LKS)
Voting strength: (1984 election) Territorial
Assembly— RPCR, 34 seats; LKS, 6 seats;
splinter groups, 2 seats; FLNKS boycotted
the election
Communists: number unknown; Palita ex-
treme left party; some politically active
Communists deported during 1950s; small
number of North Vietnamese
Member of: EIB (associate), WFTU, WMO
179
New Caledonia (continued)
New Zealand
Economy
GNP: $637 million (1979), $4,000 per capita;
1.0% growth (1977)
Natural resources: nickel, chrome, iron, co-
balt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper
Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle
grazing; major products — coffee, maize,
wheat, vegetables; 60% self-sufficient in beef
Industry: mining of nickel
Electric power: 400,000 kW capacity (1985);
2. 1 billion kWh produced (1985), 14,000
kWh per capita
Exports: $257.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); 95%
nickel metal (95%), nickel ore
Imports: $318.2 million (c.i.f., 1980); fuels
and minerals, machines and electrical
equipment
Major trade partners: (1980) exports —
54.9% France; imports — 32.5% France
Budget: (1981) revenues, $187.1 million;
expenditures, $168.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 francs
CFP=US$1 (December 1982)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,399 km total (1979); 558 km
paved, 2,251 km improved earth, 2,639 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Noumea), 21 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 30 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 23,000 telephones (17
per 100 popl.); 5 AM, no FM, 7 TV stations; 1
earth satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
Kermtdtc
Islands '•
N»w Plymouth
yVj
^
South
Pacific
Ocean
Tismin *
Set T+$, North Island
Auckland
OChrtstchurch
£ I South Is/and
<P
Dunedin
*l>nd'
S« regional map X
Land
268,676 km2; the size of Colorado; 50% pas-
ture; 16% forest; 10% park and reserve; 3%
cultivated; 1% urban; 20% waste, water, or
other; 4 principal islands, 2 minor inhabited
islands, several minor uninhabited islands
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: about 15,134 km
People
Population: 3,305,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality, noun — New Zealander(s); ad-
jective— New Zealand
Ethnic divisions: 87% European, 9% Maori,
2% Pacific Islander, 2% other
Religion: 81% Christian, 18% none or un-
specified, 1 % Hindu, Confucian, and other
Language: English (official), Maori
Infant mortality rate: 12.5/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 70.5, women 77.0
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 1,371,000(1984); 22% manu-
facturing; 22% public service; 16% whole-
sale and retail trade; 10% agriculture,
hunting, and fishing; 8% transportation and
communications; 7% finance; 5.7% regis-
tered unemployed (February 1984)
Organized labor: 588,000 members; 48% of
labor force (1981)
Government
Official name: New Zealand
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of
state
Capital: Wellington
Political subdivisions: 241 territorial units
(128 boroughs, 90 counties, 10 town and dis-
trict councils); 579 special-purpose bodies
Legal system: based on English law, with
special land legislation and land courts for
Maoris; constitution consists of various docu-
ments, including certain acts of the UK and
New Zealand Parliaments; legal education
at Victoria, Auckland, Canterbury, and
Otago Universities; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 Febru-
ary
Branches: unicameral legislature
(92-member House of Representatives, com-
monly called Parliament); Cabinet responsi-
ble to Parliament; three-level court system
(magistrates and courts, Supreme Court, and
Court of Appeal)
Government leader: David LANGE, Prime
Minister (since July 1984)
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: held at three- year intervals or
sooner if Parliament is dissolved by Prime
Minister; last election July 1984
Political parties and leaders: New Zealand
Labor Party (NZLP; government), David
Lange; National Party (NP; opposition), Jim
McLay; Social Credit Political League (So-
cred), Bruce Beetham; New Zealand Party,
Bob Jones; Socialist Unity Party (SUP; pro-
Soviet), G. H. "Bill" Andersen
180
Nicaragua
Voting strength: (1981 election)
Parliament — National Party, 47 seats; Labor
Party, 43 seats; Social Credit, 2 seats
Communists: CPNZ about 300, SUP about
100
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, ASP AC, Co-
lombo Plan, Commonwealth of Nations,
DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ISO, ITU, OECD, SPF, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $21.7 billion (year ending March
1985), $5,060 per capita; real average annual
growth (1975-85), 1.1%
Natural resources: natural gas, iron sand,
coal, timber
Agriculture: fodder and silage crops, 10% of
land in use is planted in field crops; main
products — wool, meat, dairy products; food
surplus country
Fishing: catch 138,000 metric tons (1983);
exports— 130,000 metric tons valued at $300
million (1984)
Major industries: food processing, wood and
paper products, textile production, machin-
ery, transport equipment
Electric power: 7,473,000 kW capacity
(1985); 26.307 billion kWh produced (1985),
8,040 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.5 billion (f.o.b., year ending
June 1985); principal products — beef, wool,
dairy
Imports: $6. 0 billion (c. i. f . , year ending June
1985); principal products — petroleum, cars,
trucks, machinery and electrical equipment,
iron and steel, petroleum products
Major trade partners: (trade year 1982/83)
exports — 15% Japan, 16% Australia, 15%
US, 9% UK; imports— 20% Japan, 19% Aus-
tralia, 17% US, 9% UK, 5% FRG
Aid: ODA and OOF economic aid commit-
ments (1970-83), $406 million
Budget: (1984/85) expenditures, $7.3 bil-
lion; receipts, $6.0 billion; deficit, $1.3 bil-
lion
Monetary conversion rate: NZ$1.88=US$1
(5 February 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 4,716 km total (1980); all 1.067-
meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113 km
electrified; over 99% government owned
Highways: 93,137 km total (December
1980); 47,236 km paved, 45,901 km gravel or
crushed stone
Inland waterways: 1,609 km; of little impor-
tance to transportation
Pipelines: natural gas, 1,000 km; refined
products, 160 km; condensate, 150 km
Ports: 3 major
Civil air: about 40 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 205 total, 197 usable; 26 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 51 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional and domestic systems; 1.7 million tele-
phones (55 per 100 popl.); 64 AM, no FM, 14
TV stations, and 129 repeaters; submarine
cables extend to Australia and Fiji Islands; 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal New Zealand Air Force,
Royal New Zealand Navy, New Zealand
Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 881,000;
633,000 fit for military service; about 30,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1986, $500 million; about 5. 1% of
central government budget
North
Pacific *'""'
Ocean
Sec regional map III
Land
130,000 km2; about the size of Iowa; 50%
forest; 7% arable; 7% prairie and pasture;
36% urban, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 1,220 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
200 nm
Co<w</im?:910km
People
Population: 3,342,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Nicaraguan(s); adjec-
tive— Nicaraguan
Ethnic divisions: 69% mestizo, 17% white,
9% black, 5% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official); English- and
Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic coast
Infant mortality rate: 84/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 56, women 60
Literacy: 66%
Labor force: 1,047,000 (1985); 46% service,
41% agriculture, 13% industry; 22% unem-
ployment
181
Nicaragua (continued)
Organized labor: 35% of Nicaragua's labor
force is organized; of the seven confedera-
tions, five are Sandinista or Marxist
oriented — the government-sponsored Sandi-
nista Workers' Central (CST), 115,000 mem-
bers, including state and municipal employ-
ees; the Association of Campesino Workers
(ATC), 130,000 members; the General Con-
federation of Independent Workers (CGI-I),
approximately 15,000 members; the Work-
ers Front, about 100 members; and the Cen-
tral for Labor Action and Unity (CAUS),
about 3,000 members; the other two unions
are the Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN),
25,000 members, and the Confederation of
Labor Unification (CUS), 50,000 members
Government
Official name: Republic of Nicaragua
Type: republic
Capital: Managua
Political subdivisions: one national district
and 16 departments; in 1982 the Sandinistas
established six regions and three special
zones, which both the government and the
Sandinista National Liberation Front
(FSLN) increasingly use for administrative
purposes
Legal system: the Sandinista-appointed
Government of National Reconstruction
revoked the constitution of 1974 and issued a
Fundamental Statute and a Program of the
Government of National Reconstruction to
guide its actions until a new constitution is
drafted by the National Assembly, which
was elected in November 1984
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September; Anniversary of the Revolution,
19 July
Branches: executive and administrative re-
sponsibility formally reside in the President,
Vice President, and Cabinet; in reality, the
nine-member National Directorate of the
Sandinista National Liberation Front
(FSLN) shares power with and dominates
the executive; National Assembly was
elected in November 1984 and inaugurated
in January 1985 with a mandate to draft a
new constitution; the country's highest
judicial authority is the Sandinista-
appointed Supreme Court, composed of
seven members
Government leaders: Cdte. (Jose) Daniel
ORTEGA Saavedra, President (since 10 Jan-
uary 1985); Sergio RAMIREZ Mercado, Vice
President (since 10 January 1985)
Elections: national elections were held on 4
November 1984 for president and vice presi-
dent (elected for a six-year term), and a 96-
member National Assembly
Political parties and leaders: the Sandinista
National Liberation Front (FSLN) is the rul-
ing party and dominates political life; the
FSLN has 61 seats in the National Assembly;
only the Liberal Party, because of its ties to
the Somoza family, has been specifically
banned; the government prohibited most
political activities by opposition parties un-
der the state of emergency in March 1982
and expanded the emergency decree in Oc-
tober 1985; the main opposition parties boy-
cotted the elections on the grounds that the
regime had not provided them with suffi-
cient political guarantees; the democratic
opposition parties include the Social Demo-
cratic Party (PSD), Luis Rivas Leiva; the
Social Christian Party (PSC), Erick Ramirez;
the Democratic Conservative Party of Nica-
ragua (PGDN), Mario Rappaccioli; the Con-
stitutionalist Liberal Party (PLC), Alfredo
Reyes Duque Estrada; the Independent Lib-
eral Party (PLI), Virgilio Godoy; the Popular
Social Christian Party (PPSC), Mauricio
Diaz; and the Democratic Conservative
Party (PCD), Eduardo Molina; the PSD,
PSC, PGDN and PLC, as well as opposition
business and union organizations form the
Democratic Coordinating Board — Eduardo
Rivas Gasteazoro, president; the PPSC and
PLI were allied with the FSLN in the Patri-
otic Front of the Revolution (FPR) until
early 1984 but fielded their own candidates
in the elections; a pro- FSLN faction domi-
nates the PCD; the PCD has 14 seats in the
National Assembly, the PLI 9, and the PPSC
6; two additional relatively obscure parties,
the Central American Unionist Party
(PUCA) and the Revolutionary Party of the
Workers (PRT), were founded in late 1984
Communists: the Nicaraguan Socialist Party
(PSN), Luis Sanchez Sancho, founded in
1944, has served as Nicaragua's Moscow-line
Communist party; the Communist Party of
Nicaragua (PCdeN), Eli Altamirano Perez, is
an ultraleft breakaway faction from the
PSN; and the Popular Action Movement —
Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro Tellez;
only the PSN was a member of the FPR alli-
ance with the FSLN, but all three have sup-
ported the revolution; the PCdeN and
MAP-ML have criticized the Sandinistas for
moving too slowly toward consolidation of a
Marxist-Leninist regime; each of the three
Communist parties has two seats in the Na-
tional Assembly
Other political or pressure groups: the Supe-
rior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP)
is an umbrella group comprising 1 1 different
chambers of associations, including such
groups as the Chamber of Commerce, the
Chamber of Industry, and the Nicaraguan
Development Institute (INDE)
Member of: CACM, CEMA (observer),
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM,
OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.9 billion (1985), $960 per capita;
real GDP growth rate 1985, -7.1% (Note:
conversion from national currency made at
50 cordobas=US$l, a highly overvalued
official exchange rate)
Natural resources: gold, silver, copper, tung-
sten, arable land, timber, livestock, fish
Agriculture: main crops — cotton, coffee,
sugarcane, rice, corn, beans, cattle
Major industries: food processing, chemi-
cals, metal products, textiles and clothing,
petroleum, beverages
Electric power: 400,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.14 billion kWh produced (1985), 350 kWh
per capita
182
Niger
Exports: $320 million (f.o.b., 1985); cotton,
coffee, chemical products, meat, sugar, sea-
food
Imports: $850 million (f.o.b., 1985); food
and nonfood agricultural products, chemi-
cals and Pharmaceuticals, transportation
equipment, machinery, construction materi-
als, clothing, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 41% EC,
13% US, 8% CACM, 24% Japan, 7% CEMA,
7% other; imports— 10% Mexico, 14% US,
9% CACM, 21% EC, 32% CEMA, 14% other
(1984)
Aid: economic commitments — US, includ-
ing Ex-Im (FY70-82), $290 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $540 million; Communist coun-
tries (1970-84), $760 million; military— US
commitments (FY70-79), $20 million, Com-
munist countries (1970-84) $515 million
Budget: 1984 expenditures, $1.1 billion; rev-
enues, $0.7 billion; converted at 50
cordobas=US$l, at highest official exchange
rate
Monetary conversion rate: multiple
exchange policy; official rates vary from
1 0-50 cordobas= US$1 (January 1986); free
market 1,200 cordobas=US$l (January
1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 344 km 1.067-meter gauge, gov-
ernment owned; majority of system not op-
erating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at
Puerto Cabezas (does not connect with
mainline)
Highways: 23,585 km total; 1,655 km paved,
2,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km
earth or graded earth, 14,335 km
unimproved
Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2
large lakes
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km
Ports: 1 major (Corinto), 7 minor
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 296 total, 261 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: low-capacity radio-
relay and wire system being expanded; con-
nection into Central American microwave
net; Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 60,000
telephones (2.2 per 100 popl.); 42 AM, 6 TV
stations; Intersputnik communications satel-
lite facility planned
Defense Forces
Branches: Sandinista People's Army, Sandi-
nista Navy, Sandinista Air Force/Air De-
fense, Sandinista People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 678,000;
419,000 fit for military service; 33,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, $1.4 billion; 50%
of central government budget (includes both
defense and security expenditures)
500 km
Lake
Chad
S«re|ion«lmipVII
Land
1,267,000 km2; almost three times the size of
California; 7.6% permanent meadow and
pasture, 2.6% arable, 2.3% forest and wood-
land, .02% inland water, 87% other
Land boundaries: 5,745 km
People
Population: 6,715,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun — Nigerien(s) adjective —
Nigerien
Ethnic divisions: 56% Hausa; 22% Djerma;
8.5% Fula; 8% Tuareg; 4.3% Beri Beri
(Kanouri); 1.2% Arab, Toubou, and
Gourmantche; about 4,000 French expatri-
ates
Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder indige-
nous beliefs and Christians
Language: French (official); Hausa, Djerma
Infant mortality rate: 136/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 45
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 2.5 million (1982) wage earners;
90% agriculture, 6% industry and
commerce, 4% government
Organized labor: negligible
183
Niger (continued)
Government
Official name: Republic of Niger
Type: republic; military regime in power
since April 1974
Capital: Niamey
Political subdivisions: 1 departments, 32
arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1960, suspended 1974; committee
appointed January 1984 to "reflect" on a
new national charter; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: Independence Day, 3
August; Republic Day, 18 December
Branches: executive authority exercised by
President Seyni Kountche in the name of the
Supreme Military Council (SMC), which is
composed of army officers; office of prime
minister created January 1983; since No-
vember 1983, civilians have held all cabinet
portfolios except Defense and Interior,
which are held by President Kountche
Government leader: Brig. Gen. Seyni
KOUNTCHE, President of Supreme Mili-
tary Council, Chief of State (since 1974);
Hamid ALGABID, Prime Minister (since
November 1983)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: popular elections currently al-
lowed only for choosing representatives for
village Development Councils, which advise
on local economic development
Political parties and leaders: political par-
ties banned
Communists: no Communist party; some
sympathizers in outlawed Sawaba party
Member of: AfDB, APC, CEAO, KAMA,
ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger
River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.2 billion (1985 est), $240 per capita
(1985); annual real growth rate -3.1% (1985
est.)
Natural resources: uranium, coal, iron, tin,
phosphates
Agriculture: commercial — cowpeas, groun-
dnuts, cotton; main food crops — millet,
sorghum, rice
Major industries: cement plant, brick fac-
tory, rice mill, small cotton gins, oil presses,
slaughterhouse, and a few other small light
industries; uranium production began in
1971
Electric power: 101,700 kW capacity (1985);
133 million kWh produced (1985), 20 kWh
per capita
Exports: $319.1 million (1985 est.); uranium,
livestock, cowpeas, onions, hides, skins; ex-
ports understated because much regional
trade not recorded
Imports: $351.9 million (1982 est.); petro-
leum products, primary materials, machin-
ery, vehicles and parts, electronic equip-
ment, Pharmaceuticals, chemical products,
cereals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: France (about half),
other EC countries, Nigeria, UDEAC coun-
tries; US (3.8%, 1981); preferential tariff to
EC and franc zone countries
Budget: (1986 est.) revenue $173 million,
(1986 est.) $364.6 million expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commun-
aute Financiere Af ricaine (CFA) f rancs=
US$1 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 36,500 km total; 2,800 km bitu-
minous, 10,700 km gravel and laterite,
23,000 km tracks
Inland waterways: Niger River navigable
300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin
frontier from mid-December through
March
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 63 total, 58 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small system of wire
and radio-relay links concentrated in south-
western area; 9,800 telephones (0.2 per 100
popl.); 9 AM, 2 FM, 12 TV stations; 2 Atlan-
tic Ocean satellite stations, 4 domestic anten-
nas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary
Gendarmerie, paramilitary Republican
Guard, paramilitary Presidential Guard,
paramilitary National Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,456,000;
785,000 fit for military service; about 66,000
reach military age (18) annually
184
Nigeria
Bight of
Benin
Gulf of Guinea
See retfonll map VII
Land
923,768 km2; more than twice the size of
California; 35% forest; 24% arable (13% of
total land area under cultivation); 41%
desert, waste, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 4,034 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 853 km
People
Population: 105,448,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Nigerian(s); adjective —
Nigerian
Ethnic divisions: of the more than 250 tribal
groups, the Hausa and Fulani of the north,
the Yoruba of the southwest, and the Ibos of
the southeast comprise 65% of the popula-
tion; about 27,000 non- Africans
Religion: no exact figures on religious break-
down, but about 50% Muslim, 30% Chris-
tian, and 20% indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Hausa, Yoruba,
Ibo, Fulani, and several other languages also
widely used
Infant mortality rate: 157/1,000(1981)
Life expectancy: men 45.9, women 49.2
Literacy: 25-30%
Labor force: est. 35-40 million (1984); 56%
agriculture; 17% industry, commerce, and
services; 15% government
Organized labor: 3.52 million wage earners
belong to one of 42 recognized trade unions,
which are under a single national labor fed-
eration, the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC)
Government
Official name: Federal Republic of Nigeria
Type: military government since 31 Decem-
ber 1983
Capital: Lagos
Political subdivisions: 19 states, headed by
appointed military governors
Legal system: based on English common
law and Islamic and tribal law
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Oc-
tober
Branches: Armed Forces Ruling Council;
National Council of Ministers and National
Council of States; judiciary headed by Su-
preme Court
Government leader: Ibrahim BABAN-
GIDA, President and Commander in Chief
of Armed Forces (since August 1985)
Suffrage: none
Elections: last national elections under civil-
ian rule held August-September 1983
Political parties and leaders: all political
parties banned after 31 December 1983
Communists: the pro-Communist under-
ground comprises a fraction of the small
Nigerian left; leftist leaders are prominent in
the country's central labor organization but
have little influence on government
Member of: AfDB, APC, Commonwealth,
EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, Lake Chad Basin Commission,
Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU,
OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $63 billion (1984), $630 per capita;
-0.6% growth rate (1984 est.); 40% inflation
rate (August 1985)
Natural resources: petroleum, tin, colum-
bite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc
Agriculture: main crops — peanuts, cotton,
cocoa, rubber, yams, cassava, sorghum, palm
kernels, millet, corn, rice; livestock; an ille-
gal producer of cannabis for the interna-
tional drug trade
Fishing: catch 512,000 metric tons (1982);
imports nonprocessed and processed fish
Major industries: mining — crude oil, natu-
ral gas, coal, tin, columbite; processing in-
dustries— oil palm, peanut, cotton, rubber,
petroleum, wood, hides, skins; manufactur-
ing industries — textiles, cement, building
materials, food products, footwear, chemi-
cal, printing, ceramics
Electric power: 3,732,900 kW capacity
(1985); 8. 175 billion kWh produced (1985),
80 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); oil (98%),
cocoa, palm products, rubber, timber, tin
Imports: $9.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984); machin-
ery and transport equipment, manufactured
goods, chemicals, wheat
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US
Budget: (1985) revenues, $12.3 billion; cur-
rent expenditures, $6.0 billion; capital ex-
penditure $6.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: .98 naira=US$l
(December 1985)
185
Nigeria (continued)
Niue
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 107,990 km total 30,019 km
paved (mostly bituminous surface treat-
ment); 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed
stone, improved earth; 52,560 km unim-
proved
Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of
Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers
and creeks
Pipelines: 2,042 km crude oil; 120 km natu-
ral gas; 3,000 km refined products
Ports: 6 major (Lagos, Port Harcourt, Cala-
bar, Warri, Onne, Sapele), 9 minor
Civil air: 72 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 89 total, 85 usable; 30 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 14 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: above-average sys-
tem limited by poor maintenance; major
expansion in progress; radio-relay and cable
routes; 155,000 telephones (0.2 per 100
popl.); 37 AM, 9 FM, 34 TV stations; satellite
station with Atlantic and Indian Ocean an-
tennas, domestic satellite system with 19
stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
22,607,000; 12,999,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 1,081,000 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Sff regional map X
Land
259 km2; about twice the size of Washing-
ton, D. C.; 20% forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 64 km
People
Population: 2,672 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate —4.4%
Nationality: noun — Niuean(s); adjective —
Niuean
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, with some 200
Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans
Religion: 75% Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean
Church) — a Christian Protestant church
closely related to the London Missionary
Society, 10% Morman, 5% Roman Catholic,
Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist
Language: Polynesian tongue closely related
to Tongan and Samoan; English
Literacy: education compulsory between 5
and 14 years of age
Labor force: approx. 1,000(1981); most
Niueans work on family plantations; paid
work exists only in government service,
small industry, and the Niue Development
Board
Government
Official name-.nO Niue
Type: (since 1974) self-governing territory
"in free association with New Zealand";
Niueans retain New Zealand citizenship
Capital: Alofi
Political subdivisions: 14 village councils
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Executive consists of a Cabinet of
four members — the Premier (elected by the
Assembly) and three ministers (chosen by the
Premier from among Assembly members);
Legislative Assembly consists of 20 members
(14 village representatives and 6 elected on a
common roll); if requested by the Assembly,
New Zealand will also legislate for the island
Government leaders: Sir Robert R. REX,
Premier (since early 1950s); John
SPRINGFORD, New Zealand Representa-
tive (since 1974)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every three years; last election
held March 1984
Member of: ESCAP (associate member),
SPF
Economy
GNP: $3 million (1984), per capita GDP
$1,080(1984)
Agriculture: coconuts, passion fruit, honey,
limes; subsistence crops — tare, yams, cassava
(tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef
cattle
Fishing: 930,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: small tourist industry "
Electric power: network completed in 1977,
with all villages linked to service
Exports: $301,224 (f.o.b. 1983); canned co-
conut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit
products, pawpaw, root crops, limes, foot-
balls, handicrafts
186
Norfolk Island
Imports: $l,504,180(c.i.f. 1983); food and
live animals, manufactured goods, machin-
ery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs
Major trade partners: exports — New Ze-
aland, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia;
imports — New Zealand, Fiji, Japan, West-
ern Samoa, Australia, US
Budget: revenues (including New Zealand
subsidy of $2.3 million) $3.2 million; expen-
ditures, $3.8 million (FY83/84 est.)
Monetary conversion rate-, uses New Ze-
aland currency; NZ$1.88=US$1 (5 February
1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 123 km all-weather roads, 106
km access and plantation roads
Ports: no harbor; open roadstead offers an-
chorage offshore from Alofi, from where
servicing is by small boat
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runway
of 1,650 m capable of taking intermediate-
size jet aircraft
Telecommunications: single-line telephone
system connects all villages on island; est.
1,000 radio receivers in use (1983); 1 radio
station; no TV service
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
South
Pacific
Ocean
Sec regional map X
QNepean
--^Philip I
\r
Land
34.5 km2; less than one-third the size of
Washington, D. C.; consists of Norfolk, Ne-
pean, and Philip Island (the last two are un-
inhabited); 400 hectares arable land
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 32 km (mostly inaccessible cliffs)
People
Population: 2,473 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Norfolk Islander(s); ad-
jective— Norfolk Islander
Ethnic divisions: descendants of the
"Bounty" mutiny families; more recently,
Australian and New Zealand settlers
Religion: Church of England, Roman Cath-
olic Church, Uniting Church in Australia,
and Seventh-day Adventists
Language: English (official); "Norfolk" — a
mixture of 18th Century English and an-
cient Tahitian
Literacy: probably high
Government
Official name: Territory of Norfolk Island
Type: Australian territory
187
Capital: Kingston (administrative center),
Burnt Pine (commercial center)
Political subdivisions: external territory of
Australia
Legal system: wide legislative and executive
responsibility under the Norfolk Island Act
of 1979; Supreme Court
National holiday: Pitcairners Arrival Day
Anniversary, 8 June
Branches: 9-member elected Legislative
Assembly; chief executive is Australian ad-
ministrator named by governor general
Government leader: David E. BUFFETT,
Chief Minister of Norfolk Island (since 1983)
Suffrage: proportional representation; all
persons born on the island are Australian
citizens
Elections: last held 18 May 1983; every
three years
Economy
Agriculture: Kentia palm seed, cereals, veg-
etables, fruit
Major industries: tourism ($10 million)
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1985); 8
million kWh produced (1985), 3,300 kWh
per capita
Exports: $2.9 billion (1982-83); seed of the
Norfolk Island pine; Kentia palm seeds,
small quantities of avocados
Imports: $15.1 million (1982-83)
Major trade partners: imports — Australia
and Pacific Islands, New Zealand, Asia, Eu-
rope; exports — Australia and Pacific Islands,
New Zealand, Asia, and Europe
Budget: revenue, $2.7 million; expenditure,
$3.3 million (1983); main source of income is
sale of postage stamps and customs duties;
expenses — administrative $1.2 million, edu-
cation $0.5 million, health $0.5 million, wel-
fare $0.2 million, maintenance $0.4 million
Norfolk Island (continued)
Norway
Monetary conversion rate: 1.44 Australian
dollars=US$l (5 February 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 80 km of roads, including 53 km
of sealed roads; remainder are earth formed
or coral surfaced
Inland waterways: no water on Neapean
and Philip
Ports: none; loading jetties at Kingston and
Cascade
Airfields: 1 (Australian-owned airport) with
runway 1,220-2,429 m
Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers
(1982); radio link service between island and
Sydney; 987 telephones (1982)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Australia
Jan Mayen and Svalbard
are not shown.
See ref ionil map V
Land
Continental Norway, 324,219 km2; slightly
larger than New Mexico; Svalbard, 62,160
km2; Jan Mayen, 373 km2; 21% forest; 3%
arable, 2% meadow and pasture; 74% other
Land boundaries: 2,579 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm
(200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: mainland 3,419 km; islands 2,413
km (excludes long fjords and numerous small
islands and minor indentations, which total
as much as 16,093 km overall)
People
Population: 4,165,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Norwegian(s); adjec-
tive— Norwegian
Ethnic divisions: Germanic (Nordic, Alpine,
Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of
20,000 Lapps
Religion: 94% Evangelical Lutheran (state
church), 4% other Protestant and Roman
Catholic, 2% other
Language: Norwegian (official); small
Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Infant mortality rate: 7.9/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 72.7, women 79.5
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: 2.031 million (1984); 30.9%
services; 19.6% mining and manufacturing;
16.7% commerce; 8.8% transportation; 7.6%
construction; 7.2% agriculture, forestry,
fishing; 5.7% banking and financial services
(1983); 3.9% unemployed (1984)
Organized labor: 66% of labor force (1985)
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Norway
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Oslo
Political subdivisions: 19 counties, 407 com-
munes, 47 towns
Legal system: mixture of customary law,
civil law system, and common law tradi-
tions; constitution adopted in 1814 and mod-
ified in 1884; Supreme Court renders advi-
sory opinions to legislature when asked; legal
education at University of Oslo; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown and parliament (Storting —
Lagting, upper house; Odelsting, lower
house); executive power vested in Crown but
exercised by Cabinet responsible to parlia-
ment; Supreme Court, 5 superior courts, 104
lower courts
Government leaders: OLAV V, King (since
1957); Rare WILLOCH, Prime Minister
(since September 1981)
Suffrage: universal at age 18 but not compul-
sory
Elections: held every four years (next in
1989)
Political parties and leaders: Labor, Gro
Harlem Brundtland; Conservative, Rolf
Presthus (in April 1986); Center, Johan J.
188
Jakobsen; Christian People's, Kjell Magne
Bondevik; Liberal, Odd Einar Dorum; So-
cialist Left, Theo Koritzinsky; Norwegian
Communist, Hans I. Kleven; Progressive,
Carl I. Hagen
Voting strength: (1985 election) Labor,
40.8%; Conservative, 30.4%; Christian
People's, 8.3%; Center, 6.6%; Socialist Left
(Socialist Electoral Alliance), 5.5%; Progres-
sive, 3.7%; Liberal, 3.1%; Red Electoral Alli-
ance, 0.6%; Liberal People's Party (antitax),
0.5%; Norwegian Communist, 0.2%; other
0.4%
Communists: 15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian
Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers
Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (AKP-
ML, pro-Chinese)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO
(observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associ-
ate member), IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, Interna-
tional Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU,
ITU, IWC— International Whaling Com-
mission, IWC — International Wheat Coun-
cil, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GNP: $53.15 billion in 1984, $12,838 per
capita; 48.0% private consumption; 19.4%
government consumption; 26.4% gross fixed
investment; —0.7% change in stockbuilding;
net exports of goods and services 10.0%;
1984 growth rate 3.8%, in 1980 prices
Natural resources: oil, copper, gas, pyrites,
nickel, iron, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydro-
electric power
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates; main crops — feed grains, potatoes,
fruits, vegetables; 40% self-sufficient; food
shortages — food grains, sugar
Fishing: catch 2.48 million metric tons
(1984); exports $766 million (1984)
Major industries: oil and gas, food process-
ing, shipbuilding, wood pulp, paper prod-
ucts, metals, chemicals
Shortages: most raw materials except tim-
ber, petroleum, iron, copper, and ilmenite
ore; dairy products and fish
Crude petroleum: 35.0 million metric tons
produced (1984), exports $6.3 billion (1984)
Crude steel: 915,000 metric tons produced
(1984), 228 kg per capita
Electric power: 23,035,000 kW capacity
(1985); 119.082 billion kWh produced
(1985), 28,626 kWh per capita
Exports: $18.9 billion (f.o.b., 1984); principal
items — oil, natural gas, metals, chemicals,
machinery, fish and fish products, pulp and
paper, ships
Imports: $13.9 million (c.i.f., 1984); princi-
pal items — machinery, fuels and lubricants,
transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs,
clothing, ships
Major trade partners: 59.4% EC (25.3% UK,
16.2% FRG, 12.9% Sweden), 6.7% US (1984)
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic com-
mitments (1970-83), $2.1 billion
Budget: revenues, $29.0 billion; expendi-
tures, $25.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.69 kroner=
US$1 (23 December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,257 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) op-
erates 4,242 km (2,443 km electrified and 94
km double track); 16 km privately owned
and electrified
Highways: 78,1 16 km total; 17,699 km con-
crete and bitumen; 19,277 km bituminous
treated; 41,140 km gravel, crushed stone,
and earth
Inland waterways: 1,577 km; 1.5-2.4 m
draft vessels maximum
Pipelines: refined products, 53 km
Ports: 9 major, 69 minor
Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 96 total, 95 usable; 54 with
permanent-surface runways; 12 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: high-quality domes-
tic and international telephone, telegraph,
and telex services; 2.39 million telephones
(57.9 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 843 FM, 1,744
TV stations; 4 coaxial submarine cables; 6
domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Norwegian Army, Royal
Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,049,000;
852,000 fit for military service; 33,000 reach
military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $1.6 billion; 10.6% of cen-
tral government budget
189
Oman
M, sir ah
Set rrfionil map VI
Land
About 212,380 km2; about the size of New
Mexico; negligible amount forested; remain-
der desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,384 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 2,092 km
People
Population: 1,27 1,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun — Omani(s); adjective —
Omani
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab, with
small Baluchi, Zanzibar!, and Indian groups
Religion: 75% Ibadhi Muslim; remainder
Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, some Hindu
Language: Arabic (official); English,
Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects
Infant mortality rate: 121/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy, men 51, women 54
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 500,000; 50% are non-Omani;
est. 60% agriculture
Government
Official name: Sultanate of Oman
Type: absolute monarchy; independent,
with strong residual UK influence
Capital: Muscat
Political subdivisions: 1 province (Dhofar), 2
governorates (Musandam and Muscat), and
numerous districts (wilayats)
Legal system: based on English common
law and Islamic law; no constitution; ulti-
mate appeal to the Sultan; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive — Sultan, who appoints
45-member State Consultative Assembly to
advise him; legislative — none; judicial —
traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil
court system
National holiday: National Day, 18-19 No-
vember
X
Government leader: Q ABOOS bin Said,
Sultan (since July 1970)
Political parties: none
Other political or pressure groups: outlawed
Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman
(PFLO), based in South Yemen
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $7.7 billion (1984), $6,300 per capita
(est.)
Natural resources: oil, copper, asbestos,
some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum
Agriculture: based on subsistence farming
(fruits, dates, cereals, cattle, camels), fishing
Major industries: crude petroleum produc-
tion in 1984, 415,000 b/d
Electric power: 950,900 kW capacity (1985);
2.082 billion kWh produced (1985), 1,695
kWh per capita
Exports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984), mostly
petroleum; nonoil consist mostly of
re-exports, processed copper, and some agri-
cultural goods
Imports: $2.7 billion ( c.i.f., 1984), machin-
ery, transportation equipment, manufac-
tured goods, food, livestock, lubricants
Major trade partners: exports — 52% Japan,
30% Europe, 8% US (1983); imports— 21.3%
Japan, 16.6% UK, 17.8% UAE, 7.6% US
(1984)
Budget: (1984) revenues, $5.1 billion; expen-
ditures, $6. 1 billion
Monetary conversion rate: .3454 rial=US$l
(October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 16,900 km total; 2,200 km bitu-
minous surface, 14,700 km motorable track
Pipelines: crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas
1,030km
Ports: 2 major (Mlna' Qabus, Mma'
Raysut), 5 minor
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft, includ-
ing multinationally owned Gulf Air Fleet
Airfields: 125 total, 1 19 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 58 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open-
wire, radio-relay, and radio communications
stations; 23,000 telephones (2.2 per 100
popl.); 3 AM, 3 FM, 11 TV stations; 1 Indian
Ocean satellite station, 8 domestic satellite
stations, 1 Arab satellite station
190
Pakistan
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal
Oman Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 285,000;
162,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $2.075 billion; 37.4% of
central government budget
400km
Set rttionilmip VIII
Land
803,943 km2 (excludes Northern Areas and
Azad Kashmir, the Pakistani-controlled
parts of the former state of Jammu and
Kashmir); larger than Texas; 40% arable,
including 24% cultivated; 34% probably
mostly waste; 23% unsuitable for cultivation;
3% forested
Land boundaries: 5,900 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,046 km
People
Population: 101, 855,000, excluding
Junagadh, Manavadar, Cilgit, Baltistan, and
the disputed area of Jammu and Kashmir
(July 1986); average annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Pakistani(s); adjective —
Pakistani
Ethnic divisions: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushtan
(Pathan), Baluchi
Religion: 97% Muslim, 3% Christian, Hindu,
and other
Language: Urdu and English (official); total
spoken languages — 64% Punjabi, 12% Si-
ndhi, 8% Pushtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Baluchi and
other; English is lingua franca
Infant mortality rate: 119/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 51, women 49
Literacy: 24%
Labor force: 25.24 million (1982 est); exten-
sive export of labor; 52% agriculture, 21%
industry, 8% services, 19% other
Organized labor: negligible
Government
Official name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Type: parliamentary with strong executive,
federal republic; military seized power 5
July 1977; President Mohammed Zia-ul-
Haq lifted martial law and restored 1973
Constitution on 30 December 1985 but re-
tained his position as Army Chief of Staff;
parliament, elected in February 1985, serves
5-year term
Capital: Islamabad
Political subdivisions: four provinces
(Baluchistan, North- West Frontier, Punjab,
Sind), 1 territory (Federally Administered
Tribal Areas)
Legal system: based on English common
law but gradually being transformed to cor-
respond to Koranic injunction; accepts com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations;
President Zia's government has established
Islamic Sharia courts paralleling the secular
courts and has introduced Koranic punish-
ments for criminal offenses; martial law
courts abolished 30 December 1985, and all
cases, including those concerning national
security, now require due process
National holiday: Pakistan Day, 23 March
Government leader: Gen. Mohammed ZIA-
UL-HAQ, President and Army Chief of
Staff (since July 1977); confirmed as Presi-
dent through March 1990 in special referen-
dum in December 1984; Prime Minister
Mohammed Khan JUNEJO (since March
1985)
Suffrage: universal from age 18
191
Pakistan (continued)
Elections: opposition agitation against rig-
ging elections in March 1977 led to military
coup; military promised to hold new na-
tional and provincial assembly elections in
October 1977 but postponed them indefi-
nitely; elections for municipal bodies were
held in 1979 and 1983; nonparty national
elections were held in February 1985; many
outlawed political parties boycotted polling
Political parties and leaders: relegalized in
December 1985 under legislation requiring
parties to register and open books for inspec-
tion; government still has wide authority
under civil code to restrict political activity;
law requires disqualification of any parlia-
mentary delegate who changes party affili-
ation; majority party in parliament is Paki-
stan Muslim League (PML), Mohammed
Khan Junejo; principle opposition party is
secular socialist; Pakistan People's Party
(PPP), Benazir Bhutto (major leader); others
include Tehrik-i-Istiqlal, Asghar Khan; Na-
tional Democratic Party (NDP), Sherbaz
Mazari (formed in 1975 by members of out-
lawed National Awami Party — NAP — of
Abdul Wali Khan, who is de facto NDP
leader); all the aforementioned are in the
Movement for Restoration of Democracy
(MRD), formed in February 1981; Pakistan
National Party (PNP), Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo
(Baluch elements of the former NAP);
Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur Rah-
man
Communists: party membership very small;
sympathizers estimated at several thousand;
party is outlawed
Other political or pressure groups: military
remains dominant political force; Ulema
(clergy), industrialists, and small merchants
also influential
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM,
OIC, Economic Cooperation Organization,
SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: figures reflect impact of rupee devalu-
ation in 1982; $31 billion (FY85 est); $300
per capita (FY85); real growth 8.4% (FY85)
Natural resources: land, extensive natural
gas, limited petroleum, poor quality coal,
iron ore
Agriculture: extensive irrigation; main
crops — wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton; an
illegal producer of opium poppy and canna-
bis for the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 343,400 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: cotton textiles, steel, food
processing, tobacco, engineering, chemicals,
natural gas
Electric power: 5,187,000 kW capacity
(1985); 20.42 billion kWh produced (1985),
206 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., FY85); primarily
rice, cotton, and textiles
Imports: $5.9 billion (f.o.b., FY85); petro-
leum (crude and products), cooking oil, and
defense equipment
Major trade partners: FY85 exports — Japan
12%, US 10%, Saudi Arabia 7%, UK 7%, Iran
2%; imports— Japan 13%, US 12%, Saudi
Arabia 11%, UK 6%, Malaysia 6%, China
3%, Iran 1%
Budget: FY85 — current expenditures, $4.9
billion; development expenditures, $1.3 bil-
lion (reflects impact of rupee devaluation)
Monetary conversion rate: 15.89
rupees=US$l (FY85 average); in January
1982, the rupee was delinked from the US
dollar and floated
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: ( 1984) 8,822 km 1.676-meter
broad gauge, 535 km 1.000-meter gauge,
and 610 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge;
1,037 km broad gauge double track and 286
km electrified; government owned
Highways: 98,000 km total (1984); 40,000
km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 im-
proved earth, and unimproved earth road
sand tracks
Inland waterways: negligible
Pipelines: 250 km crude oil; 2,269 km natu-
ral gas; 750 km refined products
Ports: 2 major, 4 minor
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 17 total, 98 usable; 69 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 29 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 41 with runways 1,200-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
radiocommunication service over micro-
wave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic
radio communications poor; broadcast ser-
vice good; 314,000 telephones (0.3 per 100
popl.); 27 AM, no FM, 16 TV stations; 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Civil
Armed Forces, National Guards
Military manpower: males 15-49,
24,519,000; 16,686,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 1 ,234,000 reach military age (17) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1986, $2. 19 billion; about 26% of cen-
tral government budget s, National Guards
Military manpower: males 15-49,
24,519,000; 16,686,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 1,234,000 reach military age (17) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20
June 1986, $2. 19 billion; about 26% of cen-
tral government budget
192
Panama
Caribbean Sea
North Pacific Ocean
Sec regional mip III
Land
77,080 km2; slightly larger than West Vir-
ginia; 24% agricultural land (11% pasture,
9% fallow, 4% crop); 20% exploitable forest;
56% other forest, urban or waste
Land boundaries: 630 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 2,490 km
People
Population: 2,227,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Panamanian^); adjec-
tive— Panamanian
Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo, 14% West
Indian, 10% white, 6% Indian
Religion: over 93% Roman Catholic, 6%
Protestant
Language: Spanish (official); 14% speak En-
glish as native tongue; many Panamanians
bilingual
Infant mortality rate: 20.1/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 71
Literacy: 90%
Labor force: est. 680,471 (1984); 45% com-
merce, finance, and services; 29% agricul-
ture, hunting, and fishing; 10% manufactur-
ing and mining; 5% construction; 5% trans-
portation and communications; 4% Canal
Zone; 1.2% utilities; 2% other; unemployed
estimated at 20% (January 1985); shortage of
skilled labor but an oversupply of unskilled
labor
Organized labor: approximately 15% of la-
bor force (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of Panama
Type: centralized republic
Capital: Panama
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 1 inten-
dancy
Legal system: based on civil law system;
constitution adopted in 1972, but major re-
forms adopted in April 1983; judicial review
of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; le-
gal education at University of Panama; ac-
cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with res-
ervations
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 No-
vember
Branches: under April 1983 reforms, a Presi-
dent, two Vice Presidents, and a 67-member
Legislative Assembly are elected by popular
vote for 5-year terms; nine Supreme Court
Justices and nine alternates serve 10-year
terms; two justices and their alternates are
replaced every other December by presi-
dential nomination and legislative confirma-
tion
Government leaders: Eric Arturo
DELVALLE Henriquez, President (since
September 1985); Roderick ESQUIVEL,
First Vice President (since October 1985);
Second Vice President, unfilled
Suffrage 18: universal and compulsory over
age 18
Elections: seven electoral slates made up of
14 registered political parties were on the
May 1984 ballot with the president and
other winners decided by simple pluralities;
mayoral and municipal elections were held
in June 1984
Political parties and leaders: (registered for
1984 presidential and legislative elections)
National Democratic Union (UNADE; gov-
ernment coalition) — Democratic Revolu-
tionary Party (PRD, official government
party), Romulo Escobar Bethancourt, Carlos
Ozores Typaldos; Republican Party (PR),
Eric Arturo Devalle Henriquez; Liberal
Party (PL), Roderick Lorenzo Esquivel; La-
bor Party (PALA), Ramon Sieiro Mungas
and Carlos Eleta Almaran; Panamenista
Party (PP), Luis Suarez; Popular Broad
Front Party (FRAMPO), Alvaro Arosemena;
Democratic Opposition Alliance (ADO, op-
position)— Christian Democratic Party
(PDC), Ricardo Arias Calderon; Authentic
Panamenista Party (PPA), Arnulfo Arias
Madrid; Nationalist Republican Liberal
Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo Ramirez,
Sr.; other opposition parties — Popular Na-
tionalist Party (PNP), Olimpo A. Saez
Maruci; Popular Action Party (PAPO),
Carlos Ivan Zuniga; People's Party (PdP,
Soviet-oriented Communist), Ruben Dario
Sousa Batista; Socialist Workers Party (PST),
Jose Cambra; Revolutionary Workers Party
(PRT), leader unknown
Voting strength: in the May 1984 elections
the government coalition received 300,748
votes, narrowly defeating the opposition
alliance, which received 299,035 votes;
UNADE won 45 seats in the 67-member
Legislative Assembly, and ADO won the
remaining 22 seats
Communists: People's Party (PdP), progov-
ernment mainline Communist party, did not
obtain the 3 percent of the total vote in 1984
elections to retain its legal status
Other political or pressure groups: National
Council of Organized Workers (CONATO);
National Council of Private Enterprise
(CONEP); Panamanian Association of Busi-
ness Executives (APEDE)
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IDE—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFC,
193
Panama (continued)
Papua New Guinea
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IRC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling
Commission, IWC — International Wheat
Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $4.4 billion (1984), $2,159 per capita;
real growth (1984), -1.0%
Natural resources: copper, mahogany for-
ests, shrimp
Agriculture: main crops — bananas, rice,
sugarcane, coffee, corn; self-sufficient in ba-
sic foods; an illegal producer of cannabis for
the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 143,000 metric tons (1983);
exports $53.2 million (1984)
Major industries: food processing, bever-
ages, petroleum products, construction ma-
terials, clothing, paper products
Electric power: 1,200,000 kW capacity
(1985); 3.1 billion kWh produced (1985),
1, 420 kWh per capita
Exports: $419 million (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum products, bananas, shrimp, sugar
Imports: $1.34 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum products, manufactured goods, ma-
chinery and transportation equipment,
chemicals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports— 59. 1 % US,
17% Central America and Caribbean, 16%
EC, 8% other; imports— 30% US, 19% Cen-
tral America and Caribbean, 10% Mexico,
8% Japan, 8% Venezuela, 6% EC, 15% other
(1984)
Aid: economic — US, including Ex-Im com-
mitments (FY70-84), $394 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $468 million; Communist coun-
tries (1970-84), $5 million; military— US
(FY70-84), $37 million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $886 million; ex-
penditures, $1.175 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 balboa=US$l
(January 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter
gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved,
3,270 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by
shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal
Pipelines: crude oil, 130km
Ports: 2 major (Cristobal and Balboa), 8 mi-
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 132 total, 128 usable; 42 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic and inter-
national telecom facilities well developed;
connection into Central American micro-
wave net; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite anten-
nas; 220,000 telephones (10.5 per 100 popl.);
80 AM, 12 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine
cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Defense Forces of the Republic of
Panama (formerly known as the National
Guard) includes military ground forces (still
designated National Guard), Panamanian
Air Force, National Navy, Panama Canal
Defense Force, police force, traffic police/
highway patrol, National Department of
Investigation, Department of Immigration
Military manpower: males 15-49, 571,000;
393,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year beginning 1
January 1985, $99 million; 3.6% of central
government budget
500 fcm
South Pacific Ocean
Coral Sea
Sre regional mip X
Land
461,691 km2; slightly larger than California;
70% forest, 3% cultivated, 2% pasture, 25%
other
Land boundaries: 966 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone); mari-
time limits measured from claimed "archi-
pelagic baselines," which generally connect
the outermost points of the outer islands or
drying reefs
Coastline: about 5,152 km
People
Population: 3,395,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Papua New Guinean(s);
adjective — Papua New Guinean
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian
and Papuan; some Negrito, Micronesian,
and Polynesian
Religion: over half of population nominally
Christian (490,000 Catholic, 320,000 Luth-
eran, other Protestant sects); remainder in-
digenous beliefs
Language: 715 indigenous languages; pidgin
English in much of the country and Motu in
Papua region are lingua franca; English
spoken by 1-2% of population
194
Infant mortality rate: 102/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: 50
Literacy: 32%
Labor force: 1.66 million (1980); 732,806
(1980) in salaried employment; 54% agricul-
ture, 25% government, 9% industry and
commerce, 8% services
Government
Official name: Papua New Guinea
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth recognizing Eliza-
beth II as head of state
Capital: Port Moresby
Political subdivisions: 20 provinces
Legal system: based on English common
law
National holiday: Independence Day, 16
September
Branches: executive — National Executive
Council; legislature — House of Assembly
(109 members); judiciary — court system
consists of Supreme Court of Papua New
Guinea and various inferior courts (district
courts, local courts, children's courts,
wardens' courts)
Government leaders: Sir Kingsford
DIBELA, Governor General (since March
1983); Paias WINGTI, Prime Minister (since
November 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: preferential-type elections for
109-member House of Assembly every five
years, last held in June 1982
Political parties: Pangu Party, People's
Progress Party, United Party, Papua Besena,
National Party, Melanesian Alliance
Communists: no significant strength
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, CIPEC (associ-
ate), Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
GATT(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, South Pacific Commis-
sion, SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
Economy
GNP: $2.2 billion (1984), $660 per capita;
real growth (1984) 2.2% est; 8.5% inflation
rate (1985 est.)
Natural resources: gold, copper, silver, gas
Agriculture: main crops — coffee, cocoa,
coconuts, timber, tea
Major industries: sawmilling and timber
processing, copper mining (Bougainville),
fish canning
Electric power: 750,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.7 billion kWh produced (1985), 511 kWh
per capita
Exports: $840 million (f.o.b., 1983); gold
($206 million), copper ($149 million), coffee
($123 million), palm oil ($84 million), logs
($78 million), cocoa ($74 million), copra ($54
million), coconut oil ($43 million), tea ($17
million)
Imports: $906 million (f.o.b., 1983); machin-
ery and equipment ($259 million), fuels and
lubricants ($186 million), food and live ani-
mals ($50 million), chemicals ($71 million),
other manufactured ($67 million)
Major trade partners: Australia, UK, Japan
Aid: economic — Australia, commitments
(1970-83) $4.0 billion; US, including Ex-Im
(FY70-84), $219 million; other Western
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commit-
ments (1980-84), $6.0 billion
Budget: (1984) total revenue $518 million-
tax revenue $441 million, non-tax $77 mil-
lion; total expenditures — $698 million, capi-
tal $165 million
Monetary conversion rate: .9009 kina=
US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved,
10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabi-
lized soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 10,940 km
Ports: 5 principal, 9 minor
Civil air: about 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 534 total, 433 usable; 15 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 36 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: Papua New Guinea
telecom services are adequate and are being
improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast,
radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio,,
aeronautical radio and international
radiocommunication services; submarine
cables extend from Madang to Australia and
Guam; 45,274 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.);
31 AM, no FM, or TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Papua New Guinea Defense
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 817,000;
about 452,000 fit for military service
Supply: dependent on Australia
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $33.4 million; about 3% of
central government budget
195
Paraguay
S«« rrt'onil m>p IV
Land
406,750 km2; the size of California; 52% for-
est; 24% meadow and pasture; 22% urban,
waste, and other; 2% crop
Land boundaries: 3,444 km
People
Population: 4, 11 9,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Paraguayan(s); adjec-
tive— Paraguayan
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo (Spanish and
Indian), 5% white and Indian
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic; Mennonite
and other Protestant denominations
Language: Spanish (official) and Guarani
Infant mortality rate: 64/1,000(1981)
Life expectancy: 68
Literacy: 81%
Laborforce: 1.1 million (1983 est); 44% agri-
culture; 34% industry and commerce, 18%
services, 4% government; unemployment
rate 15% (1984)
Organized labor: about 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Paraguay
Type: republic; under authoritarian rule
Capital: Asuncion
Political subdivisions: 19 departments and
the national capital
Legal system: based on Argentine codes,
Roman law, and French codes; constitution
promulgated 1967; judicial review of legisla-
tive acts in Supreme Court; legal education
at National University of Asuncion and
Catholic University of Our Lady of the As-
sumption; does not accept compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
<
National holiday: Independence Day, 14
May
Branches: President heads executive; bicam-
eral legislature (Senate, Chamber of Depu-
ties); judiciary headed by Supreme Court
Government leader: Gen. (Ret.) Alfredo
STROESSNER, President (since May 1954)
Suffrage: universal; compulsory between
ages of 18 and 60
Elections: President and Congress elected
together every five years (last election Feb-
ruary 1983)
Political parties and leaders: Colorado
Party, Juan Ramon Chaves; Authentic Radi-
cal Liberal Party (PLRA), Miguel Angel
Martinez Yaryes; Christian Christian Demo-
cratic Party (PDC), Alfredo Rojas Leon;
Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF),
Fernando Vera; Liberal Party (PL), Joaquin
Burgos; Popular Colorado Movement
(MOPOCO), Waldino Lovera; Radical Lib-
eral Party (PLR), Emilio Forestieri
Voting strength: (February 1983 general
election) 90% Colorado Party, 5.6% Radical
Liberal Party, 3.2% Liberal Party;
Febrerista Party boycotted elections
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and
Miguel Angel Soler faction (both illegal); est.
3,000 to 4,000 party members and sympa-
thizers in Paraguay, very few are hard core;
party in exile is small and deeply divided
Other political or pressure groups: Popular
Colorado Movement (MoPoCo) led by
Epifanio Mendez, in exile; National Accord
includes MoPoCo and Febrerista, Radical
Liberal, and Christian Democratic Parties
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, IRC, ITU, LAIA, OAS, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $4.8 billion (1985), $1,020 per capita,
depending on exchange rate (1984); 7% pub-
lic consumption; 66% private consumption
(1983), 28% gross domestic investment; real
growth rate 1985, 4.5%
Natural resources: iron, manganese, lime-
stone, hydroelectric power, forests
Agriculture: main crops — oilseeds,
soybeans, cotton, wheat, manioc, sweet pota-
toes, tobacco, corn, rice, sugarcane; self-
sufficient in most foods
Major industries: meat packing, oilseed
crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, light
consumer goods, cement, construction
Electric power: 1,675,000 kW capacity
(1985); 1.1 18 billion kWh produced (1985),
280 kWh per capita
Exports: $361.3 million (f.o.b., 1984); cotton,
oilseeds, meat products, tobacco, timber,
coffee, essential oils, tung oil
Imports: $649.1 million (f.o.b., 1984); fuels
and lubricants, machinery and motors, mo-
tor vehicles, beverages and tobacco, food-
stuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 21% Brazil,
14% Netherlands, 12% Argentina, 12% FRG,
9% US, 7% Switzerland, 2% Japan;
imports— 28% Brazil, 19% Argentina, 7%
FRG, 6% US, 5% Japan, 5% UK (1983)
196
Peru
Aid: economic bilateral commitments, US
(FY70-84) $154 million, other Western
countries, ODA and OOF (1970-83), $596
million; military commitments (FY70-84),
US $18 million
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $494 million;
expenditures, $741 million
Monetary conversion rate: 240
guaranies=US$l (January 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge,
470 km various narrow gauge (privately
owned)
Highways: 21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved,
474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earth
Inland waterways: 3, 100 km
Ports: 1 major (Asuncion), 9 minor (all river)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 880 total, 770 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 29 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: principal center in
Asuncion, fair intercity microwave net;
78,300 telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 40
AM, 6 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Paraguayan Army, Paraguayan
Navy, Paraguayan Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 979,000;
778,000 fit for military service; 48,000 reach
military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $76.4 million; 17.2% of
central government budget
500 kr
Land
1,285,216 km (other estimates range as low
as 1,248,380 km); five-sixths the size of
Alaska; 55% forest; 14% meadow and pas-
ture; 2% crop; 29% urban, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 6,131 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 2,4 14 km
People
Population: 20,207,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Peruvian(s); adjective —
Peruvian
Ethnic divisions: 45% Indian; 37% mestizo
(white-Indian); 15% white; 3% black, Japa-
nese, Chinese, and other
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish and Quechua (official),
Aymara
Infant mortality rate: 80/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 56.5
Literacy: est. 80%
Labor force: 4.9 million (1981); 40% govern-
ment and other services, 41% agriculture,
19% industry (1981); unemployment about
10.9% (1984); underemployment 54.2%
Organized labor: about 40% of salaried
workers (1983 est.)
Government
Official name: Republic of Peru
Type: republic
Capital: Lima
Political subdivisions: 24 departments with
limited autonomy plus constitutional Prov-
ince of Callao
Legal system: based on civil law system;
1979 constitution reestablished civilian gov-
ernment with a popularly elected president
and bicameral legislature; legal education at
the National Universities in Lima, Trujillo,
Arequipa, and Cuzco; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 28
July
Branches: executive, judicial, bicameral
legislature (Senate, Chamber of Deputies)
Government leader: Alan GARCIA Perez,
President (since July 1985); Luis ALVA Cas-
tro, Prime Minister (since July 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for president and con-
gress held every five years; election for presi-
dent and congress held 14 April 1985; new
government inaugurated 28 July 1985
Political parties and leaders: American Pop-
ular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Alan
Garcia; United Left (IU), Alfonso Barrantes;
Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya
Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando
Belaunde Terry
Voting strength: (1985 presidential election)
48% APRA, 23% IU, 14% PPC, 5% AP
197
Peru (continued)
Philippines
Communists: Communist Party of Peru
(PCP), pro-Soviet, 2,000; pro-Chinese (2 fac-
tions) 1,200
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC,
ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IDE — Inter-American Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, INTERPOL, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, ISO, ITU, IWC— Inter-
national Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $17 billion (1984), $980 per capita
(1984); 72% private consumption, 15% pub-
lic consumption, 13% gross investment; 1%
net foreign balance (1983); real growth rate
(1985), 2.5%
Natural resources: minerals, metals, petro-
leum, forests, fish
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, potatoes,
beans, rice, barley, coffee, cotton, sugarcane;
imports — wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice,
corn; an illegal producer of coca for the in-
ternational drug trade
Fishing: catch 1.450 million metric tons
(1983); exports— oil, other products, $137
million (1984); meal, $202 million (1982)
Major industries: mining of metals, petro-
leum, fishing, textiles and clothing, food pro-
cessing, cement, auto assembly, steel, ship-
building, metal fabrication
Electric power: 3,720,000 kW capacity
(1985); 13.1 billion kWh produced (1985),
67 IkWh per capita
Exports: $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984); fishmeal,
cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore, gold,
refined silver, lead, zinc, crude petroleum
and byproducts
Imports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); food-
stuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron
and steel semimanufactures, chemicals,
Pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports — 38% US,
20% EC, 11% Japan, 9% Latin America, 4%
UK (1984); imports— 29% US, 22% EC, 17%
Latin America, 7% Japan, 5% FRG (1984)
Budget: 1984 — revenues, $2.7 billion; ex-
penditures, $3.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 13,943 soles=
US$1 (November 1985); new currency, the
inti, has been in circulation since January
1986; 1 inti= 1,000 soles (January 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,876 km total; 1,576 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter
gauge
Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved,
11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km improved
earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable
tributaries of Amazon River system and 208
km Lago Titicaca
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and
natural gas liquids, 64 km
Ports: 7 major, 25 minor
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 246 total, 228 usable; 32 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 25 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 43 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for
most requirements; nationwide radio-relay
system; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations, 12
domestic antennas; 544,000 telephones (2.9
per 100 popl.); 250 AM, 138 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Peruvian Army, Peruvian Navy,
Peruvian Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,843,000;
3,282,000 fit for military service; 188,000
reach military age (20) annually
500km
Philippine
Sea
Mindanao
See regional map IX
Land
300,440 km2; slightly larger than Nevada;
53% forest, 30% arable, 5% pasture, 12%
other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): up to
285 nm, based on limits described in the
Treaty of Paris, 10 December 1898, the US-
Spain Treaty of 7 November 1900, and the
US-UK Treaty of 2 January 1930, are con-
sidered to be the territorial sea (200 nm ex-
clusive economic zone)
Coastline: about 22,540 km
People
Popu/a«on:58,091,000(July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun — Filipino(s); adjective —
Philippine
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay, 4%
Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protes-
tant, 5% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other
Language: Filipino (based on Tagalog) and
English (both official)
Infant mortality rate: 59/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: 64
Literacy: about 88%
198
Labor force: 20.0.61 million (1985 prelim);
47.0% agriculture, 20% industry and com-
merce, 13.5% services, 10.0% government,
9.5% other; 6.2% unemployment rate (1984
prelim.)
Government
Official name: Republic of the Philippines
Type: republic
Capital: Manila (de facto), Quezon City (des-
ignated)
Political subdivisions: 74 provinces and 61
chartered cities
Legal system: based on Spanish, Islamic,
and Anglo-American law; parliamentary
constitution passed 1973; constitution
amended in 1981 to provide for French-
style mixed presidential-parliamentary sys-
tem; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; legal education at Univer-
sity of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila
University, and 71 other law schools; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Independence Day, 12
June
Branches: constitution provides for unicam-
eral legislature (Batasang Pambansa) and a
strong executive branch under President and
Prime Minister; judicial branch headed by
Supreme Court with descending authority in
a three-tiered system of local, regional trial,
and intermediate appellate courts
Government leader: Corazon AQUINO,
President (since February 1986); Salvador
LAUREL, Vice President, Prime Minister,
and Foreign Minister (since February 1986)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory
Elections: presidential election held on 7
February 1986; Ferdinand Marcos initially
declared winner; following civil unrest and
military rebellion, he left office and Aquino
assumed presidency; provincial and legisla-
tive elections may be scheduled for late 1986
Political parties: national parties are New
Society Movement (KBL); United National-
ist Democratic Organization (UNIDO); and
the Liberals, Nacionalistas, and PDP-Laban;
prominent regional parties include the Mi-
ndanao Alliance and the Pusyon Visaya
Communists: the Communist Party of the
Philippines (CPP) controls about 16,000 full-
time insurgents; not recognized as legal
party; a second Communist party, the pro-
Soviet Philippine Communist Party (PKP),
has quasi-legal status
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Co-
lombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $33.590 billion (1985 prelim.), $590
per capita; —3.8% real growth, 1985 prelim.
Natural resources: timber, petroleum,
nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, gold
Agriculture: main crops — rice, corn, coco-
nut, sugarcane, bananas, abaca, tobacco
Fishing: catch 1.8 million metric tons (1982)
Major industries: textiles, Pharmaceuticals,
chemicals, wood products, food processing,
electronics assembly
Electric power: 6,290,000 kW capacity
(1985); 22 billion kWh produced (1985), 387
kWh per capita
Exports: $4.636 billion (f.o.b., 1985 prelim.);
coconut products, sugar, logs and lumber,
copper concentrates, bananas, garments,
nickel, electrical components, gold
Imports: $5.085 billion (f.o.b., 1985 prelim.);
petroleum, industrial equipment, wheat
Major trade partners: (1983) exports— 36%
US, 20% Japan; imports— 23% US, 17% Ja-
pan
Budget: (1984) revenues, $3. 1 billion; expen-
ditures, $2.8 billion, deficit, $0.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: (floating) 18.8
pesos=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 378 km operable (1982); 34% gov-
ernment owned
Highways: 152,800 km total (1980); 27,800
km paved; 73,000 km gravel, crushed stone,
or stabilized soil surface; 52,000 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to
shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
Pipelines: refined products, 357 km
Ports: 10 major, numerous minor
Civil air: approximately 53 major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 331 total, 284 usable; 70 with
permanent-surface runways; 10 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 48 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
radio and submarine cable services; domes-
tic and interisland service adequate; 707,000
telephones (1.28 per 100 popl.); 267 AM sta-
tions, including 6 US; 55 FM stations; 33 TV
stations, including 4 US; submarine cables
extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore,
Taiwan, and Japan; tropospheric-scatter link
to Taiwan; 2 international ground satellite
stations; 11 domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Constab-
ulary— Integrated National Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,553,000; 10,315,000 fit for military ser-
vice; about 610,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Supply: limited small arms and small arms
ammunition, small patrol craft production;
licensed assembly of transport aircraft; most
other materiel obtained from US; naval ships
and equipment from Australia, Japan, Si-
ngapore, US, and FRG; aircraft and helicop-
ters from FRG, US, Italy, Australia, and the
Netherlands
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $569 million; about 15.7%
of central government budget
Pitcairn Islands
Oeno
.. .ADAMSTOWN
Pitcairn
South Pacific Ocean
See rtfionilmap X
Land
47 km2; about one third the size of Washing-
ton, D. C.; Pitcairn (5 km2), plus four unin-
habited islands (Oeno — 5 km2, Ducie — 5
km2, Henderson — 31 km2, Sandy 1 km2);
volcanic, fertile land
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: Pitcairn 10 km; Oeno 5.5 km;
Ducie 8 km; Henderson 26 km; Sandy 1.5
km
People
Population: 62 (July 1986), average annual
growth rate 5.0%
Nationality: noun — Pitcairn Islanders);
adjective — Pitcairn Islander
Ethnic divisions: descendants of "Bounty"
mutineers
Religion: 100% Seventh Day Adventists
Language: English (official); also a Tahitian/
English dialect
Literacy: probably high
Labor force: no business community in the
usual sense; some public works; subsistence
farming and fishing
Government
Official name: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie,
and Oeno Islands
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Adamstown — main settlement
Legal system: Island Court; provisions for a
Supreme Court
Branches: administered locally by Island
Council consisting of four elected island of-
ficers, a secretary, and five nominated mem-
bers
Government leader: Terence D. O'LEARY,
Governor and UK High Commissioner to
New Zealand (since 1982); B. YOUNG, Is-
land Magistrate and Chairman of the Island
Council (since 1985)
Suffrage: 18 years old and 3 years residency
Elections: annual; Island Magistrate elected
for a 3- year term
Communists: none
Economy
GNP: expenditure $NZ91 1,000(1981/82);
bartering important part of life
Natural resources: re-afforestation of miro
trees (used for handicrafts)
Agriculture: local use — citrus, sugarcane,
watermelons, bananas, yams, taro, beans,
pumpkin, coconuts, wild goats, poultry
Fishing: plentiful
Major industries: postage stamp sales
Electric power: 25 kW capacity (1985); .05
million kWh produced (1985), 1,850 kWh
per capita
Exports: fruits, vegetables, curios
Imports: fuel oil, machinery, building mate-
rials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs
Budget: revenue $NZ8 12,639, expenditure
$NZ1, 119,882 (1983/84 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: NZ$1.88=US$1
(5 February 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 6.4 km dirt roads
Ports: boat harbor and jetty at Bounty Bay
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: party line telephone
service on the island; radio station at "Taro
Ground"; diesel generator provides electric-
ity
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
200
Poland
Baltic Sea
See regional map V
not necessarily authoritative
Land
312,612 km2; smaller than New Mexico; 49%
arable, 27% forest, 14% other agricultural,
10% other
Land boundaries: 3,090 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (6 nm contiguous zone claimed in addi-
tion to the territorial sea; 200 nm fishing
zone, with lateral limits based on geographic
coordinates)
Coastline: 491 km
People
Population: 37,546,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.8%
Nationality: noun — Pole(s); adjective — Pol-
ish
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrai-
nian, 0.5% Byelorussian, less than 0.05%
Jewish, 0.2% other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75%
practicing), 5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox,
Protestant, and other
Language: Polish, no significant dialects
Infant mortality rate: 19.3/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy. 71.6
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 17.54 million; 44% industry
and commerce, 30% agriculture, 11% ser-
vices, 8% government (1985)
Organized labor: new government trade
unions formed following dissolution of Soli-
darity and all government unions in October
1982
Government
Official name: Polish People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Warsaw
Political subdivisions: 49 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Continental
(Napoleonic) civil law and Communist legal
theory; constitution adopted 1952; court
system parallels administrative divisions
with Supreme Court, composed of 104 jus-
tices, at apex; no judicial review of legisla-
tive acts; legal education at seven law
schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day,
22 July
Branches: unicameral legislature (Sejm),
executive, judicial system dominated by
parallel Communist party apparatus
Government leaders: Zbigniew MESSNER,
Chairman of Council of Ministers (Premier;
since November 1985); Army Gen. Wojciech
JARUZELSKI, Chairman of Council of
State (President; since November 1985)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: parliamentary and local govern-
ment every four years; last election held Oc-
tober 1985
Political party and leader: Polish United
(Communist) Workers' Party (PZPR), Wojci-
ech Jaruzelski, First Secretary (since October
1981)
Voting strength: (March 1985 election)
78.86% voted for Communist-approved can-
didates
Communists: 2.2 million (1984)
Other political or pressure groups: United
Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic Party (SD);
powerful Roman Catholic Church, Patriotic
Movement of National Rebirth (PRON)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
ICAO, ICES, IHO, ILO, Indochina Truce
Commission, IMO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, Ko-
rea Truce Commission, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, Warsaw Pact, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $228.5 billion in 1984 (1984 dollars),
$6,190 per capita; 1984 growth rate 3.4%
Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, nat-
ural gas, silver
Agriculture: self-sufficient for minimum
requirements; main crops — grain, sugar
beets, oilseed, potatoes, exporter of livestock
products and sugar; importer of grains
Fishing: catch 672,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: machinebuilding, iron
and steel, extractive industries, chemicals,
shipbuilding, food processing
Crude steel: 16.5 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), about 445 kg. per capita
Electric power: 30,020,000 kW capacity
(1985); 143.5 billion kWh produced (1985),
3,854 kWh per capita
Exports: $17.448 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 47.8%
machinery and equipment; 29.2% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 11.8% manufactured
consumer goods, 8.5% agricultural and for-
estry products; 2.7% other (1984)
Imports: $16.197 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 27.2%
machinery and equipment; 41.0% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 14.0% agricultural and
forestry products; 10.0% manufactured con-
sumer goods, 7.8% other (1984)
201
Poland (continued)
Portugal
Major trade partners: $32.726 billion
(1984); 66% with Communist countries, 24%
with West, 10% with less developed coun-
tries
Monetary conversion rate: 148ztotys=US$l
(December 1985)
Fiscal i/ear. calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 27,176 km total; 23,969 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 397 km 1.524-meter
broad gauge, 2,810 km narrow gauge; 8,843
km double track; 8,307 km electrified; gov-
ernment owned (1984)
Highways: 254,000 km total; 57,353 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 97,561 km
crushed stone, gravel; 99,086 km earth
(1983)
Inland waterways: 4,017 km navigable riv-
ers and canals (1984)
Pipelines: 4,500 km for natural gas; 1,986
km for crude oil (1984); 322 km for refined
products
Freight carried: rail — 425.5 million metric
tons, 123.5 billion metric ton/km (1985);
highway — 1,420 million metric tons, 36.5
billion metric ton/km (1985); inland water-
way— 15.45 million metric tons, 1.44 billion
metric ton/km (1985); ocean— 193.4 billion
metric ton/km (1985)
Ports: 4 major (Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin,
Swinoujscie), 12 minor (1979); principal in-
land waterway ports are Gliwice, Wroclaw,
and Warsaw (1979)
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, National Air De-
fense Forces, Air Force Command, Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,392,000;
7,454,000 fit for military service; 258,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, 307 billion
ztotys; 7.7% of total budget
_8«i»J* Azores and Madeira
j Islands are not shown
S« regional map Vtnd VII
Land
Portugal, 92,082 km2, including the Azores
and Madeira Islands; slightly smaller than
Indiana; 49% arable; 31% forest; 6%
meadow and pasture; 14% waste, urban,
inland water, or other
Land boundaries: 1,207 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 860 km; excludes Azores (708 km)
and Madeira Islands (225 km)
People
Population: 10,095,000 (July 1986), includ-
ing the Azores and Madeira Islands; average
annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Portuguese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Portuguese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterra-
nean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira
Islands; citizens of black African descent
who immigrated to mainland during de-
colonization number less than 100,000
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protes-
tant sects, 2% other
Language: Portuguese
Infant mortality rate: 19.8/1,000(1982)
Life expectancy: 71
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 4.5 million (1984); 37% services,
36% industry, 27% agriculture; unemploy-
ment, 10.6% (December 1984)
Organized labor: about 45% of Portuguese
labor is organized; the Communist-
dominated General Confederation of Portu-
guese Workers — Intersindical (CGTP-IN)
represents about half of the unionized labor
force; its main competition, the General
Workers Union (UGT), is organized by the
Socialists and Social Democrats and repre-
sents a little less than half of unionized labor
Government
Official name: Portuguese Republic
Type: republic, first government under new
constitution formed July 1976
Capital: Lisbon
Political subdivisions: 18 districts in main-
land Portugal; Portugal's two autonomous
regions, the Azores and Madeira Islands,
have 4 districts (3 of them in the Azores);
Macau, Portugal's remaining overseas terri-
tory, was granted broad executive and legis-
lative autonomy in February 1976; Portugal
has not officially recognized the unilateral
annexation of Portuguese Timor by Indone-
Legal system: civil law system; constitution
adopted April 1976 and revised October
1982; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews
the constitutionality of legislation; legal edu-
cation at Universities of Lisbon and Coim-
bra; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: 25 April
Branches: executive with President and
Prime Minister; unicameral legislature (pop-
ularly elected 250-seat Assembly of the Re-
public); independent judiciary
202
Government leaders: Mario SCARES, Presi-
dent (since March 1986); Anibal Cavaco
SILVA, Prime Minister (since November
1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections for Assembly of
the Republic normally to be held every four
years; Assembly elections held October
1985; national election for President to be
held every five years (scheduled for 29 Janu-
ary 1986), second constitutional president
elected in December 1980; local elections to
be held every three years, last elections in
December 1985
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic Party (PSD), Anibal Cavaco Silva; Por-
tuguese Socialist Party (PS), Mario Scares;
Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Her-
minio Martinho; Portuguese Communist
Party (PCP), Alvaro Cunhal; Social Demo-
cratic Center (CDS), Adriano Moreira
Voting strength: (1985 parliamentary elec-
tion) Social Democrats, 29.87%; Socialists,
20.77%; Democratic Renewal, 17.92%;
Communists (in a front coalition called the
United Peoples Alliance— APU), 15.49%;
Center Democrats, 9.96% (1985 local elec-
tions) PSD, 34.02%; PS, 27.39%; APU,
19.44%; CDS, 9.7%; PRD, 4.74% (unofficial
results)
Communists: Portuguese Communist Party
claims membership of 200,753 (December
1983)
Member of: Council of Europe, EC, EFTA,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC— Internationa]
Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GNP: $19.2 billion (1984); 15% government
consumption, 71% private consumption;
23% fixed capital formation; —0.7% change
in stocks; —8% net exports; real growth rate
-1.7% (1984)
Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), tung-
sten, iron, uranium ores
Agriculture: generally underdeveloped;
main crops — grains, potatoes, olives, grapes
for wine; deficit foods — sugar, grain, meat,
fish, oilseed
Fishing: catch 243,423 metric tons (1984)
Major industries: textiles and footwear;
wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking;
oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine
Crude steel: 690,675 tons produced (1983),
69 kg per capita
Electric power: 5,124,000 kW capacity
(1985); 16.829 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,675 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); principal
items — cotton textiles, cork and cork prod-
ucts, canned fish, wine, timber and timber
products, resin, machinery, and appliances
Imports: $7.8 billion (c.i.f., 1984); principal
items — petroleum, cotton, industrial ma-
chinery, iron and steel, chemicals
Major trade partners: 58% EC, 9% US, 2%
Communist countries, 18% other developed
countries, 11% less developed countries
Aid: economic authorizations — US, includ-
ing Ex-Im, $1.5 billion (FY70-84); other
Western countries (ODA and OOF), $749
million (1970-82); military authorizations —
US, $475 million (FY70-84)
Budget: (1984) expenditures, $7.0 billion;
revenues, $4.5 billion; deficit, $2.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 163.31
escudos=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,630 km total: state-owned Por-
tuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km
1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and
426 km double track), 760 km 1.000-meter
gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electri-
fied, double, nongovernment owned
Highways: 57,499 km total; 49,537 km
paved (bituminous, gravel, and crushed
stone), including 140 km of limited-access
divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth;
plus an additional 4,100 km of unimproved
earth roads (motorable tracks)
Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; rela-
tively unimportant to national economy,
used by shallow-draft craft limited to 297-
metric-ton cargo capacity
Pipelines: crude oil, 1 1 km
Ports: 1 major, 34 minor
Civil air: 34 major transport aircraft
Airfields (including Azores and Madeira
Islands): 69 total, 66 usable; 35 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 9 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are gener-
ally adequate; 1.68 million telephones (16. 6
per 100 popl.); 50 AM, 52 FM, 66 TV sta-
tions; 6 submarine cables; 3 Atlantic Ocean
satellite antennas (on mainland and Azores)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,430,000;
1,989,000 fit for military service; 90,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $652 million; about 10% of
central government budget
203
Qatar
Hawar Islands ar
disputed betwee
Bahrain and Oat,
Persian
Gulf
S« regional map VI
Land
About 1 1 ,000 km2; smaller than Connecti-
cut; negligible forest; mostly desert, waste,
or urban
Land boundaries: 56 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(exclusive economic zone to median line)
Coastline: 563 km
People
Population: 305,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 4.2%
Nationality: noun — Qatari(s); adjective —
Qatar!
Ethnic divisions: 40% Arab, 18% Pakistani,
18% Indian, 10% Iranian
Religion: 95% Muslim
Language: Arabic (official); English is com-
monly used as second language
Life expectancy: 72
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 104,000(1983); 85% non-Qatari
in private sector
Government
Official name: State of Qatar
Type: traditional monarchy; independence
declared in 1971
Capital: Doha
Legal system: discretionary system of law
controlled by the ruler, although civil codes
are being implemented; Islamic law is signif-
icant in personal matters; a constitution was
promulgated in 1970
National holiday: Independence Day, 3
September
Branches: executive — Amir and Council of
Ministers; legislature — State Advisory Coun-
cil
Government leader: Khalifa bin Hamad Al
THANI, Amir and Prime Minister (since
February 1972)
Suffrage: no specific provisions for suffrage
laid down
Elections: constitution calls for elections for
part of State Advisory Council, a consulta-
tive body, but no elections have been held
Political parties and leaders: none
Other political or pressure groups: a few
small clandestine organizations are active
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT(de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO,
IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $7.6 billion (1983); $27,000 per capita
(1983)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
fish
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small
scale; commercial fishing increasing in im-
portance; most food imported; rice and dates
staple diet
Major industries: oil production and re-
fining; crude oil production averaged
399,000 b/d (1984); oil revenues accrued
$3. 1 billion (est.) in FY85, representing 95%
of government revenue
Electric power: capacity 1 ,304,200 kW
(1985); 4.569 billion kWh produced (1985),
15,650 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984), of which
petroleum accounted for $4.2 billion
Imports: $1.0 billion (c.i.f., 1984)
Budget: (FY85) revenues, $2.7 billion; ex-
penditures, $4.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.64 Qatar
riyals=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 840 km total; 490 km bitumi-
nous; 350 km gravel; undetermined mileage
of earth tracks
Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas,
400km
Ports: 2 major (Doha, Musay'ld), 1 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern system cen-
tered in Doha; 96,000 telephones (37 per 100
popl.); 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station; 1 Arab satellite station un-
der construction; tropospheric scatter to
Bahrain; radio-relay to Saudi Arabia; sub-
marine cable to Bahrain and UAE; 2 AM, 1
FM, 3 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Sea Arm, Air Force, Police
Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 130,000;
70,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1978, $157 million; 7.3% of cen-
tral government budget
204
Reunion
Indian Ocean
See regional map VII
Land
2,512 km2; about three times the size of New
York City; two-thirds of island extremely
rugged, consisting of volcanic mountains;
48,600 hectares (less than one-fifth of the
land) under cultivation
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 201 km
People
Population: 539,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Reunionese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Reunionese
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of
thoroughly intermixed ancestry of French,
African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and
Indian origin
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic
Language: French (official); Creole widely
used
Literacy: over 80% among younger genera-
tion
Labor force: primarily agricultural workers;
high seasonal unemployment
Government
Official name: Department of Reunion
Type: overseas department of France; repre-
sented in French Parliament by three depu-
ties and two senators
Capital: Saint-Denis
Legal system: French law
Branches: Reunion is administered by a Pre-
fect appointed by the French Minister of
Interior, assisted by a Secretary General and
an elected 36-man General Council; in 1974
France created an elected 45-member Re-
gional Assembly to coordinate economic and
social development policies; in 1981 both the
General Council and the Regional Assembly
received greater authority for fiscal policy
Government leader: Michel BLANGY,
Commissioner of the Republic (since Febru-
ary 1984)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last municipal and General Coun-
cil elections in 1983; parliamentary election
June 1981; Regional Assembly election Feb-
ruary 1983
Political parties and leaders: Reunion Com-
munist Party (RCP), Paul Verges; Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Reunion,
Georges Sinamale; other political candidates
affiliated with metropolitan French parties,
which do not maintain permanent organiza-
tions on Reunion
Voting strength: (parliamentary election
1981) Union for French Democracy - Rally
for the Republic coalition elected two depu-
ties; the Socialists elected one; in the 1983
Regional Assembly election, leftist parties
received 45.7% of the vote
Communists: Communist Party small but
has support among sugarcane cutters and the
minuscule Popular Movement for the Liber-
ation of Reunion (MPLR)and in Le Port
District
Member of: WFTU
Economy
Agriculture: cash crops — almost entirely
sugarcane, small amounts of vanilla and per-
fume plants; food crops — tropical fruit and
vegetables, manioc, bananas, corn, market
garden produce, some tea, tobacco, and
coffee; food crop inadequate, most food
needs imported
Major industries: 12 sugar processing mills,
rum distilling plants, cigarette factory, 2 tea
plants, fruit juice plant, canning factory, a
slaughterhouse, and several small shops pro-
ducing handicraft items
Electric power: 180,000 kW capacity (1985);
551 million kWh produced (1985), 1,026
kWh per capita
Exports: $128 million (f.o.b., 1980); 90%
sugar, 5% rum and molasses, 4% perfume
essences, 1% vanilla and tea
Imports: $871 million (c.i.f., 1980); manu-
factured goods, food, beverages, tobacco,
machinery and transportation equipment,
raw materials, and petroleum products
Major trade partners: France and Mauritius
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-81), $4.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.974 French
francs=US$l (31 October 1983)
Fiscal year: probably calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved,
600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
earth
Ports: 1 major (Port de la Pointe des Galets
at Le Port)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
205
Reunion (continued)
Romania
Telecommunications: adequate system for
needs; modern open- wire line and radio-
relay network; principal center Saint-Denis;
radiocommunication to Comoros Islands,
France, Madagascar; new radio-relay route
to Mauritius; 71,500 telephones (14.0 per
100 popl.); 2 AM, 9 FM stations; 1 TV station
with 17 relay transmitters; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 156,000;
81,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach
military age ( 1 8) annually
200 fcm
See regional mip V
Land
237,499 km2; slightly smaller than Oregon;
44% arable, 27% forest, 19% other agricul-
tural, 10% other
Land boundary: 2,969 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: 225 km
People
Population: 22,830,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Romanian(s); adjec-
tive— Romanian
Ethnic divisions: 88.1% Romanian; 7.9%
Hungarian; 1.6% German; 2.4% Ukrainian,
Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy
Religion: 80% Romanian Orthodox; 6% Ro-
man Catholic; 4% Calvinist, Lutheran, Jew-
ish, Baptist
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
Infant mortality rate: 23.9/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 69.3, women 71.8
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 10.5 million (1983); 37.8% in-
dustry, 29.2% agriculture, 33.0% other non-
agricultural (1983)
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of Roma-
Type: Communist state
Capital: Bucharest
Political subdivisions: 40 counties; city of
Bucharest has administrative status equal to
a county
Legal system: mixture of civil law system
and Communist legal theory that increas-
ingly reflects Romanian traditions; constitu-
tion adopted 1965; legal education at Uni-
versity of Bucharest and two other law
schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 23
August
Branches: Presidency; Council of Ministers;
Grand National Assembly, under which is
Office of Prosecutor General and Supreme
Court; Council of State
Government leaders: Nicolae
CEAUS. ESCU, President of the Socialist Re-
public (head of state; since 1967); Constantin
DASCALESCU, Prime Minister (since May
1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: elections held every five years for
Grand National Assembly deputies and local
people's councils; last election held March
1985
Political parties and leaders: Communist
Party of Romania only functioning party,
Nicolae Ceausescu, Secretary General (since
March 1965)
Voting strength: (1985 election) overall par-
ticipation reached 99.99%; of those regis-
tered to vote (15,733,060), 97.73% voted for
party candidates
206
Rwanda
Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $1 17.6 billion in 1984 (1984 dollars),
$5,200 per capita; 1984 real growth rate,
4.3%
Natural resources: oil, timber, natural gas,
coal
Agriculture: net exporter; main crops —
corn, wheat, oilseed; livestock — cattle, hogs,
sheep; consumer and food supplies weak
Fishing: catch 244,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: mining, forestry, con-
struction materials, metal production and
processing, chemicals, machine-building,
food processing
Shortages: energy, iron ore, coking coal,
metallurgical coke, cotton fibers, natural
rubber
Crude steel: 14.4 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 635 kg per capita
Electric power: 18,768,000 kW capacity
(1985); 76.313 billion kWh produced (1985),
3,35 IkWh per capita
Exports: $12.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 32.0%
machinery and equipment; 28.0% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 16.0% manufactured
consumer goods; 12.0% agricultural materi-
als and forestry products; 12.0% other (1984)
Imports: $10.3 billion (f.o.b. 1984); 24.7%
machinery and equipment; 52.6% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 10.8% agricultural and
forestry products; 4.2% manufactured con-
sumer goods; 7.7% other (1984)
Major trade partners: $23.0 billion in 1984;
48% non-Communist countries, 52% Com-
munist countries (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 17.1 lei=US$l
(September 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1 1,106 km total; 10,589 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 472 km narrow
gauge, 45km broad gauge; 3, 113 km electri-
fied, 2,642 km double track; government
owned (1983)
Highways: 73,369 km total; 29,233 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 38,880 km as-
phalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 5,256
km other (1983)
Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)
Pipelines: 2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km re-
fined products; 6,400 km natural gas
Freight carried: rail — 270.5 million metric
tons (1985), 72.3 billion metric ton/km
(1983); highway— 469.2 million metric tons
(1983), 8.3 billion metric ton/km (1983); wa-
terway—14.6 million metric tons (1983), 2.3
billion metric ton/km (1983)
Ports: 4 major (Constanta, Galati, Braila,
Mangalia), 7 minor; principal inland water-
way ports are Giurgiu, Turnu Severin, and
Or$ova
Defense Forces
Branches: Romanian People's Army, Secu-
rity Troops; Patriotic Guard, Air and Air
Defense Forces, Romanian Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,630,000;
4,758,000 fit for military service; 202,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, 12.3 billion lei;
about 3.4% of total budget
50km
Kagiliimba
Lac
Kivu
See regional map VII
Land
26,338 km2; the size of Maryland; almost all
arable land; about 33% cultivated; about
33% pasture; 9% forest
Land boundaries: 877 km
People
Population: 6, 489,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.8%
Nationality: noun — Rwandan(s);
adjective — Rwandan
Ethnic divisions: 85% Hutu, 14% Tutsi, 1%
Twa (Pygmoid)
Religion: 65% Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1%
Muslim, rest indigenous beliefs
Language: Kinyarwanda, French (official);
Kiswahili used in commercial centers
Infant mortality rate: 102/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: 48
Literacy: 37%
Labor force: 3.6 million (1985); 92% agricul-
ture, 2% industry and commerce, 7% gov-
ernment and services
Government
Official name: Republic of Rwanda
207
Rwanda (continued)
Type: republic; presidential system in which
military leaders hold key offices; new consti-
tution adopted 17 December 1978
Capital: Kigali
Political subdivisions: 10 prefectures, subdi-
vided into 143 communes
Legal system: based on German and Belgian
civil law systems and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 1 July
Branches: executive (President, 16-member
Cabinet); unicameral legislative (National
Development Council); judiciary (4 senior
courts, magistrates)
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Juvenal
HABYARIMANA, President and Head of
State (since 1973)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: national elections, including con-
stitutional referendum and presidential
plebiscite, held December 1978; National
Development Council elected and President
reelected in December 1983
Political parties and leaders: National Revo-
lutionary Movement for Development
(MRND), General Habyarimana (officially a
"development movement," not a party)
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, KAMA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.6 billion (1984), $257 per capita;
real growth rate (1984 est), 5.5%
Natural resources: gold, cassiterite,
wolframite
Agriculture: cash crops — mainly coffee, tea,
some pyrethrum; main food crops —
bananas, cassava; stock raising; self-
sufficiency declining; country imports
foodstuffs
Major industries: mining of cassiterite (tin
ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin fac-
tory, cement factory, agricultural process-
ing, and production of beer, soft drinks,
soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles,
cigarettes
Electric power: 42,000 kW capacity (1985);
1 10 million kWh produced (1985), 17 kWh
per capita
Exports: $147.9 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.);
mainly coffee, tea, cassiterite, wolframite,
pyrethrum
Imports: $204.9 million (c.i.f., 1984 est.);
textiles, foodstuffs, machines, equipment,
capital goods, steel, petroleum products,
cement and construction material
Major trade partners: US, Belgium, FRG,
Kenya
External debt: $225 million (1983), external
debt ratio 4.5% (1983)
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $161.5 million;
current expenditures, $164.3 million; devel-
opment expenditures, $30.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 100.96 Rwanda
francs=US$l (August 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,000 km total; 460 km paved,
1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth,
2,700 km unimproved
Inland waterways: Lake Kivu navigable by
shallow draft barges and native craft
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system with low-
capacity radio-relay system centered on
Kigali; 4,600 telephones (0.1 per 100popl.);2
AM, 5 FM, no TV stations; SYMPHONIE
satellite station, 1 Indian Ocean satellite sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, paramilitary, Gendar-
merie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,386,000;
702,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $34.4 million; 14% of cen-
tral government budget
208
St. Christopher and Nevis
10 km
«ndy Point TownV Saint
\Christopher
Caribbean Sea
Set refloni) map III
Land
261 km2; about one-third the size of New
York City; 40% arable, 33% waste and built
on, 17% forest, 10% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 135 km
People
Population: 40,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate — 1.2%
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent
Nationality: noun — Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s);
adjective — Kittsian, Nevisian
Religion: Anglican, other Protestant sects,
Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 20,000 (1981)
Organized labor: 6,700
Government
Official name: Federation of St. Christopher
and Nevis
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of
State
Capital: Basseterre, St. Christopher; Charl-
estown, Nevis
Political subdivisions: 11 districts
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial
organ is Court of Appeal of Leeward and
Windward Islands
Branches: legislative, 11 -member popularly
elected House of Assembly; executive, Cabi-
net headed by Prime Minister; separate
Nevis Island Legislature and Nevis Island
Assembly headed by Premier
Government leaders: Dr. Kennedy
AlphonseSIMMONDS, Prime Minister
(since 1980); Sir Clement ARRINDELL,
Governor General (since 1981)
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: at least every five years; last elec-
tion held June 1984
Political parties and leaders: St. Christopher
and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Lee
Moore; People's Action Movement (PAM),
Kennedy Simmonds; Nevis Reformation
Party (NRP), Simeon Daniel
Voting strength: (June 1984 election) House
of Assembly— PAM, 6 seats; SKNLP, 2 seats;
NRP, 3 seats
Communists: none known
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, IBRD, IMF, ISO, OAS, UN
Economy
GNP. $61.9 million (1983), $820 per capita;
4.1% real growth in 1984
Agriculture: main crops — sugar on St. Chris-
topher, cotton on Nevis
Major industries: sugar processing, tourism,
cotton, salt, copra
Electric power: 12,000 kW capacity (1985);
32 million kWh produced (1985), 780 kWh
per capita
Exports: $30.6 million (1983); sugar
Imports: $47.3 million (1983); foodstuffs,
manufactures, fuel
Major trade partners: exports — 50% US,
35% UK; imports— 219? UK, 17% Japan,
11% US (1973)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments,
including Ex-Im, from Western (non-US)
countries (1970-81), $15 million; no military
aid
Budget: (1982) revenues, $19 million; expen-
ditures, $26 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$l (December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 58 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge
on St. Christopher for sugarcane
Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125
km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved
earth
Ports: 1 major — Basseterre, St. Christopher,
and 1 minor — Charlestown, Nevis
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: good interisland
VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and
international link via Antigua and Barbuda
and St. Martin; about 2,400 telephones (5.0
per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 4 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Christopher and Nevis
Police Force
209
St. Helena
See regional map V II
Land
122 km2 St. Helena; smaller than Washing-
ton, D. C.; 88 km2 Ascension Island; 104 km2
Tristan da Cunha; 243 hectares cultivable
land; islands are of volcanic origin and in-
clude St. Helena, Ascension Island (no wa-
ter), and the Tristan da Cunha island group
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: about 60 km
People
Population: 7,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — St. Helenian(s); adjec-
tive— St. Helenian
Religion: Anglican majority; also Baptist,
Seventh Day Adventist, and Roman Catho-
lic
Language: English
Infant mortality rate: 22.37/1,000(1982)
Literacy: probably high
Labor force: large proportifrom employed
overseas, particularly on Ascension
Organized labor: St. Helena General
Workers' Union, 472 members; 10% profes-
sional and technical, 9% mangement and
clerical, 5% sales, 9% farming and fishing,
6% transport, 17% crafts, 10% service, 1%
security, and 33% other
1
Government
Official name: St. Helena
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Jamestown
Political subdivisions: Ascension and
Triston da Cunha are dependencies of St.
Helena
Legal system: Constitution in effect since
1967; Supreme Court
Branches: Executive Council, 12-member
elected Legislative Council
Government leader: Francis BAKER, Gov-
ernor and Commander in Chief (since 1984)
Elections: general elections held in October
1984
Political parties and leaders: St. Helena La-
bor Party, G. A. O. Thornton; St. Helena
Progressive Party, leader unknown
Voting strength: both political parties inac-
tive since 1976
Communists: probably none
Economy
Natural resources: Ascension — sea turtle
and sooty tern breeding ground; no minerals
Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables;
timber production being developed;
crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha
Fishing: 453 metric ton catch (1982)
Major industries: crafts (furniture,
lacework, fancy woodwork)
Electric power: 1 ,700 kW capacity (1985); 3
million kWh produced (1985), 428 kWh per
capita
Exports: fish (frozen skipjack, tuna, salt-
dried skipjack), handicrafts
Imports: food, drink, tobacco, fuel oils, ani-
mal feed, building materials, motor vehicles
and parts, machinery and parts (198 1/82)
Major trade partners: imports — 59% UK,
29% South Africa
Aid: development aid from UK — 8 million
pounds sterling (1982 est.)
Budget: revenue, 5,656,518 pounds sterling;
expenditure, 5,681,933 pounds sterling
(1981/82)
Monetary conversion rate: UK currency; 1
pound sterling=US$1.235
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 87 km bitumen sealed roads, 20
km earth roads on St. Helena; 80 km sealed
on Ascension; 2.7 km sealed on Tristan da
Cunha
Ports: Jamestown on St. Helena, George-
town on Ascension, and St. James Bay
Airfields: none on St. Helena; airstrip
(Miracle Miles) near Georgetown on Ascen-
sion; 1 permanent-surface runway
2,440-3,659 on Tristan da Cunha
Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers;
no television service; wireless service to
Cape Town and Ascension; telephones 310
(1982); coaxial cable relay point between
South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom; United Kingdom Royal Air Force
and United States NASA bases on Ascension
Military manpower: St. Helena Constabu-
lary
210
St. Lucia
Caribbean
Sea
ux Fort
See regional map III
Land
619 km2; about one-fifth the size of Rhode
Island; 50% arable, 23% wasteland and built
on, 19% forest, 5% unused but potentially
productive, 3% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 158 km
People
Population: 123,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1 . 1 %
Nationality: noun — St. Lucian(s); adjec-
tive— St. Lucian
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% African descent,
5.5% mixed, 3.2% East Indian, 0.8% Cauca-
sian
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 7% Protes-
tant, 3% Church of England
Language: English (official), French patois
Infant mortality rate: 27.4/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 68.3, women 72.4
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: 43,800 (1983 est.); 43.4% agri-
culture, 38.9% services, 17.7% industry and
commerce; 30% unemployment (1984)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
Government
Official name: St. Lucia
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of
State
Capital: Castries
Political subdivisions: 16 parishes
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial
body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and
Windward Islands
Branches: bicameral legislative (Senate,
House of Assembly); executive, Cabinet
headed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: John G. M. COM-
PTON, Prime Minister (since February
1975); Sir Allen LEWIS, Governor General
(since December 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Elections: every five years; last election held
May 1982
Political parties and leaders: United
Workers' Party (UWP), John Compton; St.
Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian Hunte; Pro-
gressive Labor Party (PLP), George Odium
Voting strength: (1982 election) House of
Assembly— UWP, 14 seats; SLP, 2 seats;
PLP, 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IRRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, NAM, OAS, PAHO, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP. $148.1 million (1984), $1,105 per cap-
ita; 5.0% real GDP growth (1984)
Natural resources: forests, beaches, minerals
(pumice), mineral springs
Agriculture: main crops — bananas, coco-
nuts, sugar, cocoa, spices
Major industries: garments, electronic com-
ponents, beverages, corrugated boxes, tour-
ism, lime processing, tropical agriculture
Shortages: food, machinery, capital goods
Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1985);
75 million kWh produced (1985), 615 kWh
per capita
Exports: $49.7 million (f.o.b., 1983);
bananas, cocoa
Imports: $106.8 million (c.i.f., 1983); food-
stuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers,
petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports — 58% UK,
16% US, 24% CARICOM; impcrts— 37%
US, 13% UK, 17% CARICOM, 9% Trinidad
and Tobago (1984 est.)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments,
ODA and OOF, Western (non-US) countries
(1970-81), $34 million; no military aid
Budget: (FY84) revenues, $61 million; ex-
penditures, $64 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$l (December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260
km otherwise improved
Ports: 1 major (Castries), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: fully automatic tele-
phone system with 9,500 telephones (8.0 per
100 popl.); direct radio-relay link with Mar-
tinique and St. Vincent and the Grenadines;
interisland troposcatter link to Barbados; 3
AM stations, 1 cable TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Lucia Police Force
211
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines
Chateaubelaijj
/ '(Georgetown
Saint
Caribbean
Sea
Union Island
Set regional map III
Land
389 km2 (including northern Grenadines);
about twice the size of Washington, D. C.;
50% arable, 44% forest, 3% pasture, 3%
waste and built on
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 84 km
People
Population: 103,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — St. Vincentian(s) or
Vincentian(s); adjectives — St. Vincentian or
Vincentian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent; remainder mixed, with some white,
East Indian, Carib Indian
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Cath-
olic
Language: English, some French patois
Literacy: 82%
Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.); about 40%
unemployed (1984)
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
Government
Official name: St. Vincent and the Grena-
dines
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of
State
Capital: Kingstown
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial
body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and
Windward Islands
Branches: bicameral legislature (13-member
elected House of Representatives and
6-member appointed Senate), judiciary (Su-
preme Court)
Government leaders: James "Son" MITCH-
ELL, Prime Minister (since 1984); Sir Joseph
EUSTACE, Governor General (since Febru-
ary 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: every five years; last held 18 July
1984
Political parties and leaders: New Demo-
cratic Party (NDP), James "Son" Mitchell;
St. Vincent Labor Party (SVLP), Hudson
Tannis; United People's Movement (UPM),
Renwick Rose and Oscar Allen; Movement
for National Unity (MNU), Ralph Gonsalves
Voting strength: (1984 election) House of
Assembly— NDP, 9 seats; SVLP, 4 seats
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF,
IMO, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO
Economy
GNP: $88.9 million (1983), $781 per capita;
3% real growth in 1984
Agriculture: bananas, arrowroot
Major industries: food processing
Electric power: 16,000 kW capacity (1985);
32 million kWh produced (1985), 314 kWh
per capita
Exports: $42.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 prelim.);
bananas, arrowroot, copra
Imports: $71.4 million (c.i.f., 1983 prelim.);
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment,
chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels
Major trade partners: exports — 32% UK,
57% CARICOM, 34% Trinidad and Tobago
(1983); imports 11% UK, 33% US, 32%
CARICOM, 24% Trinidad and Tobago, 6%
Canada (1983 est.)
Aid: economic — bilateral economic commit-
ments, ODA and OOF, from Western (non-
US) countries (1970-81), $25 million; no mili-
tary aid
Budget: (1984) revenues, $32 million; expen-
ditures, $32 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$l (December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 1,000 km total; 300 km
paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unim-
proved
Ports: 1 major (Kingstown), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: islandwide fully au-
tomatic telephone system with 6,500 sets (4.6
per 100 pop!.); VHF/UHF interisland links
to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF
links to Grenada and St. Lucia; 2 AM sta-
tions
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Vincent and the Gre-
nadines Police Force
212
San Marino
S«r regional map V
Land
62 km2; about one-third the size of Washing-
ton, D. C.; 74% cultivated, 22% meadow and
pasture, 4% built on
Land boundaries: 34 km
People
Population: 23,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Sanmarinese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Sanmarinese
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian
Infant mortality rate: 9.6/1,000 (1983)
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: appro*. 4,300
Organized labor: Democratic Federation of
Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with
ICFTU) has about 1,800 members;
Communist-dominated General Federation
of Labor, 1,400 members
Government
Official name: Republic of San Marino
Type: republic (dates from 4th century
A.D.); in 1862 the Kingdom of Italy con-
cluded a treaty guaranteeing the indepen-
dence of San Marino; although legally
sovereign, San Marino is vulnerable to pres-
sure from the Italian Government
Capital: San Marino
Political subdivisions: San Marino is divided
into 9 "castles" — Acquaviva, Borgo Maggi-
ore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano,
Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino,
Serravalle
Legal system: based on civil law system with
Italian law influences; electoral law of 1926
serves some of the functions of a constitu-
tion; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Liber-
ation of the Republic, 5 February
Branches: the Grand and General Council is
the legislative body elected by popular vote;
its 60 members serve five-year terms; Coun-
cil in turn elects two Captains-Regent who
exercise executive power for term of six
months, the Congress of State whose mem-
bers head government administrative de-
partments, and the Council of Twelve, the
supreme judicial body; actual executive
power is wielded by the Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of
State for Internal Affairs
Government leaders: Giordano Bruno RE-
FFI (Socialist), Secretary of State for Foreign
and Political Affairs and for Information
(since July 1978); Alvaro SELVA (Commu-
nist), Secretary of State for Internal Affairs
and Justice (since July 1978); Dr. Emilio DE-
LLA BALDA (Unitary Socialist), Secretary
of State for Budget, Finance, and Planning
(since July 1978)
Suffrage: universal (since 1960)
Elections: elections to the Grand and Gen-
eral Council required at least every five
years; last election was held 29 May 1983
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Party (DCS), Clara Boscaglia;
Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Alvaro
Casali; Socialist Party (PSS), Remy Giacom-
ini; Communist Party (PCS), Gilberto
Ghiotti; Unitary Socialist Party (PSU), Em-
ilio Delia Hah la; Committee for the Defense
of the Republic (CDR), leader unknown
Voting strength: (1983 election) 42. 1 % DCS,
24.4% PCS, 14.8% PSS, 13.9% PSU, 2.9%
PSDS
Communists: approx. 300 members (num-
ber of sympathizers cannot be determined);
the PCS, in conjunction with the PSS, PSU,
and PSDS, has led the government since
1978
Other political parties or pressure groups:
political parties influenced by policies of
their counterparts in Italy; the two Socialist
parties are not united
Member of: ICJ, International Institute for
Unification of Private Law, International
Relief Union, ITU, IRC, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WTO; observer status in
NAM
Economy
Principal economic activities of San Marino
are farming, livestock raising, light manu-
facturing, and tourism; the largest share of
government revenue is derived from the sale
of postage stamps throughout the world and
from payments by the Italian Government
in exchange for Italy's monopoly in retailing
tobacco, gasoline, and a few other goods;
main problem is finding additional funds to
finance badly needed water and electric
power systems expansions
Natural resources: building stones
Agriculture: principal crops are wheat (av-
erage annual output about 4,400 metric ton-
s/year) and grapes (average annual output
about 700 metric tons/year); other grains,
fruits, vegetables, and animal feedstuffs are
also grown; livestock population numbers
roughly 6,000 cows, oxen, and sheep; cheese
and hides are most important livestock prod-
ucts
Electric power: power supplied by Italy
(1985)
213
San Marino (continued)
Sao Tome and Principe
Manufacturing: consists mainly of cotton
textile production at Serravalle, brick and
tile production at Dogana, cement produc-
tion at Acquaviva, Dogana, and Fiorentino,
and pottery production at Borgo Maggiore;
some tanned hides, paper, candy, baked
goods, Moscato wine, and gold and silver
souvenirs are also produced
Foreign transactions: dominated by tour-
ism; in summer months 20,000 to 30,000
foreigners visit San Marino every day; sev-
eral hotels and restaurants have been built in
recent years to accommodate them; remit-
tances from Sanmarinese abroad also repre-
sent an important net foreign inflow; com-
modity trade consists primarily of exchang-
ing building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,
wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceram-
ics for a wide variety of consumer manufac-
tures
Monetary conversion rate: 1704.0 Italian
lire=US$l (January 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 104 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone
system serving 7,700 telephones (25.7 per
100 popl.); no radiobroadcasting or televi-
sion facilities
I/ha de
Sao Tome
Gulf
of
Guinea
O TOME
Santa Cruz
Pedrts
Jmhosas
See regional map VII
Land
963 km2 (Sao Tome, 855 km2 and Principe,
109 km2; including small islets of Pedras
Tinhosas); slightly larger than New York
City
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone); maritime limits
measured from claimed "archipelagic
baselines," which generally connect the out-
ermost points of outer islands or drying reefs
Coastline: estimated 209 km
People
Population: 108,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Sao Tomean(s); adjec-
tive— Sao Tomean
Ethnic divisions: mestico, angolares (descen-
dents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents
of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers
from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape
Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on
the islands), and Europeans (primarily Por-
tuguese)
Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Prot-
estant, Seventh-Day Adventist
Language: Portuguese (official)
Infant mortality rate: 63/1,000(1983)
Literacy: est. 50%
Labor force: (1981) 21,096; most of popula-
tion engaged in subsistence agriculture and
fishing; some unemployment; labor short-
ages on plantations and for skilled work
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of Sao
Tome and Principe
Type: republic
Capital: Sao Tome
Political subdivisions: seven counties
Legal system: based on Portuguese law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution
adopted December 1975; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: Martyr's Day, 4 Febru-
ary; Independence Day, 12 July; Armed
Forces Day, first week in September (varies);
Farmer's Day, 30 September
Branches: President heads the government
assisted by a cabinet of ministers; unicam-
eral legislature (elected National Popular
Assembly)
Government leader: Dr. Manuel Pinto DA
COSTA, President (since 1975)
Suffrage: universal for age 18 and over
Elections: da Costa reelected by Popular
Assembly May 1980 and September 1985;
Assembly elections in September 1985
Political parties and leaders: Movement for
the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe
(MLSTP), Manuel Pinto da Costa
Communists: no Communist party, proba-
bly a few sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
214
Saudi Arabia
Economy
GDP: $30 million (1981 est); per capita in-
come $260 (1983 est.); average annual
growth rate — 10% (1981 est.); average infla-
tion rate 10% (1981)
Natural resources: agricultural products,
fish
Agriculture: cash crops — cocoa, copra, coco-
nuts, coffee, palm oil, bananas
Fishing: catch 4,050 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: light construction, shirts,
soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing
Electric power: 4,300 kW capacity (1985); 7
million kWh produced (1985), 67 kWh per
capita
Exports: $8.8 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.);
mainly cocoa (90%), copra (7%), coffee, palm
oil
Imports: $20.0 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.);
food products, machinery and electrical
equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: main partner Nether-
lands, followed by Portugal, US, and FRG
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-81), $583 million; US(FY77-84), $93.7
million; Communist countries (1970-84), $23
million
Budget: (1981 est.) central government bud-
get $22.0 million; (1979 est.) revenues, $15.7
million; current expenditures, $10.4 million;
capital expenditures, $9. 1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 46.2051
dobras=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 300 km, of which two-thirds is
paved; roads on Principe are mostly
unpaved and in need of repair
Ports: 1 major (Sao Tome), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: minimal system;
2,200 telephones (1.7 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 2
FM, no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
JTzan
Sec rclionil map VI
Land
Estimated at about 2,149,690 km2 (bound-
aries undefined and disputed); one-third the
size of the US; 98% desert, waste, or urban;
1% agricultural; 1% forest
Land boundaries: 4,537 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 2,510 km
People
Population: 11,519,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Saudi(s); adjective —
Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro- Asian
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Infant mortality rate: 118/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy: 52%
Labor force: about one-third (one-half for-
eign) of population; 45% commerce, ser-
vices, government, and other; 30% agricul-
ture; 15% construction; 5% industry; 5% oil
and mining
215
Saudi Arabia (continued)
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Type: monarchy
Capital: Riyadh
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces
Legal system: based on Islamic law, several
secular codes have been introduced; com-
mercial disputes handled by special commit-
tees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: 23 September
Branches: King rules in consultation with
royal family and Council of Ministers
Government leader: FAHD bin 'Abd al-
'Aziz Al Sa'ud, King and Prime Minister
(since 1982)
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, International Maritime
Satellite Organization, INTERPOL, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $108 billion (FY84 est), $10,335 per
capita; annual growth in nonoil GDP in con-
stant 1969/70 prices approx. 7% (1981-84)
Natural resources: oil, natural gas, iron ore,
gold, copper
Agriculture: dates, grains, livestock; not self-
sufficient in food except wheat
Major industries: crude oil production 3.6
million b/d (1985); oil revenue payments to
Saudi Arabian Government, $28 billion
(FY85); petroleum refining, basic
petrochemicals, cement production and
small steel-rolling mill; several other light
industries, including factories producing
detergents, plastic products, furniture
Electric power: 18,997,500 kW capacity
(1985); 49.925 billion kWh produced (1985),
4,476 kWh per capita
Exports: $40 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 98% petro-
leum and petroleum products
Imports: $35 billion (c.i.f., 1984); manufac-
tured goods, transportation equipment, con-
struction materials, and processed food
products
Major trade partners: exports — Japan, US,
France; imports — US, Japan, FRG
Budget: FY85 proposed appropriations, $55
billion; current expenditures, $21.5 billion
(est.); capital expenditures, $33.5 billion (est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.65 Saudi
riyals=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: follows Islamic calendar months
Rajab through Jumada II; the Saudi fiscal
year covers 21 March 1985-10 March 1986
Communications
Railroads: 886 km 1 .435-meter standard
gauge
Highways: 67,000 km total; 28,000 km bitu-
minous, 39,000 km gravel and improved
earth
Pipelines: 6,400 km crude oil; 150 km re-
fined products; 2,200 km natural gas, in-
cludes 1,600 km of natural gas liquids
Ports: 7 major (Jiddah [Jeddah], Ad
Damniam, Ras Tanura, JlzSn, Al Jubayl,
Yanbu' al Bahr, Yanbu' as. S.ina'iyah). 17 mi-
nor
Civil air: 181 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 202 total, 170 usable; 59 with
permanent-surface runways; 10 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 25 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 96 with runways 1,220-
2,439m
Telecommunications: good system exists,
major expansion program completed with
extensive microwave and coaxial cable sys-
tems; 960,000 telephones (14.0 per 100
popl.); 21 AM, 2 FM, 63 TV stations; 2 Atlan-
tic and 2 Indian Ocean satellite stations, 1
Arab satellite control station; radio-relay to
Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, and
Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait; submarine
cable to Djibouti under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Saudi Arabian Land Forces,
Royal Saudi Naval Forces, Royal Saudi Air
Force, Air Defense Force, Saudi Arabian
National Guard, Frontier Force, Coast
Guard, Special Security Force, Public Secu-
rity Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,079,000;
1,760,000 fit for military service; about
106,000 reach military age (18) annually
216
Senegal
' See regional map VII
Land
196,192 km2; the size of South Dakota; 40%
agricultural (12% cultivated); 13% forest;
47% built up, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 2,680 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
12 run
Coastline: 531 km
People
Population: 6,980,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Senegalese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Senegalese
Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17% Fulani,
17% Serer, 9% Toucouleur, 9% Diola, 9%
Mandingo, 1% European and Lebanese
Religion: 92% Muslim, 6% indigenous be-
liefs, 2% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)
Language: French (official); Wolof, Pulaar,
Diola, Mandingo
Infant mortality: 140/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 45.5
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 2,509,000; 77% subsistence ag-
ricultural workers; 175,000 wage earners —
40% private sector, 60% government and
parapublic
Organized labor: majority of wage-labor
force represented by unions; however, dues-
paying membership very limited; major
confederation is National Confederation of
Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of gov-
erning party
Government
Official name: Republic of Senegal
Type: republic under multiparty demo-
cratic rule; (early in 1982, Senegal and The
Gambia formed a loose confederation
named Senegambia, which calls for the
eventual integration of their armed forces
Capital: Dakar
Political subdivisions: 8 regions, subdivided
into 28 departments, 95 arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law
system; constitution adopted 1960, revised
1963, 1970, and 1981; judicial review of leg-
islative acts in Supreme Court, which also
audits the government's accounting office;
legal education at University of Dakar; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4
April
Branches: government dominated by the
President; unicameral legislature (120-
member National Assembly), elected for five
years; President elected for five-year term
by universal suffrage; judiciary headed by
Supreme Court, with members appointed
by President
Government leaders: Abdou DIOUF, Presi-
dent (since January 1981)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: presidential and legislative elec-
tions held February 1983; Socialist Party
holds 111 of 120 seats
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party
(PS), Abdou Diouf; Senegalese Democratic
Party (PDS), Abdoulaye Wade; 13 other
small uninfluential parties
Communists: small number of Communists
and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: students,
teachers, labor, Muslim Brotherhood
Member of: AfDB, APC, CEAO, KAMA,
ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
QIC, OMVS (Organization for the Develop-
ment of the Senegal River Valley), UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.3 billion (1984), $360 (1984) per
capita; real growth —4.2% in 1983
Natural resources: fish, phosphates
Agriculture: main crops — peanuts (primary
cash crop); millet, sorghum, manioc, maize,
rice, livestock; deficit production of food
Fishing: catch 230,000 metric tons (1984);
exports $120 million (1984)
Major industries: fishing, agricultural pro-
cessing plants, light manufacturing, mining
Electric power: 187,000 kW capacity (1985);
737 million kWh produced (1985), 109 kWh
per capita
Exports: $525 million (f.o.b., 1984); peanuts
and peanut products, phosphate rock, fish,
petroleum products (reexport)
Imports: $805 million (f.o.b., 1984); food,
consumer goods, machinery, transport
equipment, petroleum
Major trade partners: France, other EC,
and franc zone
217
Senegal (continued)
Seychelles
Budget: (1984/85) public revenues, $467
million; current expenditures, $489 million;
capital expenditures, $75 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 475 Com-
munaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; 70
km double track
Highways: 13,898 km total; 3,461 km paved,
6,741 km gravel or graded earth, 3,696 km
of unimproved roads
Inland waterways: 1,505 km
Ports: 1 major (Dakar), 2 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 25 total, 21 usable; 10 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: above-average urban
system, using radio-relay and cable; 40,200
telephones (0.8 per 100 popl.); 8 AM , no FM
stations; 1 TV station; 3 submarine cables; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,551,000;
782,000 fit for military service; 72,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $66.9 million; about 8.8% of cen-
tral government budget
300km
Amirantg
Islts
VICTORIA*^ .,
Mahe
Island
Indian Ocean
Aldabra
^.Islands
t:i Cosmoiedo
. Group
See regional map VII
' Farquhar
... Croup
Land
280 km2; less than two-thirds the size of New
York City; 54% arable land, nearly all culti-
vated; 17% woods and forest; 29% other
(mainly reefs and other surfaces unsuited for
agriculture); 40 granitic and 50 or more
coralline islands
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone); mari-
time limits measured from claimed "archi-
pelagic baselines," which generally connect
the outermost points of outer islands or dry-
ing reefs
Coastline: 491 km (Mahe Island 93 km)
People
Population: 67,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Seychellois (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Seychelles
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of
Asians, Africans, Europeans)
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 8% Angli-
can, 2% other
Language: English and French (official);
Creole
Infant mortality rate: 26/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 66
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: 1984 (prelim.) formal employ-
ment (all sectors) — 38.4 government, 30.7%
parastatal, 30.8% private; formal employ-
ment (by sector) — 49.0% industry and com-
merce, 39.0% services, 11.5% agriculture,
forestry, and fishing
Organized labor: 3 major trade unions
Government
Official name: Republic of Seychelles
Type: republic; member of the Common-
wealth
Capital: Victoria, Mahe Island
Legal system: based on English common
law, French civil law, and customary law
National holidays: 5 and 29 June
Branches: President, Council of Ministers,
People's Assembly
Government leader: France Albert RENE,
President (since June 1979)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general election held June 1979
gave 98% approval to Rene as only presiden-
tial candidate on yes/ no ballot; reelected in
June 1984 with 92% of vote
Political parties and leaders: Rene, who
heads the Seychelles People's Progressive
Front, came to power by a military coup in
June 1977; until then he had been Prime
Minister in an uneasy coalition with then
President James Mancham, who headed the
Seychelles Democratic Party; Rene banned
the Seychelles Democratic Party in March
1978 and announced a new constitution in
March 1979 that turned the country'into a
one- party state
Communists: negligible, although some
Cabinet ministers espouse pro-Soviet line
Other political or pressure groups: trade
unions, church
218
Sierra Leone
Member of: Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $150 million (1983 prelim.); $2,320
per capita (1984 est.); real growth rate
-1.895 (1984 prelim.)
Natural resources: fish, copra, spices
Agriculture: islands depend largely on coco-
nut production and export of copra; cinna-
mon, vanilla, and patchouli (used for per-
fumes) are other cash crops; food crops —
small quantities of sweet potatoes, cassava,
sugarcane, and bananas; islands not self-
sufficient in foodstuffs and the bulk of the
supply must be imported; fish is an impor-
tant food source
Major industries: tourism is largest industry;
processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing,
small-scale manufacture of consumer goods,
coir rope factory, tea factory
Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1985);
58 million kWh produced (1985), 878 kWh
per capita
Exports: $4.4 million (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
fish, copra, cinnamon bark
Imports: $72.7 million (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
manufactured goods, food, tobacco, bever-
ages, machinery and transport equipment,
and petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports — Pakistan,
France, Reunion, UK, Mauritius; imports —
Bahrain, UK, South Africa, Singapore,
Japan, France
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1978-83), $216 million; US(FY78-84), $11
million; Communist countries (1970-84), $32
million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $61 million; grants,
$4 million; current expenditures, $64 mil-
lion; capital expenditures, $11 million; net
lending, $3.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 6.80 Seychelles
rupees=US$l (31 October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 215 km total; 145 km bitumi-
nous, 70 km crushed stone or earth
Ports: 1 port (Victoria); development under-
way will double capacity
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 14 total, 14 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: direct radio commu-
nications with adjacent islands and African
coastal countries; 9, 1 00 telephones (14.1 per
100 pop!.); 2 AM, no FM stations; 1 TV sta-
tion; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; USAF
tracking station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,000;
8,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $8.5 million, 9.5% of cen-
tral government budget
75km
Morth \f<
Atlantic
Ocean
Sec rcfionil map VII Suh
Land
71,740 km2; slightly smaller than South
Carolina; 65% arable (6% cultivated), 27%
pasture, 4% swamp, 4% forest
Land boundaries: 933 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
200 nm
Coastline: 402 km
People
Population: 3,987,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Sierra Leonean(s); ad-
jective— Sierra Leonean
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African
(30% Temne, 30% Mende, 2% Creole), rest
European and Asian; 13 tribes
Religion: 30% Muslim, 30% indigenous be-
liefs, 10% Christian, 30% other or none
Language: English (official); regular use lim-
ited to literate minority; principal vernacu-
lars are Mende in south and Temne in north;
"Krio," the language of the resettled exslave
population of the Freetown area, is lingua
franca
Life expectancy: 46
Literacy: about 15%
219
Sierra Leone (continued)
Labor force: about 1.5 million; most of pop-
ulation engages in subsistence agriculture;
only small minority, some 65,000, earn
wages
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners
Government
Official name: Republic of Sierra Leone
Type: republic under presidential regime
since April 1971
Capital: Freetown
Political subdivisions: 3 provinces and the
Western Area; divided into 12 districts with
146 chiefdoms, where paramount chief and
council of elders constitute basic unit of gov-
ernment; plus Western Area, which com-
prises Freetown and other coastal areas of
the former colony
Legal system: based on English law and cus-
tomary laws indigenous to local tribes; con-
stitution adopted 1978; highest court of ap-
peal is the Sierra Leone Court of Appeals;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: Republic Day, 19 April
Branches: executive authority exercised by
President; unicameral parliament consists of
104 authorized seats, 85 of which are filled
by elected representatives of constituencies
and 12 by Paramount Chiefs elected by fel-
low Paramount Chiefs in each district; Presi-
dent authorized to appoint up to seven
members; independent judiciary
Government leader: Gen. Joseph MOMOH,
President (since 28 November 1985); Francis
MINAH, First Vice President (since Novem-
ber 1985); A. B. KARMARA, Second Vice
President (since November 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: the Constitution of Sierra Leone
Act, 1971, has been replaced by the Consti-
tution of Sierra Leone, 1978, which provides
for one-party rule
Political parties and leaders: All People's
Congress (APC), headed by Momoh
Communisms: no party, although there are a
few Communists and a slightly larger num-
ber of sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Common-
wealth, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDE — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU,
IRC, ITU, Mano River Union, NAM, OAU,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: (current factor cost) $1 billion.
(1983/84 est); real growth rate 0.5%
(1983/84)
Natural resources: diamonds, rutile, baux-
ite, iron ore, gold, chromite
Agriculture: main crops — palm kernels,
coffee, cocoa, rice, yams, millet, ginger, cas-
sava; much of cultivated land devoted to
subsistence farming; food crops insufficient
for domestic consumption
Fishing: catch 53,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: mining — diamonds, iron
ore, bauxite, rutile; manufacturing bever-
ages, textiles, cigarettes, construction goods;
1 oil refinery
Electric power: 65,000 kW capacity (1985);
1 13 million kWh produced (1985), 29 kWh
per capita
Exports: $104 million (f.o.b., 1983/84); dia-
monds, iron ore, palm kernels, cocoa, coffee
Imports: $126 million (f.o.b., 1983/84); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment,
manufactured goods, foodstuffs, petroleum
products
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US, Japan,
Communist countries
Budget: (1983/84) revenues, $109 million;
current expenditures, $146 million; develop-
ment expenditures, $68 million
Monetary conversion rate: (official) 2.5
leones=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: about 84 km 1.067-meter narrow
gauge privately owned mineral line oper-
ated by the Sierra Leone Development
Company
Highways: 7,460 km total; 1,225 km bitumi-
nous, 490 km laterite (some gravel), re-
mainder improved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km naviga-
ble year round
Ports: 1 major (Freetown), 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 14 total, 1 1 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair telephone and
telegraph service; 16,000 telephones (0.5 per
lOOpopl.); 1 INTELSAT Atlantic Ocean
satellite ground station; 3 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 876,000;
425,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
220
Singapore
Singapore Strait
Sff rpfionil mip l\
Land
618 km2; smaller than New York City; 31%
built on, roads, railroads, and airfields; 22%
agricultural; 47% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, as defined by treaties and practices)
Coos*/ine:193km
People
Population: 2,584,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun — Singaporean(s), adjec-
tive— Singapore
Ethnic divisions: 76.4% Chinese, 14.9%
Malay, 6.4% Indian, 2.3% other
Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists
or atheists; Malays nearly all Muslim; minor-
ities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs,
Taoists, Conf ucianists
Language: Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and
English (official); Malay (national)
Infant mortality rate: 9.4/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 69, women 74
Literacy: 84.2%
Labor force: 1,174,827 (June 1984); 29.2%
services, 27.4% manufacturing, 22.6% trade,
10.4% transport and communication, 8.5%
construction, 0.8% agriculture and fishing;
2.7% unemployment (June 1984)
Organized labor: 18.6% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Singapore
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Singapore
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution based on preindependence
State of Singapore constitution; legal educa-
tion at University of Singapore; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 9 August
Branches: ceremonial President; executive
power exercised by Prime Minister and Cab-
inet responsible to unicameral legislature
(Parliament)
Government leaders: WEE Kim Wee, Presi-
dent (since September 1985); LEE Kuan
Yew, Prime Minister (since June 1959)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
20
Elections: normally held every five years;
last held 1984
Political parties and leaders: government —
People's Action Party (PAP), Lee Kuan Yew;
opposition — Barisan Sosialis (BS), Dr. Lee
Siew Choh; Workers' Party (WP), J. B.
Jeyaretnam; United People's Front (UPF),
Harbans Singh; Singapore Democratic Party
(SDP), Chiam See Tong; Communist Party
illegal
Voting strength: (1984 election) PAP won
77 of 79 seats in Parliament and received
63% of the vote; WP and SDP won one seat
each
Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infil-
trated by Communists
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Co-
lombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $17.6 billion (1984 est.), $7,000 per
capita; 8.7% average annual real growth
(1973-83), -1.7% (1985)
Agriculture: occupies a position of minor
importance in the economy, self-sufficient in
pork (but pig farming outlawed as of 1985),
poultry, and eggs; must import much of its
other food requirements; major crops — rub-
ber, copra, fruit and vegetables
Fishing: catch 22,763 metric tons (1984),
imports — 97,976 metric tons (1984), exports
55,666 metric tons (1984)
Major industries: petroleum refining, elec-
tronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber pro-
cessing and rubber products, processed food
and beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade,
financial services, biotechnology
Electric power: 3,388,000 kW capacity
(1985); 9.865 billion kWh produced (1985),
3,860 kWh per capita
Exports: $24.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); manu-
factured goods, petroleum, rubber, electron-
Imports: $28.7 billion (c.i.f., 1984); major
retained imports — capital equipment, man-
ufactured goods, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — US, Malay-
sia, Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Australia,
FRG; imports — Japan, US, Malaysia, Saudi
Arabia
Aid: economic commitments— Western
(non-US) countries (1970-83), $562 million;
US, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $575 mil-
lion; military— US (FY70-84), $2 million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $5.4 billion; expen-
ditures, $3.9 billion; lending minus repay-
ment, $0.5 billion; surplus, $1.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.13 Singapore
dollars=US$l (5 February 1986)
221
Singapore (continued)
Solomon Islands
Fiscal year. 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 2,314 km total (1980); 2,006 km
paved, 308 km crushed stone or improved
earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 3 major, 2 minor
Civil air: approx. 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-
2,439m
Telecommunications: good domestic facili-
ties; good international service; good radio
and television broadcast coverage; 700,000
telephones (26.5 per 100 popl.); 13 AM, 4
FM, 2 TV stations; submarine cables extend
to Hong Kong via Sabah (Malaysia), Philip-
pines; 1 ground station to Hong Kong via
Sabah (Malaysia); 1 ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Army
Reserve, Singapore Armed Forces (SAF)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 771,000;
604,000 fit for military service
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 March 1986, $1.1 billion; about
1 1.4% of central government budget
~Choiseut
'
South
Pacific
Ocean
Yandina
HONIARA
Santa
Crui
'. Islands
Coral Sea
See regional map X
Land
NOTE: This archipelagic nation includes
the southern Solomon Islands, primarily
Guadalcanal, Malaita, San Cristobal, Santa
Isabel, and Choiseul; the northern Solomon
Islands constitute part of Papua New
Guinea.
Land
About 29,785 km2; slightly larger than
Maryland
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: about 5,313 km
People
Population: 283,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.5%
Nationality: noun — Solomon Islanders);
adjective — Solomon Islander
Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesian, 4.0%
Polynesian, 1.5% Micronesian, 0.8% Euro-
pean, 0.3% Chinese, 0.4% other
Religion: almost all at least nominally Chris-
tian; Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Meth-
odist churches dominant
Language: English (official), local languages
Infant mortality rate: 46/1,000(1980)
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: 20,631 economically active
(1980); 30.0% forestry and fishing 28.2% so-
cial services, 10.8% manufacturing, 9.6%
commerce, 7.7% construction, 7.1% trans-
portation and communications
Government
Official name: Solomon Islands
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth
Capital: Honiara on the island of
Guadalcanal
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: a High Court plus Magistrates
Courts; also a system of native courts
throughout the islands
Branches: executive authority in Governor
General; unicameral legislature (38-member
National Parliament)
Government leaders: Sir Baddeley
DEVESI, Governor General (since July
1978); Sir Peter KENILOREA, Prime Minis-
ter (since November 1984)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 21
Elections: every four years; last held Octo-
ber 1984
Political parties and leaders: United Party,
Sir Peter Kenilorea; People's Alliance Party,
Solomon Mamaloni, National Democratic
Party, Bartholemew Ulufa'alu
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, IDA, 1FAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, SPF, UN, UPU, WHO
Economy
GDP: $131 million (1982), $520 per capita
Natural resources: forests, agricultural land,
marine shell, some minerals, water
Somalia
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut
production with subsistence crops of yams,
taro, bananas; self-sufficient in rice
Electric power: 15,000 kW capacity (1985);
30 million kWh produced (1985), 1 10 kWh
per capita
Exports: $93.7 million (1984); copra, timber,
fish
Imports: $79.2 million (c.i.f., 1984)
Major trade partners: exports — Japan 37%,
UK 11%, Australia 3%; imports— Australia
31%, Singapore 16%, Japan 15%, UK 9%
(1981)
Aid: economic commitments from Western
(non-US) countries, ODA (1979), $13.3 mil-
lion
Budget: (1979) million revenues, $22.45 mil-
lion; expenditures, $37.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1. 44 Australian
dollars=US$l (6 February 1986)
Communications
Railroad: none
Highways: 834 km total; 241 km sealed or
all-weather
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 5 minor (including Honiara, Gizo,
Yandina)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 24 total, 22 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 2,000 telephones; 4
AM, no FM, no TV stations; no TV sets; one
ground satellite station
300km
Gulf of Aden
Bakfoa / Indian Ocean
MOGADISHU
' Chitimayu
See regional map VII
Land
637,657 km2; slightly smaller than Texas;
32% grazing; 14% scrub and forest; 13% ara-
ble (0.3% cultivated); 41% mainly desert,
urban, or other
Land boundaries: 2,263 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 3,025 km
People
Population: 7,825,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Somali(s); adjective —
Somali
Ethnic divisions: 85% Somali, rest mainly
Bantu; 30,000 Arabs, 3,000 Europeans, 800
Asians
Religion: almost entirely Sunni Muslim
Language: Somali (official); Arabic, Italian,
English
Infant mortality rate: 150/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 43.9
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: about 2.2 million; very few are
skilled laborers; 70% pastoral nomad, 30%
agriculturists, government employees, trad-
ers, fishermen, handicraftsmen, other
Organized labor: General Federation of
Somali Trade Unions, a
government-controlled organization, estab-
lished in 1977
Government
Official name: Somali Democratic Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Mogadishu
Political subdivisions: 18 regions, 60 dis-
tricts
National holiday: 21 October
Branches: President dominates political sys-
tem; Cabinet carries out day-to-day govern-
ment functions; unicamera! legislature (Na-
tional People's Assembly) exists but has little
power
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Mohamed
SIAD Barre, President and Commander in
Chief of the Army (since October 1969)
Political party and leader: the Somali Revo-
lutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), created on 1
July 1976, is the sole legal party; Maj. Gen.
Mohamed Siad Barre is general secretary of
the SRSP
Elections: parliamentary elections held 31
December 1984
Communists: probably some Communist
sympathizers in the government hierarchy
Member of: Af DB, Arab League, EAMA,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Is-
lamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.875 million (1982 est), $380 per
capita
Somalia (continued)
South Africa
Natural resources: uranium, iron, tin, gyp-
sum, bauxite
Agriculture: mainly a pastoral country, rais-
ing livestock; crops — bananas, sugarcane,
cotton, cereals
Major industries: a few small industries,
including sugar refining, tuna, beef canning,
textiles, iron rod plant, and petroleum re-
fining
Electric power: 63,600 kW capacity (1985);
83 million kWh produced (1985), 10 kWh
per capita
Exports: $107 million (f.o.b., 1985 est); live-
stock, hides, skins, bananas
Imports: $561 million (c.i.f., 1985 est.); tex-
tiles, cereals, transport equipment, machin-
ery, construction materials and equipment,
petroleum products; also military materiel
in 1977
Major trade partners: exports — Saudi
Arabia 65.8%, Italy 14.1% (1983); imports-
Italy 28.1%, Saudi Arabia 15.5%, US 12%
(1983)
External debt: $1.5 billion (1985 est.); exter-
nal debt service 48% of exports of goods and
services
Budget: (1983 est. in percent of GDP) reve-
nues and grants, 13.9%; current expendi-
tures, 7.2%; investment expenditures, 10%
Monetary conversion rate: official rate —
40.6 Somali shillings=US$l; legal free mar-
ket—100 Somali shillings=US$l (October
1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 17,215 km total; 2,335 km bitu-
minous surface, 2,880 km gravel, and 12,000
km improved earth or stabilized soil
Pipelines: 15 km crude oil
Ports: 3 major (Mogadishu, Berbera,
Chisimayu)
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 63 total, 49 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 19 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor telephone and
telegraph service; radio-relay system cen-
tered on Mogadishu connects a few towns;
6,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 1 Indian
Ocean satellite station; 2 AM, no FM sta-
tions; 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Somali National Army (including
Navy, Air Force, and Air Defense Force),
National Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,528,000;
825,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
C«pe Town
Srr regional map VII
London
Elizabeth
Indian Ocean
Land
1 ,22 1 ,037 km2 (includes excla ve of Wai vis
Bay, 1,124 km2; Transkei, 44,000 km2, and
Bophuthatswana, 38,000 km2); four-fifths
the size of Alaska; 86% desert, waste, or ur-
ban; 12% cultivable; 2% forest
Land boundaries: 2,044 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 2,881 km, including Transkei
People
Population: 33,241,000 (July 1986), includ-
ing Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Kwazulu,
Lebowa, Transkei, and Venda; average an-
nual growth rate 2.4%; Bophuthatswana
1,688,000 (July 1986), average annual
growth rate 3.9%; Ciskei 781,000 (July 1986),
average annual growth rate 2.3%; Kwazulu
4,554,000 (July 1986), average annual
growth rate 4.6%; Lebowa 2,310,000 (July
1986), average annual growth rate 4.5%;
Transkei 3,063,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 3.4%; Venda 423,000 (July
1986), average annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — South African(s); adjec-
tive— South African
Ethnic divisions: 69.9% African, 17.8%
white, 9.4% colored, 2.9% Indian
224
Religion: most whites and coloreds and
roughly 60% of Africans are Christian;
roughly 60% of Indians are Hindu, 20%
Muslim
Language: Afrikaans, English (official); Afri-
cans have many vernacular languages, in-
cluding Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho,
Tswana
Infant mortality rate: whites 14.9/1,000
(1982), coloreds 80.6/1,000 (1982), blacks
80.6/1,000(1982), Asians 25.3/1,000(1982),
Africans unknown
Life expectancy: whites 70, coloreds 59,
blacks 59, Asians 66, Africans 55
Literacy: almost all white population liter-
ate; government estimates 50% of Africans
literate
Labor force: 11 million economically active
(1985); 34% services, 30% agriculture, 29%
industry and commerce, 7% mining
Organized labor: about 7% of total labor
force is unionized (mostly white workers);
African unions represent less than 15% of
black labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of South Africa
Type: republic
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative,
Cape Town; judicial, Bloemfontein
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces, each
headed by centrally appointed administra-
tor; provincial councils, elected by white
electorate, retain limited powers; numerous
districts; 10 homelands' administered in
areas set aside for black Africans
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and English common law; constitution en-
acted 1961, changing the Union of South
Africa into a republic; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 31 May
Branches: state president is chief of state,
head of government, and chairman of cabi-
net; tricameral legislature — House of As-
sembly (whites), House of Representatives
(coloreds), and House of Delegates (Indians)
elected directly by respective racial elector-
ates; judiciary maintains substantial inde-
pendence of government influence
Government leaders: Pieter Willem
BOTHA, State President (since September
1984)
Suffrage: general suffrage limited to whites
over 18 (17 in Natal Province) and to
coloreds and Indians over 18
Elections: must be held at least every five
years; last white election April 1981; last
colored and Indian elections August 1984;
because of the introduction of a new consti-
tution in 1984, the next white elections prob-
ably will be delayed until 1989 to coincide
with nonwhite elections
White political parties and leaders: Na-
tional Party, P. W. Botha; Progressive Fed-
eral Party, Colin Eglin; New Republic Party,
Bill Sutton; Conservative Party, Dr. Andries
P. Treurnicht; Herstigte National Party,
Jaap Marais
Colored political parties and leaders: Labor
Party, Allan Hendrickse (majority party);
People's Congress Party, Peter Marais
Indian political parties and leaders: Na-
tional People's Party, Amichand Rajbansi
(majority party); Solidarity, J. N. Reddy
Voting strength: white parliamentary
seats — National Party, 127; Progressive Fed-
eral Party, 27; Conservative Party, 18; New
Republic, 5; Herstigte National Party, 1
Communists: small Communist Party illegal
since 1950; party in exile maintains head-
quarters in London; Joe Slovo
Other political groups: (insurgent groups in
exile) African National Congress (ANC),
Oliver Tambo; Pan-Af ricanist Congress
(PAC), Johnson Mlambo
Member of: GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IHO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMF, INTELSAT, ISO,
ITU, IWC— International Whaling Com-
mission, IWC — International Wheat Coun-
cil, UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG (membership rights in IAEA,
ICAO, ITU, WHO, WIPO, and WMO sus-
pended or restricted)
Economy
GDP: $73 billion (1984), about $2,500 per
capita; 4.5% real growth in 1984
Natural resources: gold, chromium, anti-
mony, coal, iron, manganese, nickel, phos-
phates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, plati-
num, copper, vanadium
Agriculture: main crops — corn, wool,
wheat, sugarcane, tobacco, citrus fruits;
dairy products; self-sufficient in foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 599,897 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: mining, automobile as-
sembly, metalworking, machinery, textile,
iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer
Electric power: 26,150,000 kW capacity
(1985); 137.444 billion kWh produced
(1985), 4,233 kWh per capita
Exports: $19.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984, including
gold); gold, coal, diamonds, corn, uranium,
other mineral and agricultural products; net
gold output $8.1 billion (1984)
Imports: $14.9 billion (f.o.b., 1984); machin-
ery, motor vehicle parts, petroleum prod-
ucts, textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: US, FRG, Japan, UK;
member of Southern African Customs
Union
Budget: (FY1984/85) revenues, $16.4 bil-
lion; current expenditures, $18.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.3 South Afri-
can rand=US$l (29 January 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
225
South Africa (continued)
Soviet Union
Communications
Railroads: 36,499 km total (includes Nam-
ibia); 35,793 km 1.067-meter gauge, of
which 6,830 km are multiple track, 16,271
km electrified; 706 km single track
Highways: 229,690 km total; 80,796 km
paved, 148,894 km crushed stone, gravel, or
improved earth
Pipelines: 931 km crude oil; 1,748 km re-
fined products; 322 km natural gas
Ports: 1 major (Durban, Cape Town, Port
Elizabeth, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay, East
London, and Mosselbaai)
Civil air: 76 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 922 total, 829 usable; 112 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 10 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 207 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is the best
developed, most modern, and highest capac-
ity in Africa and consists of carrier-equipped
open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio-relay
links, and radiocommunication stations; key
centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town,
Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and
Pretoria; 3.47 million telephones (13.4 per
100 popl.); 14 AM, 286 FM, 67 main TV sta-
tions with 450 relay transmitters; 1 subma-
rine cable; 1 satellite station with 1 Indian
Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical
Services
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,917,000;
4,770,000 fit for military service; 286,000
reach military age (18) annually; obligation
for service in Citizen Force or Commandos
begins at 18; volunteers for service in perma-
nent force must be 17; national service obli-
gation is two years; figures do not include
Bophuthatswana. Transkei, and Venda
2000km
Mun
Arctic Ocean
Sff regional map VIII
NOTE: The US Government does .not rec-
ognize the incorporation of the Baltic
States Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into
the Soviet Union.
Land
22,402,200 km2; nearly two and one-half
times the size of the US; 35.5% forest, 16.7%
pasture and hay, 10. 1 % cultivated, 37.7%
other
Land boundaries: 20,619 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 46,670 km (incl. Sakhalin)
People
Population: 279,904,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Soviet(s); adjective —
Soviet
Ethnic divisions: 52% Russian, 16% Ukrai-
nian, 32% among over 100 other ethnic
groups, according to 1979 census
Religion: 18% Russian Orthodox; 9% Mus-
lim; 3% Jewish, Protestant, Georgian Ortho-
dox, or Roman Catholic; population is 70%
atheist
Language: Russian (official); more than 200
languages and dialects (at least 18 with more
than 1 million speakers); 75% Slavic group,
8% other Indo-European, 12% Altaic, 3%
Uralian, 2% Caucasian
Infant mortality rate: 27.9/1,000(1982)
Life expectancy: men 64, women 74
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: civilian 148 million (midyear
1984), 20% agriculture, 80% industry and
other nonagricultural fields; unemployed
not reported; shortage of skilled labor re-
ported
Government
Official name: Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics
Type: Communist state
Capital: Moscow
Political subdivisions: 15 union republics,
consisting of 20 autonomous republics, 6
krays, 123 oblasts, 8 autonomous oblasts, and
10 autonomous okrugs
Legal system: civil law system as modified
by Communist legal theory; revised consti-
tution adopted 1977; no judicial review of
legislative acts; legal education at 18 univer-
sities and 4 law institutes; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: October Revolution Day,
7 November
Branches: executive — USSR Council of
Ministers, legislative — USSR Supreme So-
viet, judicial — Supreme Court of USSR
Government leaders: Mikhail Sergeyevich
GORBACHEV, General Secretary of the
Central Committee of the Communist Party
(since 11 March 1985); Nikolay Ivanovich
RYZHKOV, Chairman of the USSR Council
of Ministers (since 28 September 1985);
Andrey Andreyevich GROMYKO, Presi-
dent of the Soviet Union (since 2 July 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; direct, equal
226
Elections: to Supreme Soviet every five
years; 1,500 seats in 1984; 71.5% held by
party members
Political party: Communist Party of the So-
viet Union (CPSU) only party permitted
Voting strength: (1984 election) 184,006,350
persons over 18; allegedly 99.95% voted
Communists: over 18 million party mem-
bers
Other political or pressure groups:
Komsomol, trade unions, and other organi-
zations that facilitate Communist control
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, Geneva Disar-
mament Conference, IAEA, IBEC, ICAC,
ICAO, ICCAT, ICCO, ICES, ILO, IMO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
INRO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— Interna-
tional Whaling Commission, IWC — Inter-
national Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $1,957.6 billion (1984, in 1984 geo-
metric mean prices), $7,120 per capita; in
1984 percentage shares were — 53% con-
sumption, 30% investment, 17% government
and other, including defense (based on 1970
GNP in rubles at adjusted factor cost); aver-
age annual growth rate of real GNP
(1971-84), 3.0%, average annual growth rate
(1976-84), 2.6%, (1984) 2.5%
Natural resources: fossil fuels, hydroelectric
power, timber, manganese, lead, zinc,
nickel, mercury, potash, phosphates
Agriculture: principal food crops — grain
(especially wheat), potatoes; main industrial
crops — sugar beets, cotton, sunflowers, and
flax; degree of self-sufficiency depends on
fluctuations in crop yields, particularly
grain; large grain importer over past decade
Fishing: catch 10.6 million metric tons
(1984); exports 452,755 metric tons (1983),
imports 371,237 metric tons (1984); exports
exclude canned fish, canned crab, and caviar
Major industries: diversified, highly devel-
oped capital goods industries; consumer
goods industries comparatively less devel-
oped
Shortages: fertilizer, pesticides, feed, natu-
ral rubber, bauxite and alumina, tantalum,
tin, tungsten, fluorspar, molybdenum, and
finished steel products
Crude steel: 174 million metric ton capacity
as of 1 January 1985; 154.2 million metric
tons produced in 1984, 560 kg per capita
Electric power: 316,000,000 kW capacity
(1985); 1,540 billion kWh produced (1985),
5,549 kWh per capita
Exports: $91.492 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum and petroleum products, natural gas,
metals, wood, agricultural products, and a
wide variety of manufactured goods (pri-
marily capital goods and arms)
Imports: $80,352 billion (f.o.b., 1984); grain
and other agricultural products, machinery
and equipment, steel products (including
large diameter pipe), consumer manufac-
tures
Major trade partners: $171.8 billion (1984
total turnover); trade 58% with Communist
countries, 29% with industrialized West, and
13% with less developed countries
Aid: economic — total extended to
non-Communist less developed countries
(1954-84), $30 billion
Monetary conversion rate: official, 0.743
ruble=US$l (1983 average)
Communications
Railroads: 144,100 km total; 142,967 km
1.524-meter broad gauge; 1,833 km mostly
0.750-meter narrow gauge; 113,315 km
broad-gauge single track; 47,900 km electri-
fied; does not include industrial lines (1984)
Highways: 1,516,700 km total; 439,000 km
asphalt, concrete, stone block; 354,000 km
asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone;
723,700 km earth (1984)
Inland waterways: 136,700km navigable,
exclusive of Caspian Sea (1984)
Freight carried: rail — 3,909 million metric
tons, 3.64 trillion metric ton/km (1984);
highways — 25.9 billion metric tons, 477 bil-
lion metric ton/km (1984); waterway — 619
million metric tons, 265 billion metric
ton/km, excluding Caspian Sea (1984)
Pipelines: 78,300 km crude oil and refined
products; 165,000 km natural gas (1984)
Ports: 53 major (most important — Lenin-
grad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja,
Ventspils, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, Odessa,
Novorossiysk, Il'ichevsk, Nikolayev,
Sevastopol', Vladivostok, Nakhodka); over
180 selected minor; 58 major inland ports
(some of the more important — Astrakhan',
Baku, Gor'kiy, Kazan, Khabarovsk,
Krasnoyarsk, Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov,
Volgograd, Kiev (1984)
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air De-
fense Forces, Air Forces, Strategic Rocket
Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,
68,559,000; 55,173,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 2,096,000 reach military age (17) annu-
ally
227
Spain
300km
Bay at Biscay
North
Atlantic
Ocean Strait of
Gibraltar
Stt r< |lon>l map V intf VII
Mediterranean
Sea
Canary Islands. Ceula.
and Melilla are nol shown
Land
504,782 km2, including Canary (7,51 1 km2)
and Balearic (5,025 km2) Islands; the size of
Arizona and Utah combined; 41% arable
and crop, 27% meadow and pasture, 22%
forest, 10% urban or other
Land boundaries: 1,899 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 4,964 km (includes Balearic Is-
lands, 677 km, and Canary Islands, 1,158
km)
People
Population: 39,075,000 (July 1986), includ-
ing the Balearic and Canary Islands and
Ceuta and Melilla (two towns on the Moroc-
can coast); average annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun — Spaniard(s); adjective —
Spanish
Ethnic divisions: composite of Mediterra-
nean and Nordic types
Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other
sects
Language: Castilian Spanish; second lan-
guages include 17% Catalan, 7% Calician,
and 2% Basque
Infant mortality rate: 10.3/1,000(1982)
Life expectancy: men 73, women 78
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 13.3 million (1985); 44.3% ser-
vices, 22.9% industry, 15.3% agriculture,
8.6% construction, 8.8% other; unemploy-
ment now estimated at nearly 21.9% of labor
force (June 1985)
Organized labor: labor unions legalized
April 1977; represent no more than a quar-
ter of the labor force (1983)
Government
Official name: Spanish State
Type: parliamentary monarchy defined by
new constitution of December 1978, that
completed transition from authoritarian
regime of the late Generalissimo Franco and
confirmed Juan Carlos I as monarch, but
without the exceptional powers inherited
from Franco on being proclaimed King 22
November 1975
Capital: Madrid
Political subdivisions: metropolitan Spain,
including the Canaries and Balearics, di-
vided into 50 provinces, which form 17 au-
tonomous regions assuming numerous pow-
ers previously exercised by the central gov-
ernment; also five places of sovereignty
(presidios) on the Mediterranean roast of
Morocco; transferred administration of
Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania
on 26 February 1976
Legal system: civil law system, with regional
applications; new constitution provides for
rule of law, established jury system as well as
independent constitutional court to rule on
unconstitutionality of laws and to serve as
court of last resort in protecting liberties and
rights granted in constitution; does not ac-
cept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 24 June
Branches: executive, with King's acts subject
to countersignature, Prime Minister
(Presidente) and his ministers responsible to
lower house; bicameral legislature — Cortes
Generates, consisting of more powerful Con-
gress of Deputies (350 members) and Senate
(208 members), with possible addition of one
to six members from each new autonomous
region; judiciary, independent
Government leaders: JUAN CARLOS I,
King (since November 1975); Felipe
GONZALEZ Marquez, Prime Minister
(Presidente; since December 1982)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: parliamentary election 28 Octo-
ber 1982 for four-year term; local elections
for municipal and provincal councils April
1983; regional elections staggered
Political parties and leaders: principal na-
tional parties, from right to left — Popular
Alliance (AP), Manuel Fraga Iribarne; Popu-
lar Democratic Party (PDF), Oscar Alzaga;
Liberal Union (UL), Jose Antonio Segurado;
Social Democratic Center (CDS), Adolfo
Suarez; Spanish Socialist Workers Party
(PSOE), Felipe Gonzalez Marquez; Spanish
Communist Party (PCE), Gerardo Iglesias;
chief regional parties — Convergence and
Unity (CiU), Jordi Pujol, in Catalonia; Re-
publican Left of Catalonia (ERG), Herribert
Barrera; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV),
Xabier Arzallus; Basque radical coalitions
Popular Unity (HB) and Basque Left (EE)
Juan Haria Bandres; Andalusian Party (PA),
Luis Urufiuela; Democratic Reform Party
(PRO), Antonio Garrigues Walker
Voting strength: (1982 parliamentary elec-
tion in lower house) PSOE 46%, and 202
seats (26 seats over a majority); AP, POP, and
UL in coalition 25.4%, 106 seats; UCD
7.31%, 12 seats; PCE 3.9%, 4 seats; CiU
3.7%, 12 seats; CDS 2.9%, 2 seats; PNV 1.9%,
8 seats; HB 1%, 2 seats; EE .47%, 1 seat; ERG
.47%, 1 seat; PA .33% 0 seats
Communists: PCE membership has
declined from a possible high of 160,000 in
1977 to roughly 60,000 today; the party lost
64% of its voters and 20 deputies in the 1982
election; remaining strength is in labor,
where it dominates the Workers Commis-
sions trade union (one of the country's two
major labor centrals), which claims a mem-
bership of about 1 million; experienced a
modest recovery in 1983 municipal election,
receiving 8% of the vote
Other political or pressure groups: on the
extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and
Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Anti-
fascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use ter-
rorism to oppose the government; free labor
unions (authorized in April 1977) include the
Communist-dominated Workers Commis-
sions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of
Workers (UGT), and the smaller indepen-
dent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the
Catholic Church; business and landowning
interests; Opus Dei; university students
Member of: Andean Pact (observer),
ASSIMER, Council of Europe, EC, ESRO,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL,
IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer),
OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $160.4 billion (1984); 68% private con-
sumption, 12% government consumption,
18% gross fixed capital investment; 3%
change in stocks; 3% net exports; real growth
rate 2.2% (1984)
Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore,
uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gyp-
sum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin,
hydroelectric power
Agriculture: main crops — grains, vegeta-
bles, fruits; virtually self-sufficient in good
crop years
Fishing: catch, 1,123,100 metric tons (1984)
Major industries: textiles and apparel (in-
cluding footwear), food and beverages, met-
als and metal manufactures, chemicals, ship-
building, automobiles
Crude steel: 13.5 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 348 kg per capita
Electric power: 38,490,000 kW capacity
(1985); 122.644 billion kWh produced
(1985), 3,160 kWh per capita
Exports: $23.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); principal
items — iron and steel products, machinery,
automobiles, fruits and vegetables, textiles,
footwear
Imports: $28.8 billion (c.i.f., 1984); principal
items — fuels (40%), machinery, chemicals,
iron and steel, vegetables, automobiles
Major trade partners: (1984) 49% EC, 24%
less developed countries, 12% other devel-
oped countries, 10% US, 4% Communist
countries
Aid: economic commitments — US authori-
zations, $1.9 billion, including Ex-Im (FY70-
84); other Western bilateral (ODA and
OOF), $545.0 million (1970-79); military
authorizations— US (FY70-84), $2.0 billion
Budget: (1984 central government) reve-
nues, $59 billion; expenditures, $70 billion;
deficit, $11 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 161.65 pesetas=
US $1 (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 16,295 km total; Spanish National
Railways (RENFE) operates 13,556 km
1.668-meter gauge, 6,156 km electrified, and
2,295 km double track; FEVE (government-
owned narrow-gauge railways) operates
1,821 km of predominantly 1.000-meter
gauge and 441 km electrified; privately
owned railways operate 918 km of predomi-
nantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electri-
fied, and 56 km double track
Highways: 150,306 km total; 82,070 km na-
tional 2,433 km limited-access divided high-
way, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038
km intermediate bituminous, concrete, or
stone block; the remaining 68,326 km are
provincial or local roads (bituminous
treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone
block)
Inland waterways: 1,045 km; of minor im-
portance as transport arteries and contribute
little to economy
Pipelines: 265 km crude oil; 1,862 km re-
fined products; 1,130 km natural gas
Ports: 23 major, 175 minor
Civil air: 142 major transport aircraft
Airfields: (including Balearic and Canary
Islands) 1 18 total, 114 usable; 61 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 32 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: generally adequate,
modern facilities; 13.8 million telephones
(34.5 per 100 popl.); 180 AM, 391 FM, 1,378
TV stations; 21 coaxial submarine cables; 2
satellite stations with total of 5 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,417,000;
7,652,000 fit for military service; 348,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $3.5 billion; 10.2% of the
central government budget
229
Sri Lanka
100 km
SMrefionilmipVIII
am bant ota
Indian Ocean
Land
65,610 km2; about one-half the size of North
Carolina; 44% forest; 31% waste, urban, or
other; 25% cultivated
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,340 km
People
Population: 16,638,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Sri Lankan(s); adjec-
tive— Sri Lankan
Ethnic divisions: 74% Sinhalese; 18% Tamil;
7% Moor; 1% Burgher, Malay, and Veddha
Religion: 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8%
Christian, 8% Muslim, 0.1% other
Language: Sinhala (official); Sinhala and
Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala
spoken by about 74% of population; Tamil
spoken by about 18%; English commonly
used in government and spoken by about
10% of the population
Infant mortality rate: 37/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 68
Literacy: 87%
Labor force: 6.4 million (1984 est); 45.9%
agriculture, 13.3% mining and manufactur-
ing, 12.4% trade and transport, 26.3% ser-
vices and other; extensive underemploy-
ment; 12% unemployment (1984)
Organized labor: about 33% of labor force,
over 50% of which employed on tea, rubber,
and coconut estates
Government
Official name: Democratic Socialist Repub-
lic of Sri Lanka
Type: independent state since 1948
Capital: Colombo
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 24 ad-
ministrative districts
Legal system: a highly complex mixture of
English common law, Roman-Dutch, Mus-
lim, and customary law; new constitution 7
September 1978 reinstituted a strong, inde-
pendent judiciary; legal education at Sri
Lanka Law College and University of
Colombo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
May
Branches: the 1978 constitution established
a strong presidential form of government
under J. R. Jayewardene, who haa been
Prime Minister since his party's election vic-
tory in July 1977; Jayewardene was elected
to a second term in October 1982 and will
serve until 1989 regardless of whether Par-
liament is dissolved; the current Parliament
was extended until August 1989 by a na-
tional referendum held in December 1982
Government leader: Junius Richard
JAYEWARDENE, President (since 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections ordinarily held
every six years; must be held more
frequently if government loses confidence
vote; the constitution was amended in Au-
gust 1982 to permit the President to call an
early presidential election
Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka
Freedom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo Ratwatte
Dias Bandaranaike; Sri Lanka Mahajana
Party, Vijaya Kumaratunga; Lanka Sama
Samaja Party (LSSP; Trotskyite), C. R. de
Silva; Nava Sama Samaja Party (NSSP), V.
Nanayakkara; Tamil United Liberation
Front, A. Amirthalingam; United National
Party (UNP), J. R. Jayewardene; Communist
Party/Moscow, K. P. Silva; Communist
Party/Peking, N. Shanmugathasan;
Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's
United Front), M. B. Ratnayaka; Janatha
Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP; People's Libera-
tion Front), Rohana Wijeweera; All-Ceylon
Tamil Congress, Kumar Ponnambalam
Voting strength: (October 1982 presidential
election) UNP 52.91 %,SLFP 39.07%, JVP
4.18%, All Ceylon Tamil Congress 2.67%,
LSSP .9%, NSSP .27%
Communists: approximately 107,000 voted
for the Communist Party in the July 1977
general election; Communist Party/Moscow
approximately 5,000 members (1975), Com-
munist Party/Peking 1,000 members (1970
est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Tamil
separatist groups, Buddhist clergy, Sinhalese
Buddhist lay groups; far-left violent revolu-
tionary groups; labor unions
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM,
SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $6.0 billion (1984), $380 per capita;
real growth rate 5% (1984)
Natural resources: limestone, graphite, min-
eral sands, gems, phosphates
Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about
25% of GDP; main crops — rice, rubber, tea,
coconuts
Fishing: catch 170,000 metric tons (1984
est.)
230
Sudan
Major industries: processing of rubber, tea,
coconuts, and other agricultural commodi-
ties; consumer goods manufacture; garment
industry
Electric power: 972,000 kW capacity (1985);
2.352 billion kWh produced (1985), 145
kWh per capita
Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984); tea, rub-
ber, petroleum products, textiles, coconuts
Imports: $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1984); petro-
leum, machinery, transport equipment,
sugar, textiles and textile materials
Major trade partners: (1984) exports — US,
Iraq, UK, UAR, FRG, Singapore, Japan; im-
ports— Japan, Saudi Arabia, US, India, Singa-
pore, FRG, UK, Iran
Budget: (1984) revenues, $1.3 billion; expen-
ditures, $1.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 27.4
rupees=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December
Communications
Railroads: 1,868 km total (1985); all 1.868-
meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no
electrification; government owned
Highways: 66,176 km total (1985); 24,300
km paved (mostly bituminous treated),
28,916 km crushed stone or gravel, 12,960
km improved earth or unimproved earth; in
addition, several thousand km of tracks,
mostly unmotorable
Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by
shallow-draft craft
Pipelines: crude, 14 km; refined products,
55km
Ports: 3 major, 9 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport (including 1
leased)
Airfields: 14 total, 12 usable; 11 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
service; 75,000 (est.) telephones (0.5 per 100
popl.); 16 AM, 2 FM stations; 1 TV station;
submarine cables extend to India; 1 ground
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Police
Force, Special Police Task Force, National
Auxiliary Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,416,000;
3,468,000 fit for military service; 193,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $256 million, 9% of central
government estimated budget
Set regional mip VII
Land
2,505,813 km2; over one-fourth the size of
the US; 37% arable (3% cultivated); 33%
desert, waste, or urban; 15% grazing; 15%
forest
Land boundaries: 7,805 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
12 nm
Coastline: 853 km
People
Population: 22,932,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate —0.2%
Nationality: noun — Sudanese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Sudanese
Ethnic divisions: 52% black, 39% Arab, 6%
Beja, 2% foreigners, 1 % other
Religion: 70% Sunni Muslim in north, 20%
indigenous beliefs, 5% Christian (mostly in
south)
Language: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta
Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-
Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English;
program of Arabization in process
Infant mortality rate: 1 18.9/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 47
231
Sudan (continued)
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 6.086 million (1982); roughly
78.4% agriculture, 9.8% industry and com-
merce, 6.0% government; labor shortages for
almost all categories of employment coexist
with urban unemployment
Government
Official name: Republic of the Sudan
Type: republic under an interim military
regime since coup on 6 April 1985
Capital: Khartoum
Political subdivisions: 9 regions
Legal system: based on English common
law and Islamic law; in September 1983
President Nimeiri declared the penal code
would conform to Islamic law; some sepa-
rate religious courts; interim constitution
promulgated August 1985; legal education at
University of Khartoum and extension of
Cairo University at Khartoum; accepts com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 1 January, Independence
Day
Branches: Transitional Military Council and
Provisional Civilian Cabinet; regional mili-
tary governors
Government leader: Gen. Abdel Rahman
SUWAR EL DAHAB, Chairman, Transi-
tional Military Council (since April 1985);
Dr. El Gizouli DAFALLA, Prime Minister
(since April 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: elections scheduled in April 1986
to select representation to a Constituent As-
sembly that will draft a new constitution in
one year and thereafter turn itself into a par-
liament to serve for three years
Political parties and leaders: following coup
in April 1985, more than 30 different politi-
cal parties declared; most significant include
the Umma Party (Ansar Muslim Sect), the
Democratic Unionist Party (Khatmiyyah
Muslim Sect), the rightist Islamic fundamen-
talist National Islamic Front (Muslim Broth-
erhood), the Sudanese Communist Party,
and the B'ath Party; major southern parties
include the Sudan African Congress and the
Southern Sudanese Political Association
Member of: AfDB, APC, Arab League,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
IDA, IDE— Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $7.31 billion at current prices (FY84),
$350 per capita at current prices (FY83)
Natural resources: modest reserves of oil,
iron ore, copper, chrome, and other indus-
trial minerals
Agriculture: main crops — sorghum, millet,
wheat, sesame, peanuts, beans, barley; not
self-sufficient in food production; main cash
crops — cotton, gum arable, peanuts, sesame
Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles,
brewery, cement, edible oils, soap, distilling,
shoes, Pharmaceuticals
Electric power: 542,700 kW capacity (1985);
1.188 billion kWh produced (1985), 54 kWh
per capita
Exports: $409 million (f.o.b., 1984); cotton
(31%), gum arabic, peanuts, sesame; $40 mil-
lion exports to Communist countries (FY82)
Imports: $465.7 million (c.i.f., 1984); tex-
tiles, petroleum products, foodstuffs, trans-
port equipment, manufactured goods
Major trade partners: UK, FRG, Italy, US,
Saudi Arabia, France, Egypt, Japan
Budget: (FY84) public revenue $551 million,
total expenditures $829 million, including
development expenditure of $203 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.45 Sudanese
pounds=US$l (December 1985) official;
3.70 Sudanese pounds=US$l free market
(December 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 5,516 km total; 4,800 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter gauge
plantation line
Highways: 20,000 km total; 2,000 km bitu-
minous treated, 4,000 km gravel, 2,304 km
improved earth; remainder unimproved
earth and track
Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 815 km
Ports: 1 major (Port Sudan)
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 89 total, 77 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 29 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: large system by Afri-
can standards, but barely adequate; consists
of radio relay, cables, radio communica-
tions, and troposcatter; domestic satellite
system with 14 stations; 68,500 telephones
(0.4 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV sta-
tions; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De-
fense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,275,000;
3,224,000 fit for military service; 241,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $534.1 million; 17.7% of central
government budget
Suriname
North Atlantic Ocean
Seere|ion»l map IV
Land
163,265 km2; slightly larger than Georgia;
negligible arable land, meadow and pasture;
76% forest; 16% built on, waste, or other; 8%
unused but potentially productive
Land boundaries: 1,561 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 386 km
People
Population: 381,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun — Surinamer(s); adjec-
tive— Surinamese
Ethnic divisions: 37.0% Hindustani (East
Indian), 31.0% Creole (black and mixed),
15.3% Javanese, 10.3% Bush Negro, 2.6%
Amerindian, 1.7% Chinese, 1.0% Europeans,
1.1% other
Religion: 27.4% Hindu, 19.6% Muslim,
22.8% Roman Catholic, 25.2% Protestant
(predominantly Moravian), about 5% indige-
nous beliefs
Language: Dutch (official); English widely
spoken; Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, some-
times called Taki-Taki) is native language of
Creoles and much of the younger population
and is lingua franca among others; also
Hindi Suriname Hindustani (a variant of
Bhoqpuri), and Javanese
Infant mortality rate: 23/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: men 64.8, women 69.8
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 104,000(1984); unemployment
25% (1985); about 10.6% of work force en-
gaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, and
fishing
Organized labor: 49,000 members of labor
force organized
Government
Official name: Republic of Suriname
Type: military-civilian rule
Capital: Paramaribo
Political subdivisions: 9 districts, each
headed by District Commissioner responsi-
ble to Minister of Internal Affairs and Local
Administration; 100 "People's Committees"
installed at local level
Legal system: suspended constitution; judi-
cial system functions in ordinary civil and
criminal cases
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
November
Branches: civilian government controlled by
the military
Government leaders: Lt. Col. Desire
BOUTERSE, Head of Government, Army
Commander and strongman (since February
1980); Lachmipersad Frederick RAMDAT-
MISIER, Acting President (figurehead; since
February 1982); Willem Alfred UDEN-
HOUT, Prime Minister (since February
1984)
Suffrage: suspended
Elections: none planned
Political parties and leaders: 25 February
National Unity Movement (November 1983)
established by Bouterse; regular party activ-
ity limited; given greater freedom of assem-
bly in 1985; leftists (all small groups) — Revo-
lutionary People's Party (RVP), Michael
Naarendorp; Progressive Workers and
Farmers (PALU), Iwan Krolis
Member of: ECLA, FAO, GATT, G-77,
IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.1 billion (1984); $2,980 per capita
(1984); real growth rate - 1.0% (1984)
Natural resources: forests, hydroelectric
power potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron
ore, and other minerals
Agriculture: main crops — rice, bananas,
palm oil, timber
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina
and aluminum production, lumbering, food
processing
Electric power: 420,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.61 billion kWh produced (1985), 4,290
kWh per capita
Exports: $356 million (f.o.b., 1984); alumina,
bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood
products
Imports: $346 million (c.i.f., 1984); capital
equipment, petroleum, iron and steel, cot-
ton, flour, meat, dairy products
Major trade partners: exports — 26% Neth-
erlands, 17% US, 13% FRG; imports— 30%
US, 21% Trinidad and Tobago, 9% Nether-
lands (1983)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments,
including Ex-Im— US (FY70-83), $2.5 mil-
lion, Western (non-US) countries, ODA and
OOF (1970-83), $1.4 billion; no military aid
Budget: revenues, $261 million; expendi-
tures, $421 million (1984 est.)
233
Suriname (continued)
Swaziland
Monetary conversion rate: 1.79 Suriname
guilders=US$l (September 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter
gauge, government owned, and 80 km
1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track
Highways: 8,300 km total; 500 km paved;
5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or
improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay
Inland waterways: 1,200 km; most impor-
tant means of transport; oceangoing vessels
with drafts ranging from 4.2 m to 7 m can
navigate many of the principal waterways
while native canoes navigate upper reaches
Ports: 1 major (Paramaribo), 6 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 42 total, 40 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: international facili-
ties good; domestic radio-relay system;
27,500 telephones (6.3 per 100 popl.); 4 AM,
4 FM stations; 1 TV station; 2 Atlantic satel-
lite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: National Army (including Infan-
try Battalion, Military Police Brigade, Navy
[company-size], Air Force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 72,000;
43,000 fit for military service
Military budget: 1983, $41.8 million; 8.2%
of central government budget
Sec regional map VII
Land
17,363 km2; slightly smaller than New Jer-
sey; mostly crop or pasture
Land boundaries: 435 km
People
Population: 692,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Swazi(s); adjective —
Swazi
Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% Euro-
pean, 1% mulatto
Religion: 57% Christian, 43% indigenous
beliefs
Language: English and siSwati (official);
government business conducted in English
Infant mortality rate: 156/1,000(1982)
Life expectancy: men 46.8, women 50.0
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 195,000; over 60,000 engaged
in subsistence agriculture; 55,000-60,000
wage earners, many only intermittently,
with 36% agriculture and forestry, 20% com-
munity and social services, 14% manufactur-
ing, 9% construction, 21 % other; 12,000 em-
ployed in South Africa (1982)
Organized labor: about 15% of wage earners
are unionized
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Swaziland
Type: monarchy; independent member of
Commonwealth since September 1968
Capital: Mbabane (administrative);
Lobamba (legislative capital)
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on South African
Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi
traditional law and custom in traditional
courts; legal education at University of
Botswana and Swaziland; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Somhlolo (Independence)
Day, 6 September
Branches: constitution was repealed and
Parliament dissolved by King Sobhuza II
(deceased August 1982) in April 1973; new
bicameral Parliament (Senate, House of As-
sembly) formally opened in January 1979;
80-member electoral college chose 40 mem-
bers of lower house and 10 members of up-
per house; additional 10 members for each
house chosen by King; executive authority
vested in the King or Queen (with the advice
of the Supreme Council of State), whose as-
sent is required before parliamentary acts
become law; King's authority exercised
through Prime Minister and Cabinet who
must be members of Parliament; judiciary is
part of Ministry of Justice but otherwise in-
dependent of executive and legislative
branches; cases from subordinate courts can
be appealed to the High Court and the
Court of Appeal
Government leaders: Head of State, Ntombi
THWALA, Queen Regent (since September
1983); Prince Bhekimpi DLAMINI, Prime
Minister (since March 1983)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Communists: no Communist party
234
Sweden
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GNP: approximately $478 million (1984),
about $900 per capita; real growth 11%
(1984)
Natural resources: asbestos, coal, clay, tin,
diamonds, hydroelelectric power, forests
Agriculture: main crops — maize, cotton,
rice, sugar, and citrus fruits
Major industry: mining, pulping
Electric power: 60,000 kW capacity (1985);
84 million kWh produced (1985), 125 kWh
per capita
Exports: $360 million (f.o.b., 1984); sugar,
asbestos, wood and forest products, citrus,
and canned fruit
Imports: $498 million (f.o.b., 1984); motor
vehicles, chemicals, petroleum products,
and foodstuffs
Major trade partners: South Africa, UK, US;
member of South African Customs Union
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $340 million; US (FY70-84), $80
million
Budget: 1984/85 (est.)— revenues, $204 mil-
lion; current expenditures, $149 million
Monetary conversion rate: the Swazi
lilangeni exchanges at par with the South
African rand; 2.3 emalangeni=US$l (29
January 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 515 km 1.067-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved,
1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil, and 1,1 13 km improved earth
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 27 total, 27 usable; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system consists of
carrier-equipped open- wire lines and low
capacity radio-relay links; 15,400 telephones
(2.3 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 8 FM, 1 1 TV sta-
tions; Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Umbutfo Swaziland Defense
Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 151,000;
87,000 fit for military service
Turnaby,
Gbteboi
Kattegat
Mai mo'
See regional map V
Land
449,964 km2; larger than Calitornia; 55%
forest, 7% arable, 2% meadow and pasture,
36% other
Land boundaries: 2,196 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,218 km
People
Population: 8,357,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Swede(s); adjective —
Swedish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white popu-
lation; small Lappish minority; est. 12% for-
eign born or first generation immigrants
(Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians,
Greeks)
Religion: 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0%
Roman Catholic, 5.5% other
Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and
Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants
speak native languages
Infant mortality rate: 7/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 75, women 81
235
Sweden (continued)
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 4.41 million (1984); 32.8% pri-
vate services; 30.0% government services;
22.0% mining and manufacturing; 5.9% con-
struction; 5.0% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 0.9% electricity, gas, and water-
works; 3. 1 % unemployed (1984 average)
Organized labor: 90% of labor force (1985
est.)
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Sweden
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Stockholm
Political subdivisions: 24 counties, 284 mu-
nicipalities (townships)
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
customary law; a new constitution was
adopted in 1975 replacing the Acts of 1809,
1866, and 1949; legal education at Universi-
ties of Lund, Stockholm, and Uppsala; ac-
cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with res-
ervations
National holiday: no national holiday;
King's birthday, 30 April, celebrated as such
by Swedish embassies
Branches: legislative authority rests with
unicameral parliament (Riksdag); executive
power vested in Cabinet, responsible to par-
liament; Supreme Court, 6 superior courts,
108 lower courts
Government leaders: CARL XVI Gustaf,
King (since September 1973); Ingvar
CARLSSON, Prime Minister (since March
1986)
Suffrage: universal but not compulsory over
age 18; after three years of legal residence
immigrants may vote in county and munici-
pal but not national elections
Elections: every three years; next scheduled
for September 1988
Political parties and leaders: Moderate Coa-
lition (conservative), Ulf Adelsohn; Center,
Karen Soder; Liberal People's Party, Bengt
Westerberg; Social Democratic, Ingvar
Carlsson; Left Party-Communist (VPK),
Lars Werner; Swedish Communist Party
(SKP), Roland Pettersson; Communist
Workers' Party, Rolf Hagel
Voting strength: (1985 election) 45.0% So-
cial Democratic, 21.3% Moderate Coalition,
12.5% Center (includes votes for Christian
Democratic Alliance), 14.3% Liberal, 5.4%
Communist, 1.5% other
Communists: VPK and SKP; VPK, the ma-
jor Communist party, is reported to have
roughly 17,800 members; in the 1985 elec-
tion, the VPK attracted 293,543 votes; in
addition, there are 4 other active Commu-
nist parties, including the SKP, for which
membership figures are not available; in the
1985 elections, these parties obtained an
additional 16,000 votes
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank.lEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, INTELSAT,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Whal-
ing Commission, IWC — International
Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GDP: $96.0 billion, $1 1,510 per capita
(1984); 51.9% private consumption, 28.8%
government consumption, 12.9% private
investment; 6.0% public investment; — 1.0%
change in stock building; 1.4% net exports of
goods and services; 1984 growth rate, 3.3%
Natural resources: zinc, iron, lead, copper,
silver, gold, forests, hydroelectric power
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates, with milk and dairy products account-
ing for 37% of farm income; main crops —
grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100%
self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85%
self-sufficient in sugar beets
Fishing: catch 285,000 metric tons (1984),
exports $77 million, imports $196.0 million
Major industries: iron and steel, precision
equipment (bearings, radio and telephone
parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper
products, processed foods, motor vehicles
Shortages: coal, petroleum, textile fibers,
potash, salt, oils and fats, tropical products
Crude steel: 4.7 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 564 kg per capita
Electric power: 38,956,000 kW capacity
(1985); 129.6 billion kWh produced (1985),
15,543 kWh per capita
Exports: $29.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); machin-
ery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp
and wood, iron and steel products, chemi-
cals, petroleum and petroleum products
Imports: $26.33 billion (c.i.f., 1984); machin-
ery, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, motor vehicles, foodstuffs, iron
and steel, clothing
Major trade partners: EC 50.2%, other de-
veloped 34.9%, non-OPEC less developed
countries 5.5%, OPEC 4.5%, CEMA 4.9%
(1984)
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83), $5.4 billion
Budget: (1984/85) revenues $31.0 billion,
expenditures $38.7 billion, deficit $7.7 bil-
lion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.8
kronor=US$l (November 1985 average)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 12,518 km total; Swedish State
Railways (SJ)— 11,179km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 6,959 km electrified and
1,152 km double track; 182 km 0.891-meter
gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately
owned railways — 511 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 332 km electrified; 371 km
0.891 -meter gauge electrified
Switzerland
Highways: classified network, 97,400 km, of
which 51,899 km paved; 20,659 km gravel;
24,842 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for
small steamers and barges
1 Pipelines: 84 km natural gas
Ports: 17 major and 30 minor
Civil air: 65 major transports
Airfields: 263 total, 259 usable; 135 with
permanent-surface runways; 9 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 88 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international facilities; 7.41 million tele-
phones (89.0 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 345 FM,
810 TV stations; 9 submarine coaxial cables,
2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas, 1 Eu-
telsat antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Swedish Army, Royal
Swedish Air Force, Royal Swedish Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,091,000;
1,465,000 fit for military service; 62,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $2.5 billion; 6.5% of central gov-
ernment budget
100km
Base
Sec regional map V
Land
41,228 km2; the size of Massachusetts, Con-
necticut, and Rhode Island combined; 43%
meadow and pasture, 24% forest, 20% waste
or urban, 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 1,884 km
People
Population: 6,466,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun — Swiss (sing. & pi. ); ad-
jective— Swiss
Ethnic divisions: total population — 65%
German, 18% French, 10% Italian, 1%
Romansch, 5% other; Swiss nationals — 74%
German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1%
Romansch, 1% other
Religion: 49% Catholic, 48% Protestant,
0.3% Jewish
Language: total population- — 65% German,
18% French, 12% Italian, 1% Romansch, 4%
other; Swiss nationals— 74% German, 20%
French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other
Infant mortality rate: 9/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 70.3, women 76.2
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 3.05 million, about 706,000
foreign workers, mostly Italian; 42% ser-
vices, 39% industry and crafts, 1 1 % govern-
ment, 7% agriculture and forestry, 1% other;
approximately 0.9% unemployed (1985)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
Government
Official name: Swiss Confederation
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bern
Political subdivisions: 23 cantons (3 divided
into half cantons)
Legal system: civil law system Influenced by
customary law; constitution adopted 1874,
amended since; judicial review of legislative
acts, except with respect to federal decrees
of general obligatory character; legal educa-
tion at Universities of Bern, Geneva, and
Lausanne and four other university schools
of law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 1 August
Branches: bicameral parliament (National
Council, Council of States) has legislative
authority; federal council (Bundesrat) has
executive authority; justice left chiefly to
cantons
Government leader: Alfons EGLI, President
(1986; presidency rotates annually)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: held every four years; next elec-
tions scheduled for 1987
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic Party (SPS), Helmuth Hubacher,
chairman; Radical Democratic Party (FDP),
Bruno Hunziker, president; Christian Dem-
ocratic People's Party (CVP), Flavio Cotti,
president; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Adolf
Ogi, president; Workers' Party (PdA),
Armand Magnin, secretary general; Nation-
al Action Party (NA), Rodolf Keller, presi-
dent; Independents' Party (LdU), Walter
Biel, president; Republican Movement
237
Switzerland (continued)
(Rep); Liberal Party (LPS), Gilbert Coutau,
president; Evangelical People's Party (EVP),
Paul Gysel, president; Progressive Organiza-
tions of Switzerland (POCH); Green Party
(GP); Autonomous Socialist Party (PSA),
Werner Carobbio, secretary; Progressive
Swiss Organization (POS), Georg Degen,
secretary
Voting strength: (1983 election) 23.4% FDP,
22.8% SPS, 20.5% CVP, 11.1% SVP, 3.5%
NA, 2.9% GP, 16.1% others
Communists: about 5,000 members
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EFTA, ELDO (observer), ESRO, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDB—
Inter-American Development Bank, IEA,
IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, I WC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OECD, UNESCO,
UPU, World Confederation of Labor,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO;
permanent observer status at the UN
Economy
GNP: $96. 1 billion (1984), $14,300 per cap-
ita; 58% consumption, 22% investment,
0.13% government, — 1% net foreign bal-
ance; real growth rate 2.5% (1984)
Natural resources: hydroelectric power (po-
tential), timber, salt
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates;
less than 50% self-sufficient; food
shortages — fish, refined sugar, fats and oils
(other than butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vege-
tables, meat
Major industries: machinery, chemicals,
watches, textiles, precision instruments
Shortages: practically all important raw
materials except hydroelectric energy
Electric power: 17,690,000 kW capacity
(1985); 56.765 billion kWh produced (1985),
8,790 kWh per capita
Exports: $25.8 billion (f.o.b., 1984); principal
items — machinery and equipment, chemi-
cals, precision instruments, metal products,
textiles, foodstuffs
Imports: $28.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984); princi-
pal items — machinery and transportation
equipment, metals and metal products,
foodstuffs, chemicals, textile fibers and yarns
Major trade partners: 59% EC, 21% other
developed, 17% less developed countries, 3%
Communist
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
committed (1970-83), $1.4 billion
Budget: receipts, $8.50 billion; expendi-
tures, $8.75 billion; deficit, $0.25 billion
(1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 2. 17
francs=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 5,155 km total; 2,952 km govern-
ment owned (SBB), 2,879 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge; 74 km 1.000-meter narrow
gauge; 1,432 km double track, 99% electri-
fied; 2,203 km nongovernment owned, 710
km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1,418 km
1.000-meter gauge, 75 km 0.790-meter
gauge, 100% electrified
Highways: 62,145 km total (all paved), of
which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km
are national highways (740 km autobahn);
42,468 km are communal roads
Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1 ,046 km natu-
ral gas
Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine River —
Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to
Bodensee; in addition, there are 12 naviga-
ble lakes
Ports: 1 major (Basel), 2 minor (all inland)
Civil air: 89 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 73 total, 71 usable; 42 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,660 m, 6 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways 1,220-
2,439m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic,
international, and broadcast services; 5. 1 1
million telephones (78.9 per 100 popl.); 6
AM, 250 FM, 1,253 TV stations; 1 satellite
station with 3 Atlantic Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,695,000;
1,465,000 fit for military service; 50,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, $1.9 billion;
20.6% of proposed central government bud-
get
238
Syria
150km
See regional mip VI
Land
185,180 km2 (including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-
occupied territory); the size of North Da-
kota; 48% arable, 29% grazing, 21% desert,
2% forest
Land boundaries: 2,196 km (1967); excludes
2,156 km occupied area
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
35 nm
Coastline: 193km
People
Population: 10,931,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.7%
Nationality: noun — Syrian(s); adjective —
Syrian
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds,
Armenians, and other
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite,
Druze, and other Muslim sects; 10% Chris-
tian (various sects)
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Arme-
nian, Aramaic, Circassian; French and
English widely understood
Infant mortality rate: 57/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: men 64.9, women 67.6
Literacy: about 50%
Labor force: 2.4 million; 36% miscellaneous
services, 32% agriculture, 32% industry (in-
cluding construction); majority unskilled;
shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Syrian Arab Republic
Type: republic; under leftwing military re-
gime since March 1963
Capital: Damascus
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces and city
of Damascus administered as separate unit
Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil
law system; special religious courts; constitu-
tion promulgated in 1973; legal education at
Damascus University and University of
Aleppo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17
April
Branches: executive powers vested in Presi-
dent and Council of Ministers; power rests in
unicameral legislative (People's Council);
seat of power is the Ba'th Party Regional
(Syrian) Command
Government leader: Lt. Gen. Hafiz
al-ASSAD, President (since February 1971)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: People's Council election held
November 1983; presidential election held
February 1985
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is
the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th)
Party; the Progressive National Front is
dominated by Ba'thists but includes inde-
pendents and members of the Syrian Arab
Socialist Party (ASP), Arab Socialist Union
(ASU), Socialist Unionist Movement, and
Syrian Communist Party (SCP)
239
Communists: mostly sympathizers, num-
bering about 5,000
Other political or pressure groups: non-
Bath parties have little effective political
influence; Communist Party ineffective;
greatest threat to Assad regime lies in fac-
tionalism in the military; conservative reli-
gious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC,
IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $20.7 billion (1984), $2,000 per capita;
real GDP growth rate 2% (1984)
Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates,
chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron
ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum
Agriculture: main crops — cotton, wheat,
barley, tobacco; sheep and goat raising; self-
sufficient in most foods in years of good
weather
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
beverages, tobacco; petroleum — 170,000
b/d production (1984), 229,000 b/d refining
capacity
Electric power: 2,256,700 kW capacity
(1985); 6.919 billion kWh produced (1985),
656 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum, textiles and textile products, tobacco,
fruits and vegetables, cotton
Imports: $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum, machinery and metal products, tex-
tiles, fuels, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — Romania,
Italy, France, USSR; imports— Iran, FRG,
Italy, Libya
Syria (continued)
Tanzania
Budget: 1985 — revenues $6.3 billion (ex-
cluding aid payments); expenditures $10.9
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.925 Syrian
pounds=US$l (official rate, February 1984);
two other officially sanctioned rates — the
"parallel" and "tourist" rates — are deter-
mined by the government guided by supply
and demand
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,543 km total; 1,281 km stan-
dard gauge, 262 km 1.050-meter narrow
gauge
Highways: 16,939 km total; 12,051 km
paved, 2,625 km gravel or crushed stone,
2,263 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 672 km; of little impor-
tance
Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km re-
fined products
Ports: 3 major (Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas), 2
minor
Civil air: 1 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 95 total, 90 usable; 27 with
permanent-surface runways; 21 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system currently
undergoing significant improvement;
512,600 telephones (5.3 per 100 popl.); 9
AM, no FM, 40 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station; 1 Intersputnik satellite sta-
tion under construction; 1 submarine cable;
coaxial cable and radio-relay to Iraq, Jordan,
Turkey, and Lebanon (inactive)
Defense Forces
Branches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab
Air Force, Syrian Arab Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,403,000;
1,347,000 fit for military service; about
1 1 3,000 reach military age ( 1 9) annually
300km
See regional map VII
Land
942,623 km2 (including islands of Zanzibar
and Pemba, 2,642 km2); more than twice the
size of California; forest 45%, meadow and
pasture 37%, inland water 6%, arable 4%,
crop 1%, other 7%
Land boundaries: 3,883 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
50 nm
Coastline: 1,424 km (this includes 1 13 km
Mafia Island, 177 km Pemba Island, and 212
km Zanzibar)
People
Population: 22,415,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Tanzanian(s); adjec-
tive— Tanzanian
Ethnic divisions: mainland — 99% native
African consisting of well over 100 tribes; 1%
Asian, European, and Arab; Zanzibar — al-
most all Arab
Religion: mainland— 33% Christian, 33%
Muslim, 33% indigenous beliefs; Zanzibar —
almost all Muslim
Language: Swahili and English (official);
English primary language of commerce,
administration, and higher education; Swa-
hili widely understood and generally used
for communication between ethnic groups;
first language of most people is one of the
local languages; primary education is gener-
ally in Swahili
Infant mortality rate: 103/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 52
Literacy: 79%
Labor force: 208,680 in paid employment
(1983); 90% agriculture, 10% industry and
commerce
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
Government
Official name: United Republic of Tanzania
Type: republic; single party constitutionally
supreme on the mainland and on Zanzibar
Capital: Dar es Salaam
Political subdivisions: 25 regions — 20 on
mainland, 5 on Zanzibar
Legal system: based on English common
law; permanent constitution adopted 1977,
replaced interim constitution adopted 1965;
Zanzibar has its own constitution but re-
mains subject to provisions of the union con-
stitution; judicial review of legislative acts
limited to matters of interpretation; legal
education at University of Dar es Salaam;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: Union Day, 26 April; In-
dependence Day, 9 December
Branches: President Ali Hassan Mwinyi has
full executive authority on the mainland;
National Assembly dominated by the
Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary
Party); National Assembly consists of 233
members, 72 from Zanzibar, of whom 10 are
directly elected, 65 appointed from the
mainland, and 96 directly elected from the
mainland (these numbers are slated to be
changed when amendments to the Constitu-
tion are approved)
240
Government leaders: Ali Hassan MWINYI,
President (since November 1985); Joseph
Sinde WARIOBA, Prime Minister (since
November 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Political party and leader: Chama Cha
Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party), only polit-
ical party, dominated by Nyerere; has con-
siderable power over domestic policies and
the enforcement of them
Voting strength: (October 1980 national
elections) close to 7 million registered voters;
Nyerere received 93% of about 6 million
votes cast; general elections scheduled for
late 1985
Communists: a few Communist sympathiz-
ers, especially on Zanzibar
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.2 billion (1984), $210 per capita;
real growth rate, 0.6% (1984 prelim.)
Natural resources: hydroelectric power po-
tential, large unexploited iron and coal,
gemstone and gold mines, natural gas, nickel
Agriculture: main crops — cotton, coffee,
sisal on mainland; cloves and coconuts on
Zanzibar
Major industries: primarily agricultural
processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal
twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes,
cement, textiles, wood products
Electric power: 372,800 kW capacity (1985);
816 million kWh produced (1985), 37 kWh
per capita
Exports: $396 million (f.o.b., 1984); coffee,
cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, meat, cloves, to-
bacco, tea, coconut products
Imports: $831 million (c.i.f., 1984); manu-
factured goods, machinery and transport
equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — FRG, UK,
US; imports— FRG, UK, US, Iran
External debt: $2.8 billion (1983); debt ser-
vice ratio 68.1% (1984— not including IMF)
Budget: (1984/85) revenues, $891.8 million;
current expenditures, $1.017 billion; devel-
opment expenditures, $359.5 million
Aid: economic aid commitments from West-
ern (non-US) countries (1970-79), ODA and
OOF, $100 million; US, including Ex-Im
(FY70-80), $200 million
Monetary conversion rate: 17 Tanzanian
shillings=US$l (14 June 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-
meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge,
6.4 km double track, 962 km Tan-Zam Rail-
road 1.067-meter gauge in Tanzania; 1 15
km 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of
decade
Highways: total 34,500 km, 3,600 km paved;
5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder
improved and unimproved earth
Pipelines: 982 km crude oil
Inland waterways: several thousand km
navigable on Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria,
and Malawi; principal inland waterway
ports are Mwanza on Lake Victoria and
Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika
Ports: 3 major (Dar es Salaam, Mtwara,
Tanga)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 100 total, 93 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 45 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open
wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 103,800
telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, no FM,
2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense
Force includes Army, Navy, and Air Force;
paramilitary Police Field Force Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,712,000;
2,706,000 fit for military service
241
Thailand
See rrgionjl map IX
Land
514,820 km2; about the size of Texas; 56%
forest, 24% farm, 20% other
Land boundaries: 4,868 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 3,219 km
People
Population: 52,438,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun — Thai (sing, and pi.); ad-
jective— Thai
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese,
11% other
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5%
other
Language: Thai; English is the secondary
language of the elite; ethnic and regional
dialects
Infant mortality rate: 51. 4/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: men 59.5, women 65. 1
Literacy: 84%
Labor force: 26 million (1984); 73% agricul-
ture, 11% industry and commerce, 10%
services, 6% government; 1.5% unemploy-
ment rate
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Thailand
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Bangkok
Political subdivisions: 72 centrally
controlled provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system,
with influences of common law; legal educa-
tion at Thammasat University; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: King's Birthday, '5 De-
cember
Branches: King is head of state with nominal
powers; bicameral legislature (National As-
sembly— Senate appointed by King, elected
House of Representatives); judiciary rela-
tively independent except in important po-
litical subversive cases
Government leaders: BHUMIBOL
ADULYADEJ, King (since June 1946); Gen.
(Ret.) PREM TINSULANONDA, Prime
Minister (since March 1980)
Suffrage: universal at age 20
Elections: last held April 19s3
Political parties: Social Action Party, Thai
Nation Party, Thai People's Party, Thai Citi-
zen Party, Democrat Party, Freedom and
Justice Party, Nation and People Party, New
Force Party, National Democracy Party;
other small parties represented in parlia-
ment
Communists: strength of illegal Communist
Party is probably less than 1,000; Commu-
nist insurgents throughout Thailand total an
estimated 1,000
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN,
ASPAC, Association of Tin Producing Coun-
tries, Colombo Plan, GATT, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $52.4 billion (1984), $1,030 per capita;
5.4% real growth in 1984
Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas,
tungsten, timber, fisheries products
Agriculture: main crops — rice, sugar, corn,
rubber, manioc; an illegal producer of
opium poppy and cannabis for the interna-
tional drug trade
Fishing: catch 2.2 million metric tons (1984);
major fishery export, shrimp, 19,428 metric
tons, about $117 million (1984)
Major industries: agricultural processing,
textiles, wood and wood products, cement,
tin and tungsten ore mining; world's second
largest tungsten producer and third largest
tin producer
Shortages: fuel sources, including coal and
petroleum; scrap iron; and fertilizer
Electric power: 5,826,000 kW capacity
(1985); 20.7 billion kWh produced (1985),
393 kWh per capita
Exports: $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); rice,
sugar, corn, rubber, tin, tapioca, textiles and
garments, integrated circuits, canned sea-
food, fruit
Imports: $10.37 billion (c.i.f., 1984); machin-
ery and transport equipment, fuels and
lubricants, base metals, chemicals, and fer-
tilizer
Major trade partners: exports — US, Japan,
Singapore, the Netherlands, Hong Kong,
Malaysia; imports — Japan, US, FRG, UK,
Singapore, Saudi Arabia; about 1% or less
trade with Communist countries
Budget: (FY84) estimate of expenditures,
$7.6 billion; revenues $6.2 billion; deficit
$1.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 27 baht=US$l
(January 1986)
Togo
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99
km double track
Highways: 44,534 km total; 28,016 km
paved, 5,132 km earth surface, 11,386 km
under development
Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal wa-
terways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of
0.9 m or more throughout the year; numer-
ous minor waterways navigable by shallow-
draft native craft
Pipelines: natural gas, 350 km; refined prod-
ucts, 67 km
Ports: 2 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 30 (plus 2 leased) major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 131 total, 104 usable; 57 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 13 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 27 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general
public adequate; bulk of service to govern-
ment activities provided by multichannel
cable and radio-relay network; satellite
ground station; domestic satellite system
being developed; 496,558 telephones (1.1
per 100 popl.); approx. 150 AM, 20 FM, 10
TV transmitters in government-controlled
networks
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai
Navy (includes Royal Thai Marine Corps),
Royal Thai Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
13,536,000; 8,307,000 fit for military service;
about 631,000 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
September 1986, $1.5 million (est); 18.9% of
central government budget
Src rffional map VII
J.OMEJ
Bight of Benin
Land
56,980 km2; slightly larger than West Vir-
ginia; nearly 50% arable, under 15% culti-
vated
Land boundaries: 1 ,646 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 56 km
People
Population: 3,118,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Togolese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Togolese
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most
important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under
1% European and Syrian-Lebanese
Religion: about 70% indigenous beliefs, 20%
Christian, 10% Muslim
Language: French, both official and lan-
guage of commerce; major African
languages are Ewe and Mina in the south
and Dagomba and Kabye in the north
Infant mortality rate: 112/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 47
Literacy: 18%
Labor force: 78% agriculture, 22% industry;
about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided
between public and private sectors
Organized labor: one national union, the
National Federation of Togolese Workers
Government
Official name: Republic of Togo
Type: republic; one-party presidential re-
gime with a centralized national administra-
tion
Capital: Lome
Political subdivisions: 21 prefectures
Legal system: French-based court system
with a court of appeals
National holiday: Independence Day, 27
April
Branches: strong executive President; uni-
cameral legislature (National Assembly);
separate judiciary, including State Security
Court, established in 1970; a new constitu-
tion was endorsed by referendum in 1979
that provided for an elective presidential
system and a 67-member National Assembly
Government leader: Gen. Gnassingbe
EYADEMA, President (since 1967)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: to be held every seven years; last
held in December 1979; General Eyadema,
the sole candidate, was elected by almost
100% of votes cast
Political party: single party formed by Presi-
dent Eyadema in September 1969, Rally of
the Togolese People (RPT); structure and
staffing of party closely controlled by gov-
ernment
Communists; no Communist Party; possibly
some sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, CEAO (observer),
EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
243
Togo (continued)
Tokelau
Economy
GNP: $950 million (1982 est.), about $340
per capita; 3.2% real growth in 1982
Natural resources: phosphates, limestone,
marble
Agriculture: main cash crops — coffee, co-
coa, cotton; major food crops — yams, cas-
sava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum, fish
Fishing: catch 14,556 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: phosphate mining, agri-
cultural processing, cement, handicrafts,
textiles, beverages
Electric power: 47,900 kW capacity (1985);
83 million kWh produced (1985), 27 kWh
per capita
Exports: $202 million (f.o.b., 1982); phos-
phates, cocoa, coffee, palm kernels
Imports: $390 million (f.o.b., 1982); con-
sumer goods, fuels, machinery, tobacco,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: mostly France and
other EC countries
Budget:(l982 proj.), revenues, $243.1 mil-
lion; current expenditures, $219 million;
development expenditures, $89 million
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commun-
aute Financiere Af ricaine (CFA) francs=
US$1 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 7,562 km total; 1,505 km paved,
1,257 km improved earth, remainder unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: section of Mono River
and about 50 km of coastal lagoons and tidal
creeks
Ports: 1 major (Lome), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 1 total, 1 1 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: fair system based on
network of open- wire lines supplemented by
radio- relay routes; 12,000 telephones (0.4
per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, 3 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 1
SYMPHONIE station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 681,000;
354,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
•• •••
.Ara/u
South Pacific Ocean
'.Nukunonu
Set rrginnil mtp X
Land
about 10.1 km2; about one-fifteenth the size
of Washington, D. C. ; consists of three atolls
(Atafu — 2 km2, Nukunonu — 5.5 km2, and
Fakaofo— 2.6 km2)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: Fakaofo, about 36 km;
Nukunonu, about 45 km; Atafu, about
20km
People
Population: 1,538 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate —0.2%
Nationality: noun — Tokelauan(s); adjec-
tive— Tokelauan
Ethnic divisions: all Polynesian, with cul-
tural ties to Western Samoa
Religion: 70% Congregational Christian
Church, 30% Roman Catholic — on Atafu, all
Congregational Christian Church of Samoa;
on Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on
Fakaofo, both denominations
Language: Tokelauan (a Polynesian lan-
guage) and English
Literacy: probably high
Government
Official name: Tokelau
244
Tonga
Type: New Zealand Associated Territory;
Tokelauans are British subjects and New
Zealand citizens; administered under the
Tokelau Islands Act of 1948 as amended in
1970
Capital: no capital — each atoll has its own
administrative center
Branches: the Minister of Foreign Affairs of
New Zealand is empowered to appoint an
Administrator to the region; the powers of
the Administrator are delegated to the Offi-
cial Secretary at the Office of Tokelau Af-
fairs, Apia, Western Somoa
Political subdivisions: each village has a
Council of Elders (Taupulega) made up of
heads of family groups together with the
commissioner (faipule) and the mayor
(pulenuku); the commissioner administers
the law and presides over the court
Legal system: British and local statutes
National holiday: 6 February (Waitangi
Day)
Government leaders: H. H. FRANCIS, Ad-
ministrator (since February 1985); A. H.
MACEY, Official Secretary, Office of
Tokelau Affairs (since February 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: elections for a commissioner and
a mayor from each atoll held at three-year
intervals
Communists: probably none
Economy
Natural resources: negligible
Agriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsis-
tence crops — pulaka, breadfruit, pawpaw,
bananas; pigs, poultry
Fishing: ocean and lagoon fish and shellfish
for local consumption
Major industries: copra production, wood
work, plaited craft goods, stamps, coins
Electric power: 200 kW capacity (1985); .3
million kWh produced (1985), 187 kWh per
capita
Exports: $23,648(1982/3); copra, handi-
crafts
Imports: foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
Major trade partner: New Zealand
Budget: (1983/4) expenditures, $1,358,105;
revenue, $208,419; New Zealand subsidy,
$1,149,686
Monetary conversion rate: New Zealand
currency and the Tokelau souvenir coin are
legal tender— NZ$1. 88=US$1 (5 February
1986); Western Samoan currency is also used
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Ports: no harbor facilities; off-shore anchor-
200km Nuuta'au : Talahl
Niualopulapu
Airfields: none; lagoon landings by amphibi-
ous aircraft from Samoa
Telecommunications: telephone service
links islands to each other and to Western
Samoa (1985)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
South
Pacific
Ocean
Vava'u •
Group
Hl'tpti
Group * _•';/
NUKU ALOFA* .j
Tongatapu
Group
Spr regional mip \
Minerva Reef not shown
Land
997 km2 (169 islands, only 36 inhabited);
smaller than New York City; 77% arable,
13% forest, 3% pasture, 3% inland water, 4%
other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 419 km (est.)
People
Population: 104,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun — Tongan(s); adjective —
Tongan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian; about 300
Europeans
Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church
claims over 30,000 adherents
Language: Tongan, English
Infant mortality rate: 6.4/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 58
Literacy: 90-95%; compulsory education for
children ages 6- 14
Labor force: 75% engaged in agriculture;
600 engaged in mining
245
Tonga (continued)
Trinidad and Tobago
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Tonga
Type: constitutional monarchy within the
Commonwealth
Capital: Nuku'alofa, on Tongatapu Island
Political subdivisions: three main island
groups (Tongatapu, Ha'apai, Vava'u)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: executive — King, Cabinet, and
Privy Council; unicameral legislature — Leg-
islative Assembly composed of seven nobles
elected by their peers, seven elected repre-
sentatives of the people, eight Ministers of
the Crown; the King appoints one of the
seven nobles to be the speaker; judiciary —
Supreme Court, Magistrate's Court, Land
Court
Government leaders: Taufa'ahau TUPOU
IV, King (since December 1965); Prince
Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE), Premier (since
December 1965)
Suffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and
all literate females over 21
Elections: supposed to be held every three
years; last held in April 1978
Communists: none known
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, FAO,
ESCAP, GATT (de facto), IFAD, ITU, South
Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation,
SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GNP: $65 million (1984), $580 per capita
Natural resources: fish
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut
and banana production, with subsistence
crops of taro, yams, sweet potatoes, bread-
fruit
Major industry: tourism
Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity (1985); 8
million kWh produced (1985), 75 kWh per
capita
Exports: $7 million (1979); 65% copra, 8%
bananas, 7% coconut products
Imports: $29 million (1979); food, machin-
ery, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 36% Austra-
lia, 34% New Zealand, 14% US; imports 38%
New Zealand, 31% Australia, 6% Japan, 5%
Fiji (1979)
Aid: economic commitments — $27 million
(1983); Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-81), $77 million
Budget: (1981-82) revenues, 14,744,237
pa'anga; expenditures, 14,735,833 pa'anga
(est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.0778
pa'anga=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu);
74 km (Vava'u); 94 km unsealed roads usable
only in dry weather
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Nuku'alofa, Neiafu)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 2,608 telephones (1.4
per 100 popl.); 65,000 radio sets; no TV sets;
1 AM station; 1 ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Land Force, Maritime Force
Caribbean Sea
Scarboroug
PORT-OF.SPAIN
Gulf of Paria
Sc< regional map III
Sengre Grande
Trinidad
Guayaguayare
Land
5,128 km2; the size of Delaware; 41.9% farm
(25.7% cultivated or fallow, 10.6% forest,
4.1% unused or built on, and 1.5% pasture);
58.1% grassland, forest, built on, wasteland,
and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 362 km
People
Population: 1,204,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nat ionality: noun — Trinidadian(s),
Tobagan(s); adjective — Trinidadian,
Tobagan
Ethnic divisions: 43% black, 40% East In-
dian, 14% mixed, 1% white, 1% Chinese, 1%
other
Religion: 36.2% Roman Catholic, 23.0%
Hindu, 13.1% Protestant, 6.0% Muslim,
21. 7% unknown
Language: English (official), Hindi, French,
Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 197/1,000(1982)
Life expectancy: men 65, women 70
Literacy: 89%
246
Labor force: about 470,900 (est. 1984); 16.6%
mining, quarrying, and manufacturing;
22.7% commerce; 20.9% construction and
utilities; 8.3% agriculture; 7.8% transporta-
tion and communication; 23.7% other ser-
vices (1983); 12% unemployment rate (1984
est.)
Organized labor: 40% of labor force (1984)
Government
Official name: Republic of Trinidad and
Tobago
Type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Port-of-Spain
Political subdivisions: 8 counties (29 wards,
Tobago is 30th)
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution came into effect 1976; judi-
cial review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 31
August
Branches: bicameral legislature (36-member
elected House of Representatives and 31-
member appointed Senate); executive is
Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; judiciary
is headed by the Chief Justice and includes a
Court of Appeal, High Court, and lower
courts
Government leaders: George Michael
CHAMBERS, Prime Minister (since 1981);
Ellis Emmanuel Innocent CLARKE, Presi-
dent (since 1976)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections to be held at intervals of
not more than five years; last election held 9
November 1981
Political parties and leaders: People's Na-
tional Movement (PNM), George Chambers;
United Labor Front (ULF), Basdeo Panday;
Organization for National Reconstruction
(ONR), Karl Hudson-Phillips; Democratic
Action Congress (DAC), Arthur Napoleon
Raymond Robinson; Tapia House Move-
ment, Michael Harris
Voting strength: (1981 election)55% of reg-
istered voters cast ballots; House of Repre-
sentatives—PNM, 26 seats; ULF, 8; DAC,
the 2 Tobago seats
Communists: People's Popular Movement
(PPM), Michael Als; February 18 Movement
(F/18), James Millette; Workers' Revolution-
ary Committee (WRC), John Poon
Other political pressure groups: National
Joint Action Committee (NJAC), radical
antigovernment black-identity organization;
Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, leftist
organization affiliated with the World Peace
Council; Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of
Industry and Commerce; Trinidad and To-
bago Labor Congress, moderate labor feder-
ation; Council of Progressive Trade Unions,
radical labor federation
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, Interna-
tional Coffee Agreement, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
CNP: $8.6 billion (1984), $7,370 per capita;
real growth rate (1984), -7.4%
Natural resources: oil, gas, petroleum, as-
phalt
Agriculture: main crops — sugar, cocoa,
coffee, rice, citrus, bananas; largely depen-
dent upon imports of food
Fishing: catch 4,461 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: petroleum, chemicals,
tourism, food processing, cement
Electric power: 1,171,000 kW capacity
(1985); 2.7 billion kWh produced (1985),
2,275 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum and petroleum products, ammonia,
fertilizer, chemicals, sugar, cocoa, coffee,
citrus; includes exports of oil under process-
ing agreement
Imports: $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1984); crude pe-
troleum (33%), machinery, fabricated met-
als, transportation equipment, manufac-
tured goods, food, chemicals; includes im-
ports under processing agreement
Major trade partners: (1984 prelim.) ex-
ports—US 56%, CARICOM 10%, UK 8%;
imports— US 37%, UK 10%, CARICOM 7%
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, US,
including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $355 million;
(1970-83) other Western countries, ODA and
OOF, $233 million
Budget: (1984 prelim.) consolidated central
government revenues, $2.7 billion; expendi-
tures, $3.4 billion (current, $2.5 billion; capi-
tal, $889 million)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.60 Trinidad
and Tobago dollars=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: minimal agricultural system near
San Fernando ,->
Highways: 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved,
1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unim-
proved earth
Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined
products; 904 km natural gas
Ports: 1 major (Port-of-Spain), 8 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 5 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional service via tropospheric scatter links
to Barbados and Guyana; good local service;
1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 109,000
telephones (9.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 3 FM, 5
TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense
Force, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service
Military manpower: males 15-49, 345,000;
247,000 fit for military service
247
Tunisia
200km
Buone
us.h
AIQ.jr.vi. \ Medaerranean
Sea
See regional m«p VII
Land
163,610 km2; about the size of Missouri; 43%
desert, waste, or urban; 28% arable and tree
crop; 23% range and esparto grass; 6% forest
Land boundaries: 1,408 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
12 nm
Coastline: 1,143 km (includes offshore is-
lands)
People
Population: 7,424,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Tunisian(s); adjective —
Tunisian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European,
less than 1% Jewish
Religion: 98% Muslim, 1% Christian, less
than 1 % Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); Arabic and
French (commerce)
Infant mortality rate: 83/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 60, women 63
Literacy: about 62%
Labor force: 1.9 million, 32% agriculture;
15%-25% unemployed; shortage of skilled
labor
Organized labor: about 360,000 members
claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; Gen-
eral Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT),
quasi-independent of Destourian Socialist
Party
Government
Official name: Republic of Tunisia
Type: republic
Capital: Tunis
Political subdivisions: 18governorat.es
(provinces)
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and Islamic law; constitution pat-
terned on Turkish and US constitutions
adopted 1959; some judicial review of legis-
lative acts in the Supreme Court in joint ses-
sion; legal education at Institute of Higher
Studies and Superior School of Law of the
University of Tunis
National holiday: Independence Day, 1
June
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral
legislative (National Assembly) largely advi-
sory; judicial, patterned on French and Ko-
ranic systems
Government leaders: Habib BOURGUIBA,
President (Prime Minister in 1956; President
since 1957; President for Life since Novem-
ber 1974); Mohamed MZALI, Prime Minis-
ter (since April 1980)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Electionss: national election held every five
years; last election held 1 November 1981
Political parties and leaders: Destourian
Socialist Party is official ruling party; two
small parties — Movement of Social Demo-
crats and Movement of Popular Unity —
legalized in 1983; Communist Party legal-
ized in 1981
Voting strength: (1981 election) over 95%
Destourian Socialist Party; 3.2% Social Dem-
ocrats, under 1% Movement of Popular
Unity, under 1% Communist Party
Communists: a small number of nominal
Communists, mostly students
Member of: Af DB, Arab League, AIOEC,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAPEC, OAU, QIC, Regional Cooperation
for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $9.3 billion (1985 est), $1,280 per cap-
ita (1985); 57% private consumption, 16%
government consumption, 29% gross fixed
capital formation; average annual real
growth (1980-83), 4%
Natural resources: oil, phosphates, iron, ore,
lead, zinc
Agriculture: main crops — cereals (barley
and wheat), olives, grapes, citrus fruits, and
vegetables
Major sectors: agriculture; industry — min-
ing (phosphate), energy (petroleum, natural
gas), manufacturing (food processing and
textiles), services (transport, telecommunica-
tions, tourism, government)
Electric power: 1,070,300 kW capacity
(1985); 3.75 billion kWh produced (1985),
510 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1985); 40%
crude petroleum, 21% textiles, 21% phos-
phates and chemicals, 18% other
Imports: $2.9 billion (f.o.b., 1985)
Major trade partners: France, Italy, FRG,
Greece
Tourism and foreign worker remittances:
$825 million (1985)
248
Turkey
Budget: (1985 prelim.) total revenues, $3.04
billion; operating budget, $2.5 billion; capi-
tal budget, $1.2 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 0.80 Tunisian
dinar (TD)=US$1 (30 October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,089 km total; 503 1.435-meter
km standard gauge; 1,586 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 18 km 1.000-meter gauge double
track
Highways: 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bitu-
minous; 8,600 km improved and
unimproved earth
Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 86 km refined
products; 742 km natural gas
Ports: 5 major, 14 minor; 2 petroleum, oils,
and lubricants terminal
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 29 total, 27 usable; 13 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is above
the African average; facilities consist of
open-wire lines, multiconductor cable, and
radio relay; key centers are §af§qis, Susah,
Bizerte, and TQnis; 232,000 telephones (3.4
per 100 popl.); 18 AM, 4 FM, 14 TV stations;
4 submarine cables; ARABSAT satellite
back-up control station under construction;
coaxial cable to Algeria; radio-relay to Alge-
ria, Libya, and Italy
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,794,000;
1,002,000 fit for military service; about
84,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $284 million; 7.4% of cen-
tral government budget
400km
Black Sea
Mediterranean
Sea
S« refionil mip VI
Land
780,576 km2; twice the size of California;
35% crop, 25% meadow and pasture, 23%
forest, 17% other
Land boundaries: 2,574 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm,
except in Black and Mediterranean Seas,
where it is 12 nm
Coastline: 7,200 km
People
Population: 51,819,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Turk(s); adjective —
Turkish
Ethnic divisions: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd,
3% other
Religion: 98% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 2%
other (mostly Christian and Jewish)
Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Ara-
bic
Infant mortality rate: 15.3/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 57
Literacy: 70%
Labor force: 18. 1 million (1984); 58.8% agri-
culture, 27.5% service, 11.9% industry and
commerce; 16.5% surplus of unskilled labor
(1984); about 1 million Turks work abroad
(1983)
Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Turkey
Type: republican parliamentary democracy
Capital: Ankara
Political subdivisions: 67 provinces
Legal system: derived from various conti-
nental legal systems; constitution adopted in
November 1982; legal education at Universi-
ties of Ankara and Istanbul; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 29 October
Branches: executive — President empowered
to call new elections, promulgate laws
(elected for a seven-year term); unicameral
legislature (400-member Grand National
Assembly); independent judiciary
Government leaders: Gen. Kenan EVREN,
President (since 1982); Turgut OZAL, Prime
Minister (since 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: according to the 1982 Constitu-
tion, elections to the Grand National Assem-
bly to be held every five years; most recent
election 6 November 1983
Political parties and leaders: military lead-
ers banned all traditional parties from taking
part in the parliamentary election of No-
vember 1983 and banned many prominent
party leaders from taking part in politics for
five to 10 years; three new parties allowed to
take part in the election — Motherland Party
(ANAP), Turgut Ozal; Populist Party (PP),
Necdet Calp; Nationalist Democracy Party
(NDP), Ulk Soylemezoglu; additional par-
ties permitted to take part in local elections
in March 1984 — Social Democratcy Party
(SODEP), Erdal inon; Correct Way Party
249
Turkey (continued)
(CWP), Husamettin Cinderuk; SODEP and
PP merged in 1985 to form the Social Demo-
cratic Populist Party (SHP) under Aydin
Gr"kan; Democratic Left Party (DLP)
founded in 1985 under Rahsan Ecevit;
Voting strength: (1983 election) Grand Na-
tional Assembly — Motherland Party, 211
seats; Populist Party, 117 seats; Nationalist
Democracy Party, 71 seats; as of end of
1985, Grand National Assembly— Mother-
land Party, 207 seats; Social Democratic
Populist Party, 82 seats; National Democ-
racy Party, 53 seats; Democratic Left Party,
4 seats; independents, 46 seats; vacant, 8
seats
Communists: strength and support negligi-
ble
Member of: ASSIMER, Council of Europe,
EC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IDB — Islamic Development Bank, IEA,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NATO, OECD, QIC, Economic Coop-
eration Organization, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $50.0 billion (1984), $990 per capita;
5.9% real growth 1983, 4.6% average annual
real growth 1974-84
Natural resources: antimony, coal, chro-
mium, mercury, copper, borate, oil
Agriculture: main products — cotton, to-
bacco, cereals, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, and
livestock products; self-sufficient in food in
average years; an illegal producer of opium
poppy for the international drug trade
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron min-
erals), steel, petroleum
Crude steel: 3.0 million tons produced
(1984)
Electric power: 8,685,500 kW capacity
(1985); 34.238 billion kWh produced (1985),
667 kWh per capita
Exports: $7,134 million (f.o.b., 1984); cotton,
tobacco, fruits, nuts, metals, livestock prod-
ucts, textiles, clothing, cement, leather, glass,
ceramics
Imports: $10,757 million (c.i.f., 1984); crude
oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals,
Pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, min-
eral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals
Major trade partners: (1984) exports —
17.9% FRG, 13.1% Iraq, 10.5% Iran, 7.0%
Italy, 5.3% Saudi Arabia; imports — 14.3%
Iran, 10.9% FRG, 9.9% US, 8.7% Iraq, 6.1%
Libya
Budget: (FY84) revenues, $7.55 billion; ex-
penditures, $10.1 billion; deficit, $2.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 551.55 Turkish
liras=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 8,193 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; 204 km double track; 109 km electri-
fied
Highways: 49,615 km total; 26,915 km bitu-
minous; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone;
4,000 km improved earth; 2,200 km un-
improved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 1,200km
Pipelines: 1,288 km crude oil; 2,145 km re-
fined products
Ports: 4 major, 8 secondary, 16 minor
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 120 total, 104 usable; 62 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,660 m, 27 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 26 with runways 1,220-
2,439m
Telecommunications: fair domestic and
international systems; trunk radio-relay net-
work; 2.66 million telephones (5.5 per 100
popl.); 16 AM, 27 FM, 252 TV stations; 2
satellite ground station antennas, 1 subma-
rine telephone cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force,
Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
12,685,000; 7,507,000 fit for military service;
about 533,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $2.3 billion; 17% of central
government budget
250
Turks and Caicos Islands
North Atlantic
Ocean
Caicos
Islands
CockburrvJ GRAND TURK*
Harbour* (Cockburnflx'
Town | J,
""'
ri.
Turks
Islands
North Atlantic
Ocean
See regional map III
Land
430 km2; about two-thirds the size of New
York City; more than 30 islands, including 8
inhabited; largest island is Grand Caicos
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
People
Population: 7,436 (1980)
Ethnic division: majority of African descent
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Bap-
tist, Methodist, Church of God, Seventh-day
Adventist
Language: English (official)
Infant mortality rate: 24.4/1,000 (1981/82)
Literacy: about 99%
Labor force: some subsistence agriculture;
majority engaged in fishing and tourist in-
dustries
Organized labor: St. George's Industrial
Trade Union (Cockburn Harbor), 250 mem-
bers
Government
Official name: Turks and Caicos Islands
Type: British dependent territory; constitu-
tion introduced in 1976
Capital: Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)
Political subdivisions: 3 districts
Legal system: probably based on English
common law
National holiday: Commonwealth Day, 31
May
Branches: executive, bicameral legislature
(Executive Council, 14-member Legislative
Council), judicial (Supreme Court)
Government leader: Nathaniel FRANCIS,
Chief Minister (since March 1985); Chris-
topher J. TURNER, Governor (since 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: last 1984 for 1 1 Legislative Coun-
cil seats
Political parties and leaders: People's Dem-
ocratic Movement (PMD), Oswald Skip-
pings; Progressive National Party (PNP),
Nathaniel Francis
Voting strength: PDM, 3 seats, PNP, 8 seats
Communist: none known
Economy
GDP: $15 million, per capita GDP $2,020
(1980)
Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch
Agriculture: corn, beans
Fishing: catch 1,050 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: fishing, tourism; formerly
produced salt by solar evaporation
Exports: $2.5 million (1982); crawfish, dried
and fresh conch, conch shells
Imports: $20.9 million (1982); foodstuffs,
drink, tobacco, clothing
Major trade partners: US (lobster, conch,
tourism) and UK
Budget: revenues, $5.9 million; expendi-
tures, $7.2 million (1981/82)
Monetary conversion rate: uses the US dol-
lar
Fiscal year: probably calendar
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 121 km, including 24 km tarmac
Ports: 4 major (Grand Turk, Salt Cay,
Providenciales, Cockburn Harbor)
Civil air: Air Turks and Caicos (passenger
service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service)
Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair cable and radio
services; 1,400 telephones (16.9 per 100
popl.); 1 AM station; 2 submarine cables, 1
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Branches: police
251
Tuvalu
(formerly Ellice Islands)
Nanurtea 1 50 km
Niutao
Nanumanya
Hui
, Vailupu
Nukuleiaug
FUNAFUTI' «-f»
Funafuti
South
Pacific
Ocean Nukulaelae
S*f regional map X
NOTE: On 1 October 1975, by Constitu-
tional Order, the Ellice Islands were for-
mally separated from the British colony of
Gilbert and Ellice Islands, thus forming
the colony of Tuvalu. The remaining is-
lands in the former Gilbert and Ellice Is-
lands Colony are now named Kiribati.
Tuvalu includes the islands of
Nanumanga, Nanumea, Nui, Niutao,
Vaitupu, and the four islands of the
Tuvalu group formerly claimed by the
United States — Funafuti, Nukufetau,
Nukulaelae, and Niulakita
Land
26 km2; less than one-half the size of Man-
hattan; low-lying atolls composed of coral
reefs
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: about 24 km
People
Population: 8,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun — Tuvaluans(s); adjec-
tive— Tuvaluan
Ethnic divisions: 96% Polynesian
Religion: Christian, predominantly Protes-
tant
Language: Tuvaluan, English
Infant mortality rate: 42/1,000(1979)
Life expectancy: men 57, women 60
Literacy: less than 50%
Government
Official name: Tuvalu
Type: independent state with special
"membership" in the Commonwealth, rec-
ognizing Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Funafuti
Political subdivisions: 8 island councils on
the permanently inhabited islands
Branches: executive — Prime Minister and
Cabinet; unicameral legislature —
12- member House of Parliament judicial —
High Court, 8 island courts with limited jur-
isdication
Government leaders: Dr. Tomasi PUAPUA,
Prime Minister (since September 1981); Sir
Fiatau Penitala TEO, Governor General
(since October 1978)
Elections: last general election September
1985, next scheduled for September 1989
Political parties: none
Member of: ESCAP (associate member),
GATT (de facto), SPF, SPC, UPU
Economy
GNP: $4 million (1984), $450 per capita
Agriculture: limited; coconut palms, copra
Major industry: copra
Electric power: 2,600 kW capacity (1985); 3
million kWh produced (1985), 375 kWh per
capita
Exports: copra— $26,789 (1981)
Imports: $2.8 million (1981); food and min-
eral fuels
Major trade partners: UK, Australia
Aid: economic commitments — $4.2 million
(1983); Western (non-US) countries, ODA
(1970-79), $22 million
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $2.59 million;
expenditures, $3.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.44 Australian
dollars=US$l (6 February 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 8 km gravel
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Funafuti, Nukufetau)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1 AM station; about
300 radio telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.);
4,000 radio sets
Uganda
Sec regional map VII
Land
235,885 km2; slightly smaller than Oregon;
45% forest, wood, and grass; 21% inland wa-
ter and swamp, including territorial waters
of Lake Victoria; about 21% cultivated; 13%
national park, forest, and game reserve
Land boundaries: 2,680 km
People
Population: 15,158,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Ugandan(s); adjective —
Ugandan
Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% Euro-
pean, Asian, Arab
Religion: 33% Roman Catholic, 33% Protes-
tant, 16% Muslim, rest indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Luganda and
Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic
languages
Infant mortality rate: 92/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: men 48, women 50
Literacy: 52.3%
Labor force: estimated 4.5 million; about
250,000 in paid labor; remainder in subsis-
tence activities
Organized labor: 125,000 union members
Government
Official name: Republic of Uganda
Type: republic
Capital: Kampala
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 34
districts
Legal system: government plans to restore
system based on English common law and
customary law to reinstitute a normal judi-
cial system; legal education at Makerere
University, Kampala; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 Oc-
tober
Branches: present government, which as-
sumed power in January 1986, consists of a
National Resistance Council headed by the
President; the constitution has been
suspended and the unicameral legislature
(National Assembly) has been dissolved
Government leader: Yoweri Kaguta
MUSEVENI, Head of State and Chairman
of the National Resistance Council (since
January 1986)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: none scheduled
Political parties: Uganda Patriotic Move-
ment (UPM), Ugandan People's Congress
(UPC), Democratic Party (DP), Conserva-
tion Party (CP)
Voting strength: (December 1980 election)
National Assembly UPC, 74; DP, 51; other, 1
Other political parties or pressure groups:
Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA),
Uganda Freedom Movement (UFM), Fed-
eral Democratic Movement of Uganda
(FEDEMU), Uganda National Rescue Front
(UNRF)
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $5.9 billion in 1983 (est), approxi-
mately $220 per capita; real growth rate
5.0% (1983/84 est.)
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, limestone
Agriculture: main cash crop — coffee
(180,600 metric tons produced in 1983/84,
est.); other cash crops — cotton, tobacco, tea,
sugar, fish, livestock
Major industries: agricultural processing
(textiles, sugar, coffee, plywood, beer), ce-
ment, copper smelting, corrugated iron
sheet, shoes, fertilizer
Electric power: 200,000 kW capacity (1985);
438 million kWh produced (1985), 29 kWh
per capita
Exports: $380 million (f.o.b., 1983/84 est.);
coffee (98%), cotton, tea
Imports: $509 million (c.i.f., 1983/84 est.);
petroleum products, machinery, cotton
piece goods, metals, transport equipment,
food
Major trade partners: exports — 31% US,
12% UK, 10% France; imports— 32% Kenya,
11% UK, 11%FRG(1983)
Budget: current receipts 7.7% of GDP
(FY83/84); expenditures, 6.4% of GDP; cap-
ital expenditures, 1 . 1 % of GDP
Monetary conversion rate: 1,400 Uganda
shillings=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,300 km, 1.000-meter gauge sin-
gle track
Highways: 30,500 km total; 3,500 km paved;
7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, and laterite;
remainder earth roads and tracks
253
Uganda (continued)
United Arab Emirates
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake
Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake
Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile; princi-
pal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port
Bell, both on Lake Victoria
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 39 total, 34 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system with
radio-relay and radio communications sta-
tions in use; 61,600 telephones (0.5 per 100
popl.); 9 AM, no FM, 9 TV stations; 1 Atlan-
tic Ocean INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: new government plans to reorga-
nize national army; formerly, the defense
forces consisted of the Uganda National Lib-
eration Army (including army and air force)
and a paramilitary Police Special Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
3,316,000; about 1,785,000 fit for military
service
Persian Gulf
R'M.1.
. Khayrr
Umm al Qaywayn.
Aih Shiriq.h,/'Ajminl
Boundary representation
not necessarily authonlat
See rtfionil nup VI
Land
83,600 km2; the size of Maine; almost all
desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,094 km (does not in-
clude boundaries between adjacent UAE
states)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): to
agreed center boundaries or median lines
Coastline: 1,448 km
People
Population: 1,326,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3. 1 %
Nationality: Noun — Emirian(s), adjective —
Emirian
Ethnic divisions: Emirian 19%, other Arab
23%, South Asian 50% (fluctuating), other
expatriates (includes Westerners and East
Asians) 8%; fewer than 20% of the popula-
tion are UAE citizens (1982)
Religion: Muslim 96%; Christian, Hindu,
and other 4%
Language: Arabic (official); Farsi and
English widely spoken in major cities; Hindi,
Urdu
Infant mortality rate: 44/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 68, women 73
254
Literacy: 56.3% est.
Labor force: 567,000 (1984 est.); 85% indus-
try and commerce, 5% agriculture, 5% ser-
vices, 5% government; 80% of labor force is
foreign
Government
Official name: United Arab Emirates (com-
posed of former Trucial States)
Member states: Abu Dhabi, 'Ajman,
Dubayy, Al Fujayrah, Ra's al Khaymah, Ash
Shariqah, Umm al Qaywayn
Type: federation; constitution signed De-
cember 1971, which delegated specified
powers to the UAE central government and
reserved other powers to member
shaykhdoms
Capital: Abu Dhabi
Legal system: secular codes are being intro-
duced by the UAE Government and in sev-
eral member shaykhdoms; Islamic law re-
mains influential
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: executive — Supreme Council of
Rulers (seven members), from which a Presi-
dent and Vice President are elected; Prime
Minister and Council of Ministers; unicam-
eral legislature — Federal National Council;
judicial — Union Supreme Court
Government leaders: Shaykh Zayid bin Sul-
tan Al NUHAYYAN of Abu Dhabi, Presi-
dent (since December 1971); Shaykh Rashid
ibn Sa'id Al MAKTUM of Dubayy, Vice
President (since 1971) and Prime Minister
(since April 1979)
Suffrage: none
Elections: none
Political or pressure groups: none; a few
small clandestine groups are active
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IDE — Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
United Kingdom
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC,
OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $28.2 billion (1984 est), $24,000 per
capita
Natural resources: oil and natural gas; oil
production in 1984, 1.1 million b/d
Agriculture: food imported; some dates,
alfalfa, vegetables, fruit, tobacco raised
Electric power: 6,015,000 kW capacity
(1985); 15.807 billion kWh produced (1985),
12,300 kWh per capita
Exports: $14.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); $12.3
billion in crude oil, $1.8 billion consisting
mostly of gas, reexports, dried fish, dates
Imports: $6.9 billion (f.o.b., 1984); food, con-
sumer and capital goods
Major trade partners: Japan, EC, US
Budget: (1984) current expenditures, $3.7
billion; development, $0.2 billion; revenue,
$3.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.671 UAE
dirhams=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bitumi-
nous, 200 km gravel and graded earth
Pipelines: 830 km crude oil; 870 km natural
gas, including natural gas liquids
Ports: 7 major, 25 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 42 total, 31 usable; 19 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of
radio-relay and coaxial cable; key centers
are Abu Dhabi and Dubayy; 281,000 tele-
phones (25.0 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 3 FM, 9
TV stations; 3 INTELSAT stations with 1
Atlantic and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; Arab
satellite station under construction; subma-
rine cable to Qatar and Bahrain; planed sub-
marine cables to India and Pakistan; tropo-
spheric scatter to Bahrain; radio-relay to
Saudi Arabia
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Central
Military Command, Federal Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 549,000;
381,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $1.9 billion; 45% of central
government budget
300km
^'Shetland
' Islands
Hgbridts
English Channel
See r f f iontl map V
Land
243,977 km2; slightly smaller than Oregon;
50% meadow and pasture, 30% arable, 12%
waste or urban, 7% forest, 1% inland water
Land boundaries: 360 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 12,429 km
People
Population: 56,458,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun — Briton(s), British (collec-
tive pi.); adjective — British
Ethnic divisions: 81.5% English, 9.6% Scot-
tish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh, 1.8% Ulster,
0.8% other; West Indian, Indian, Pakistani
2%
Religion: 27.0 million Anglican, 5.3 million
Roman Catholic, 2.0 million Presbyterian,
760,000 Methodist, 450,000 Jewish (regis-
tered)
Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of
population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic
(about 60,000 in Scotland)
Infant mortality rate: 10.1/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 74
255
United Kingdom (continued)
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: (1985) 27.58 million; 23% man-
ufacturing and construction, 49.4% services,
9.5% self-employed, 10.4% government,
1.2% agriculture; 13.1% unemployed (No-
vember 1985)
Organized labor: 40% of labor force
Government
Official name: United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: London
Political subdivisions: 54 counties in Eng-
land and Wales, 12 regions in Scotland and
islands area, 26 districts in Northern Ireland
Legal system: common law tradition with
early Roman and modern continental influ-
ences; no judicial review of Acts of Parlia-
ment; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16
June
Branches: legislative authority resides in
Parliament (House of Lords, House of Com-
mons); executive authority lies with collec-
tively responsible Cabinet led by Prime
Minister; House of Lords is supreme judicial
authority and highest court of appeal
Government leader: ELIZABETH II,
Queen (since 1952); Margaret THATCHER,
Prime Minister (since 1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister
but must be held before expiration of a five-
year electoral mandate; last election held 9
June 1983
Political parties and leaders: Conservative,
Margaret Thatcher; Labor, Neil Kinnock;
Social Democratic, David Owen; Commu-
nist, Gordon McLennan; Scottish National,
Donald Stewart; Plaid Cymru, Dafydd
Wigley; Official Unionist, James Molyneaux;
Democratic Unionist, Ian Paisley; Social
Democratic and Labor, John Hume; Provi-
sional Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams; Alliance,
John Cushnahan; Liberal, David Steel
Voting strength: (1983 election) House of
Commons — Conservative, 394 seats (42.4%);
Labor, 210 seats (27.6%); Social Democratic-
Liberal Alliance, 23 seats (18 Liberal, 7 SDP)
(25.4%); Scottish National Party, 2 seats;
Plaid Cymru (Welsh Nationalist), 2 seats;
Ulster (Official) Unionist (Northern Ireland),
10 seats; Ulster Democratic Unionist (North-
ern Ireland), 3 seats; Ulster Popular Unionist
(Northern Ireland), 2 seats; Social Demo-
cratic and Labor (Northern Ireland), 1 seat;
Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), 1 seat
Communists: 15,961
Other political or pressure groups: Trades
Union Congress, Confederation of British
Industry, National Farmers' Union, Cam-
paign for Nuclear Disarmament
Member of: ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan,
Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ELDO,
ESCAP, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC,
ITU, IWC — International Whaling Com-
mission, IWC — International Wheat Coun-
cil, NATO, OECD, UN, UPU, WEU, WHO,
WIPO, W?4O, WSG
Economy
GNP: $426.3 billion (1984), $7,640 per cap-
ita; 60.3% consumption, 17.1% investment,
21.6% government; 0.0% stockholding,
1.0% net foreign balance, real growth 2.0%
(1984)
Natural resources: coal, oil, gas (North Sea),
tin, limestone, iron, salt, clay, chalk, gyp-
sum, lead, silica
Agriculture: mixed farming predominates;
main products — wheat, barley, potatoes,
sugar beets, livestock, dairy products; 62.1%
self-sufficient (1983); dependent on imports
for more than half of consumption of refined
sugar, butter, oils and fats, bacon and ham
Fishing: catch 846,535 metric tons (1983);
imports 707,000 metric tons (1983), exports
379,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: machinery and transport
equipment, metals, food processing, paper
and paper products, textiles, chemicals,
clothing
Crude steel: 15.2 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984); 267 kg per capita (1984); 23.6
million tons capacity (1984)
Electric power: 95,533,000 kW capacity
(1985); 292.661 billion kWh produced
(1985), 5,186 kWh per capita
Exports: $94.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); manu-
factured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals,
semifinished goods, transport equipment
Imports: $105.2 billion (c.i.f., 1984); manu-
factured goods, machinery, semifinished
goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
Major trade partners: exports — 44.8% EC
(10.6% FRG, 10% France, 8.7% Nether-
lands), 14.4% US, 2.3% Communist (1984);
imports— 44.7% EC (14.1% FRG, 7.8%
Netherlands, 7.5% France), 11.9% US, 2.6%
Communist (1984)
Aid: donor — ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-82) $14.4 billion
Budget: national and local government reve-
nues (FY85 est), $208.6 billion; expendi-
tures, $221.2 billion; deficit $12.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 0.701 pound
sterling=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: Great Britain — 17,249 km total;
British Railways (BR) operates 16,964 km
1.435-meter standard gauge (3,749 km elec-
trified, 12,591 km double or multiple track),
and 19 km 0.597-meter gauge; several addi-
tional small standard-gauge and narrow-
gauge lines are privately owned and oper-
ated; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR)
operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, 190 km
double track
256
United States
Highways: United Kingdom, 362,982 km
total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (in-
cluding 2,573 km limited-access divided
highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km
(22,907 paved, 592 km gravel)
Inland waterways: 3,219 km publicly
owned; 605 km major commercial routes
Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insig-
nificant; 2,993 km refined products; 12,800
km natural gas
Ports: 9 major, 15 secondary, 190 minor
Civil air: 618 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 548 total, 345 usable; 246 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 37 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 137 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern, efficient
domestic and international system; 29.5 mil-
lion telephones (52.5 per 100 popl.); excel-
lent countrywide broadcast systems with
210 AM, 436 FM, 2,736 TV stations; 35 coax-
ial submarine cables; 4 earth satellite stations
with a total of 9 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Army, Royal Navy, Royal
Air Force, Royal Marines
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,039,000; 11,906,000 fit for military ser-
vice; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1985, $24.1 billion; about 19.7% of
central government budget
North
Atlantic
Ocean
See regional map II
This "Factsheet" on the US is provided
solely as a service to those wishing to make
rough comparisons of foreign country data
with a US "yardstick." Information is from
US open sources and publications and in
no sense represents estimates by the US
Intelligence Community.
Land
9,372,614 km2 (contiguous US plus Alaska
and Hawaii); 32% forest; 27% grazing and
pasture; 19% cultivated; 22% waste, urban,
and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm exclusive economic zone); includes
Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, American
Samoa, Guam, Johnston Atoll, Wake Island,
Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, Rowland and
Baker Islands, Northern Marianas
Coastline: 19,924 km
People
Population: 240,856,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.9%
Ethnic divisions: 83.1% white; 11.6% black;
6.448% Spanish origin; 0.622% American
Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut; 0.357% Chinese;
0.343% Filipino; 0.31% Japanese, 0.1595%
other Asian; 0. 156% Korean; 0. 1 15% Viet-
namese (1980)
Religion: total membership in religious bod-
ies 139.604 million; Protestant 76.754 mil-
lion, Roman Catholic 52.089 million, Jewish
5.725 million, other religions 5.036 million;
60% of the population processes a religious
affiliation (1982)
Language: predominantly English; sizable
Spanish-speaking minority
Infant mortality rate: 10.6/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: men 71.6, women 76.3
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 115.24 million (includes 1.708
million members of the armed forces in the
US); unemployment rate 7.2% ('985); 8,291
million unemployed (October 1985)
Organized labor: approximately 17.3 mil-
lion members; 18% of civilian labor force
(1985)
Government
Official name: United States of America
Type: federal republic; strong democratic
tradition
Capital: Washington, D. C.
Political subdivisions: 50 states and the Dis-
trict of Columbia; dependencies include
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, Vir-
gin Islands, American Samoa, Wake and
Midway Islands, Johnston Atoll, and King-
man Reef; under UN trusteeship Caroline,
Marshall, and Northern Mariana Islands
Legal system: based on English common
law; dual system of courts, state and federal;
constitution adopted 1789; judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July
Branches: executive (President), bicameral
legislature (House of Representatives and
Senate), and judicial (Supreme Court);
branches, in principle, independent and
maintain balance of power
257
United States (continued)
Government leaders: Ronald REAGAN,
President (since January 1981); George
BUSH, Vice President (since January 1981)
Suffrage: all citizens over age 18; not com-
pulsory
Elections: presidential, every four years
(next November 1988); all members of the
House of Representatives, every two years;
one-third of members of the Senate, every
two years
Political parties and leaders: Republican
Party, Frank J. Fahrenkopf, Jr., national
chairman; Democratic Party, Paul G. Kirk,
Jr., national committee chairman; several
other groups or parties of minor political
significance
Voting strength: 40% voter participation
(1982 congressional election); 53.3% voter
participation (1984 presidential election);
Republican Party (Ronald Reagan), 59% of
the popular vote (525 electoral votes); Demo-
cratic Party (Walter Mondale), 41% (13 elec-
toral votes)
Communists: Communist Party (claimed
15,000-20,000 members), Gus Hall, general
secretary; Socialist Workers Party (claimed
1,800 members); Jack Barnes, national secre-
tary (1983)
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, Bank of Interna-
tional Settlements, CCC, CENTO, Colombo
Plan, DAC, FAO, ESCAP, GATT, Group of
Ten, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICEM, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Whaling Commission, IWC —
International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS,
OECD, PAHO, SPG, UN, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $3,662.8 billion (1984 est); $2,186.5
billion (65%) personal consumption, $501.0
billion (14.9%) private investment, $701.8
billion (20.9%) government, - $25.9 billion
(-.07%) net exports; $11,338 per capita;
annual growth rate 6.8% (1984)
Natural resources: coal, copper, lead,
molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, baux-
ite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, sil-
ver, tungsten, zinc
Agriculture: food grains, feed crops, oilbear-
ing crops, cattle, dairy products
Fishing: catch 4,143 thousand metric tons
(1983); 13.0 Ib per capita consumption
(1981); imports $4.173 billion (1981); exports
$1.156 billion, (1981); est. value, $2.388 bil-
lion (1981)
Crude steel: 83.9 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984)
Natural gas: 18.5 trillion cubic feet pro-
duced (1984)
Electric power: (public utilities only)
705,961,000 kW capacity (1985); 2,679.857
billion (net) kWh produced (1985), 1 1,220
kWh per capita
Exports: $17,034.2 million (f.o.b., 1985);
machinery, chemicals, transport equipment,
agricultural products
Imports: $31, 349.1 million (c.i.f., 1985);
crude and partly refined petroleum, ma-
chinery, transport equipment (mainly new
automobiles)
Major trade partners: exports — $4,030 mil-
lion Canada, $1,925.7 million Japan,
$1,015.7 rr illion Mexico, $842.8 million UK,
$651.4 million FRG (1985); imports—
$6,153.8 million Canada, $6,451.8 million
Japan, $1,479.4 million Mexico, $1,300.1
million UK, $1,807.5 million FRG (1985)
Aid: obligations and loan authorizations,
including Ex-Im (FY82), economic $11.2
billion, military (FY82) $4.2 billion
Budget: (1985) receipts, $763.768 billion;
outlays, $930.635 billion; deficit, $123.3 bil-
lion
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Rai/roads:270,312km
Highways: 6,365,590 km, including 88,641
km expressways
Inland waterways: est. 41,009 km of naviga-
ble inland channels, exclusive of the Great
Lakes
Freight carried: rail — 1,637.0 million metric
tons, 1,345. 6 billion metric ton/km (1984);
highways — 987.53 billion metric ton/km
(1984); inland water freight (excluding Great
Lakes traffic) — 582.81 million metric tons,
358.29 billion metric ton/km (1984); air—
11,495 million metric ton/km (1984)
Pipelines: petroleum, 883.3 billion metric
ton/km, 1,049.6 million metric tons carried
(1984)
Ports: 44 handling 10.9 million metric tons
or more per year
Civil air: 2,960 commercial multiengine
transport aircraft, including 2,724 jet, 185
turboprop, 51 piston (1984)
Airfields: 15,422 in operation (1981)
Telecommunications: 182,558,000 tele-
phones (791 telephones per 1,000 popl.);
4,892 AM, 3,915 FM, 1,285 noncommercial
FM stations (10,092 total); 796 commercial,
300 noncommercial (public broadcasting),
6,200 commercial cable TV broadcast sta-
tions (7,296 total); 495 million radio and 150
million TV receivers (1982)
Defense Forces
Branches: Department of the Army, De-
partment of the Navy (including Marine
Corps), US Coast Guard, Department of the
Air Force
Military manpower: 2,135,900 total;
780,800, army; 594,500, air force; 564,800,
navy; 196,600, marines (1984)
Military budget: $266.151 billion (1984
prop.); 29.1% of central government budget
(planned, 1985)
258
Uruguay
rtfo
del*
Pitta
See rcfional m«p IV
Land
176,215 km2; the size of Washington (state);
84% agricultural (73% pasture, 11% crop);
16% forest, urban, waste, and other
Land boundaries: 1,352 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 660 km
People
Population: 2,947,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Uruguayan(s); adjec-
tive— Uruguayan
Ethnic divisions: 88% white, 8% mestizo, 4%
black
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than
half adult population attends church regu-
larly), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 30%
nonprofessing or other
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 32/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 67. 1, women 73.7
Literacy: 94.3%
Labor force: about 1.28 million (1981); 19%
manufacturing; 19% government; 16% agri-
culture; 12% commerce; 12% utilities, con-
struction, transport, and communications;
22% other services; unemployment more
than 15% (1984 est.)
Organized labor: Interunion Workers' As-
sembly/National Workers' Confederation
(PIT/CNT) Labor Federation
Government
Official name: Oriental Republic of Uru-
guay
Type: republic
Capital: Montevideo
Political subdivisions: 19 departments with
limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law
system; most recent constitution
implemented 1967; legal education at Uni-
versity of the Republic in Montevideo; ac-
cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
August
Branches: executive, headed by President;
bicameral National Congress (Senate and
House of Deputies); national judiciary
headed by Court of Justice
Government leaders: Julio M. SANGUI-
NETTI, President (since March 1985);
Enrique E. TARIGO, Vice President (since
March 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: last November 1984; elections
held every five years
Political parties and leaders: National
(Blanco) Party, Wilson Ferreira; Broad
Front Coalition, Liber Seregni; Colorado
Party, Julio Sanguinetti, Enrique Tarigo,
Jorge Pacheco Areco; Communist Party (le-
galized in March 1985), Rodney Arismendi;
Civic Union, Humberto Ciganda; Radical
Christian Union, leader unknown
Voting strength: ( 1 984 elections) 4 1 % Colo-
rado, 34.9% Blanco, 21.7% Broad Front,
2.4% Civic Union, 0.5% Radical Christian
Union
Communists: 15,000-18,000
Other political or pressure groups: National
Liberation Movement (MLN) — Tupamaros,
leftist revolutionary terrorist group, granted
amnesty in 1985
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU,
LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $5.2 billion (1984), $1,800 per capita;
89% consumption, 13% gross investment,
—2.0% foreign; real growth rate 1984,
-1.8%
Natural resources: soil, hydroelectric power
(potential), minor minerals
Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive
livestock grazing; main crops — wheat, rice,
corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most basic
foodstuffs
Major industries: meat processing, wool and
hides, textiles, footwear, leather apparel,
tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining
Electric power: 1,350,000 kW capacity
(1985); 5.2 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,771 kWh per capita
Exports: $925 million (f.o.b., 1984); wool,
hides, meat, textiles, leather products, fish,
rice, furs
Imports: $732 million (f.o.b., 1984); fuels
and lubricants (37%), metals, machinery,
transportation equipment, industrial chemi-
cals
Major trade partners: exports — 22% LAIA;
21% EC, 8% US, imports— 39% LAIA (13%
Brazil, 11% Argentina), 15% EC, 7% US
(1981)
Uruguay (continued)
Vanuatu
(formerly New Hebrides)
Aid: economic commitments — US autho-
rized, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $78 mil-
lion; other Western countries, ODA and
OOF (1970-83) $151 million; Communist
countries (1970-84), $65 million; military-
US authorized (FY70-84) $39 million
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $709 million;
expenditures, $901 million
Monetary conversion rate: 119.6 new
pesos=US$l (November 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter stan-
dard gauge (1.435 m) and government
owned
Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved,
3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth
Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by
coastal and shallow-draft river craft
Ports: 1 major (Montevideo), 9 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 93 total, 89 usable; 14 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: most modern facili-
ties concentrated in Montevideo; new na-
tionwide radio-relay network 337,000 tele-
phones (11. 3 per lOOpopl.); 100 AM, 36 TV
stations; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 682,000;
554,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
200km
4'
a .
Espiritu
Malakuli
Coral Sea
4
PORT-VILA
South
Pacific Ocean
See region*! map \
TannaQ)
oAnatom
Land
About 14,763 km2; about the size of Con-
necticut; over 80 islands
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone); maritime limits
measured from claimed "archipelagic
baselines," which generally connect the out-
ermost points of outer islands or drying reefs
Coastline: about 2,528 km
People
Population: 136, 000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Vanuatuan(s); adjec-
tive— Vanuatuan
Ethnic divisions: 90% indigenous Melanes-
ian; 8% French; remainder Vietnamese,
Chinese, and various Pacific Islanders
Religion: most at least nominally Christian
Language: English and French (official);
pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama)
Life expectancy: 55
Literacy: probably 10-20%
Government
Official name: Republic of Vanuatu
Type: republic, formerly Anglo-French con-
dominium of New Hebrides, independent
30 July 1980
Capital: Port-Vila
Political subdivisions: four administrative
districts
Legal system: unified system being created
from former dual French and British sys-
tems
Branch: unicameral legislature (39-member
Parliament), elected November 1983
Government leader: Father Walter Hadye
LINI, Prime Minister (since 1980)
Political parties and leaders: National Party
(Vanuaaku Pati), Walter Lini, chairman
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF,
ITU, NAM, SPF, UN, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $77 million (1984), average annual
growth rate 5.0% (1985 est.)
Natural resources: manganese, hardwood
forests, cattle
Agriculture: export crops of copra, cocoa,
coffee, some livestock and fish production;
subsistence crops of copra, taro, yams
Fishing: catch, 2,470 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: fish-freezing, canneries,
tourism
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1985);
20 million kWh produced (1985), ISUkWh
per capita
Exports: $44 million (1984); 24% copra, 59%
frozen fish, meat
260
Vatican City
Imports: $66 million (1984); 18% food
Aid: Australia (1980-83), $14.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 102.034
vatu=US$l; 1.44 Australian dollars=US$l
(6 February 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: at least 240 km sealed or
all-weather roads
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Port- Vila, Santo)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 25 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 2 AM stations; 2,400
telephones (2.4 per 100 popl.); 1 ground sat-
ellite station under construction
Defense Forces
Personnel: no military forces maintained;
however, a paramilitary force is responsible
for internal and external security
250 meters
See regional map V
Land
0.438 km2
Land boundaries: 3 km
People
Population: 737 (July 1986), average annual
growth rate 0.1%
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also
many other nationalities
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian, Latin, and various other
languages
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: approx. 1,500; Vatican City
employees divided into three categories —
executives, office workers, and salaried em-
ployees
Government
Official name: State of the Vatican City
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state
Capital: Vatican City
Political subdivisions: Vatican City includes
St. Peter's, the Vatican Palace and Museum,
and neighboring buildings covering more
than 100 acres; 13 buildings in Rome and
Castel Gandolfo, the Pope's summer resi-
dence, although outside the boundaries, en-
joy extraterritorial rights
Legal system: Canon laws of 1929 serve
some of the functions of a constitution
National holiday: 30 June
Branches: the Pope possesses full executive,
legislative, and judicial powers; he delegates
these powers to the President of the Pontif-
ical Commission, who is subject to pontifical
appointment and recall; the administrative
structure of the Roman Catholic Church is
known as the Roman Curia; its most impor-
tant temporal components include the Sec-
retariat of State and Council for Public Af-
fairs (which handles Vatican d'plomacy) and
the Prefecture of Economic Affairs; the Col-
lege of Cardinals act as chief papal advisers
Government leader: JOHN PAUL II, Su-
preme Pontiff (Karol WOJTYLA, elected
Pope 16 October 1978)
Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80
years old
Elections: Supreme Pontiff elected for life
by College of Cardinals
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: none
(exclusive of influence exercised by other
church officers in universal Roman Catholic
Church)
Member: IAEA, INTELSAT, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, UPU, WIPO,
WTO; permanent observer status at FAO,
OAS, UN, and UNESCO
Economy
The Vatican City, seat of the Holy See, is
supported financially by contributions
(known as Peter's pence) from Roman Cath-
olics throughout the world; some income
derived from sale of Vatican postage stamps
and tourist mementos, fees for admission to
Vatican museums, and sale of publications;
industrial activity consists solely of printing
and production of a small amount of mosaics
and staff uniforms; the banking and financial
261
Vatican City (continued)
Venezuela
activities of the Vatican are worldwide; the
Institute for Religious Works (IOR) carries
out fiscal operations and invests and trans-
fers funds of Roman Catholic religious com-
munities throughout the world; the Adminis-
tration of the Patrimony of the Holy See
manages the Holy See's capital assets; the
Vatican announced an operating deficit of
$25 million for 1981
Electric power: 3,000 kW (standby) capacity
(1985); power supplied by Italy
Monetary conversion rate: the Vatican is-
sues its own coinage, which is interchange-
able with the Italian lira; 1,785.4 lira=US$ 1
(February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: none (city streets)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: 2 AM and 2 FM sta-
tions; 2,000-line automatic telephone ex-
change
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Italy
400km
Caribbean Sea
Boundary represenlal
not necessarily authoriU1
S« regional mip IV
Land
912,050 km2; more than twice the size of
California; 21% forest; 18% pasture; 4%
cropland; 57% urban, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 4,181 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nirt exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 2,800 km
People
Population: 17,791,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Venezuelan(s); adjec-
tive— Venezuelan
Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white,
10% black, 2% Indian
Religion: 96% nominally Roman Catholic,
2% Protestant
Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects
spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in the
remote interior
Infant mortality rate: 36.2/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: men 64.0, women 69.0
Literacy: 85.6%
Labor force: 5.9 million (1985); 27% services;
22% commerce; 16% agriculture; 16% man-
ufacturing; 9% construction; 7% transporta-
tion; 3% petroleum, utilities, and other;
13.4% unemployment (1984)
Organized labor: 32% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Venezuela
Type: republic
Capital: Caracas
Political subdivisions: 20 states, 1 federal
district, 2 federal territories, and 72 island
dependencies in the Caribbean
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code;
constitution promulgated 1961; judicial re-
view of legislative acts in Cassation Court
only; dual court system, state and federal;
legal education at Central University of
Venezuela; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July
Branches: executive (President), bicameral
legislature (National Congress — Senate,
Chamber of Deputies), judiciary
Government leader: Jaime LUSINCHI,
President (since February 1984)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18, though rarely enforced
Elections: every five years by secret ballot;
last held December 1983; next national elec-
tion for President and bicameral legislature
scheduled for December 1988
Political parties and leaders: Social Chris-
tian Party (COPEI), Godof redo Gonzalez;
Democratic Action (AD), Gonzalo Barrios;
Movement Toward Socialism (MAS),
Pompeyo Marquez (president), Freddy
Mufioz (secretary general)
Voting strength: (1983 election) 56.8% AD,
34.5% COPEI, 4.17% MAS, 4.53% others
Communists: 10,000 members (est.)
262
Vietnam
Other political or pressure groups:
FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business
group
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO,
G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
IWC — International Wheat Council, LAIA,
OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, WFTU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $47 billion (1985), $2,680 per capita
(1985); 60.4% private consumption, 12.5%
public consumption, 14.8% gross invest-
ment, 12.3% foreign (1984); real growth rate
0.4% (1985)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hy-
droelectric power
Agriculture: main crops — cereals, fruits,
sugar, coffee, rice; an illegal producer of
coca and cannabis for the international drug
trade
Fishing: catch 226,870 metric tons (1983);
exports $12.4 million (1982), imports $30.0
million (1982)
Major industries: petroleum, iron-ore min-
ing, construction, food processing, textiles,
steel, aluminum, motor vehicles
Crude steel: 2.8 million metric tons pro-
duced (1985), 154 kg per capita
Electric power: 13,000,000 kW capacity
(1985); 37 billion kWh produced (1985),
2, 135 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.8 billion (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
petroleum (94%)
Imports: $7.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984)
Major trade partners: imports — 46% US,
5.2% Japan, 5.2% FRG, 4.8% Italy; exports—
40.9% US, 10.3% Italy, 7% FRG (1984)
Budget: revised 1984 — revenues, $17.4 bil-
lion; expenditures, $16.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: (official) 7.5
bolivares=US$l (1 January 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 439 km total; 260 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge all single track, government
owned; 179km 1.435-meter gauge,
privately owned
Highways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km
paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth
roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco
and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing
vessels
Pipelines: 6,370 km crude oil; 480 km re-
fined products; 2,480 km natural gas
Ports: 6 major, 17 minor
Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 278 total, 254 usable; 107 with
permanent-surface runways; 7 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 87 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern expanding
telecom system; 1.44 million telephones (9.5
per 100 popl.); 180 AM, 58 TV stations; 3
submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station with 2 antennas, and 3 do-
mestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air
Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (Na-
tional Guard), Marines, Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,323,000;
3,283,000 fit for military service; 193,000
reach military age (18) annually
See regional map IX
Boundary n'pn-senlalron
not n.-i cs'..triiy antho'ital
Con Dao
Land
329,707 km2; the size of New Mexico; 50%
forest; 14% cultivated; 36% urban, inland
water, and other
Land boundaries: 4,562 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands)
People
Population: 61,994,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Vietnamese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Vietnamese
Ethnic divisions: 85-90% predominantly
Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic minorities
include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man,
Cham; other mountain tribes
Religion: Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Ro-
man Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic,
Protestant
Language: Vietnamese (official), French,
Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages
(Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Infant mortality rate: 53/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 62, women 66
263
Vietnam (continued)
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: approximately 29 million, not
including military
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Type: Communist state
Capital: Hanoi
Political subdivisions: 40 provinces, under
central government control
Legal system: based on Communist legal
theory and French civil law system
National holiday: 2 September
Branches: bicameral legislature (Council of
State, National Assembly); highly central-
ized executive nominally subordinate to Na-
tional Assembly
Government leaders: LE DUAN, Secretary
General, Communist Party (since December
1976); TRUONG CHINH, Chairman,
Council of State (since July 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: pro forma elections held for na-
tional and local assemblies; last election for
National Assembly held on 25 April 1976
Political parties and leaders: Vietnam Com-
munist Party (VCP), formerly known as the
Vietnam Workers Party, headed by Le
Duan
Communists: probably more than 1 million
Member of: ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM, UN,
UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $18. 1 billion, $300 per capita (1984) at
official exchange rates of 12.1 dong=US$l
Natural resources: phosphates, coal, manga-
nese, bauxite, apatite, chromate, possible
offshore oil deposits, forests
Agriculture: main crops — rice, rubber,
fruits and vegetables; some corn, manioc,
sugarcane; major food imports — wheat,
corn, dairy products
Fishing: catch 539,000 metric tons(1984)
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
machinebuilding, mining, cement, chemical
fertilizer, glass, tires
Shortages: foodgrains, petroleum, capital
goods and machinery, fertilizer
Electric power: 1,800,000 kW capacity
(1985); 5 billion kWh produced (1985), 83
kWh per capita
Exports: $763 million (1984); agricultural
and handicraft products, coal, minerals, ores
Imports: $1,823 million (1984); petroleum,
steel products, railroad equipment, chemi-
cals, medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain
Major trade partners: exports — USSR, East
European countries, Japan, other Asian mar-
kets; imports — USSR, East Europe, Japan
Aid: accurate data on aid since April 1975
unification unavailable; estimated annual
economic aid on annual basis is — USSR,
$600 trillion or more; East European coun-
tries, $150 million; non-Communist coun-
tries, $50 million; international institutions,
$50 million; value of military aid deliveries
since 1975 not available
Monetary conversion rate: 12.1 dong=US$l
(June 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,834 km total; 2,262 1.000-meter
gauge, 130 km standard gauge, 230 km dual
gauge, 212 km unoperable
Highways: 41,191 km total; 5,471 km bitu-
minous, 27,030 km gravel or improved
earth, 8,690 km unimproved earth
Pipelines: 150 km, refined products
Inland waterways: about 17,702 km naviga-
ble; more than 5,149 km navigable at all
times by vessels up to 1.8-m draft
Ports: 9 major, 23 minor
Civil air: controlled by military
Airfields: 217 total, 128 usable; 46 with
permanent-surface runways; 12 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 28 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,619,000; 9,290,000 fit for military service;
687,000 reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: no-expenditure estimates
are available; military aid from the USSR
has been so extensive that actual allocation
of Vietnam's domestic resources to defense
has not been indicative of total military ef-
fort
264
Wallis and Futuna
Western Sahara
(formerly Spanish Sahara)
50km
MATA-UTU
He (Ae»
South Pacific Ocean
lie Futuna
%g~
lie Aloli
See regional map X
Land
About 207 km2; about the size of New York
City
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: about 129 km
People
Population: 14,000 (July 1986) average an-
nual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Wallisian(s), Futunan(s),
or Wallis and Futuna Islanders; adjective —
Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna
Islander
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian
Religion: largely Roman Catholic
Government
Official name: Territory of the Wallis and
Futuna Islands
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Mata-Utu
Political subdivisions: three districts
Branches: territorial assembly of 20 mem-
bers; popular election of one deputy to Na-
tional Assembly in Paris and one senator
Government leaders: Mirhel KUHN-
MUNCH, Superior Administrator and Presi-
dent of Territorial Assembly (since at least
1984)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years
Economy
Agriculture: dominated by coconut produc-
tion, with subsistence crops of yams, taro,
bananas
Electric power: 1,000 kW capacity (1985); 1
million kWh produced (1985), 83 kWh per
capita
Exports: negligible
Imports: $3.4 million (1977); largely food-
stuffs and some equipment associated with
development programs
Aid: (1978) France, European Development
Fund, $2.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 Colonial
Francs Pacifique(CFP)=US$l (December
1982)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 100 km of improved road on
Uvea Island (1977)
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 148 telephones (1.2
per lOOpopl.)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
' El Aaiun
Semara
North I Bu Cru
Atlantic /
Ocean f
•
Guelta
Zemmiff
4Ad Oakht*
s Bif Oandus
See regional map VII
Land
266,770 km2; larger than Utah; nearly all
desert
Land boundaries: 2,086 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing 1 2 nm)
Coast/we: 1,1 10 km
People
Population: 92,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Saharan(s), Moroccan(s);
adjective — Saharan, Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: Arab and Berber
Religion: Muslim
Language: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan
Arabic
Literacy: among Moroccans, probably
nearly 20%; among Saharans, perhaps 5%
Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry
and subsistence farming, 50% other
Government
Official name: Western Sahara
265
Western Sahara (continued)
Western Samoa
Type: legal status of territory and question
of sovereignty unresolved — territory parti-
tioned between Morocco and Mauritania in
April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the
northern two-thirds, including the rich phos-
phate reserves at Bu Craa; Mauritania, un-
der pressure from the Polisario guerrillas,
abandoned all claims to its portion in August
1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector
shortly thereafter and has since asserted ad-
ministrative control there; the Polisario's
government in exile seated as an OAU mem-
ber in 1984, while guerrilla activities contin-
ued in 1985
Government leader: Muhamad
ABDELAZIZ, President, Sahara Democratic
Arab Republic (since October 1982), and
secretary general, Polisario (since August
1976)
Economy
Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore
Agriculture: practically none; some barley is
grown in nondrought years; fruit and vege-
tables in the few oases; food imports are es-
sential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by
the nomadic natives; cash economy exists
largely for the garrison forces
Major industries: phosphate, fishing, and
handicrafts
Shortages: water
Electric power: 60,000 kW capacity (1985);
78 million kWh produced (1985), 857 kWh
per capita
Exports: in 1982, up to $5 million in phos-
phates, all other exports valued valued at
under $3 million
Imports: up to $30 million (1982); fuel for
fishing fleet, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: Morocco claims ad-
ministrative control over Western Sahara
and controls all trade with the country;
Western Sahara trade figures are included in
overall Moroccan accounts
Aid: previously received small amounts
from Spain; Morocco is now the major
source of support
Monetary conversion rate: uses Moroccan
dirham; 8.9 dirham=US$l (1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 6,100 km total; 1,350 km sur-
faced, 4,750 km improved and unimproved
earth roads and tracks
Ports: 2 secondary (El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla)
Airfields: 16 total, 16 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways, 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
>. Sava/V \
\_^^ /~O Apoltma
South Pacific Ocean
See rr t> i onil map X
South Pacific Ocean
Land
2,934 km2; the size of Rhode Island; com-
prises of 2 large islands of Savai'i and Upolu
and several smaller islands, including
Manono and Apolima; 65% forest; 24% culti-
vated; 11% industry, waste, or urban
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 403 km
People
Population: 165,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.8%
Nationality: noun — Western Samoan(s);
adjective — Western Samoa
Ethnic divisions: Samoan; about 12,000
Euronesians (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), 700 Europeans
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of pop-
ulation associated with the London Mission-
ary Society; includes Congregational, Ro-
man Catholic, Methodist, Latter Day Saints,
Seventh-Day Adventist)
Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English
Infant mortality rate: 36/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 63
Literacy: 90%
266
Yemen Arab Republic
(North Yemen)
Labor force: about 37,000 (1983); about
22,000 employed in agriculture
Government
Official name: Independent State of West-
ern Samoa
Type: constitutional monarchy under native
chief; special treaty relationship with New
Zealand
Capital: Apia
Legal system: based on English common
law and local customs; constitution came
into effect upon independence in 1962; judi-
cial review of legislative acts with respect to
fundamental rights of the citizen; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan-
uary
Branches: Head of State and Executive
Council; unicameral legislature (47-member
Legislative Assembly); Supreme Court,
Court of Appeal, Land and Titles Court,
village courts
Government leaders: MALIETOA
Tanumafili II, Head of State (since 1962);
Va'ai KOLONE, Prime Minister (since De-
cember 1985)
Suffrage: 45 members of Legislative Assem-
bly are elected by holders of matai (heads of
family) titles (about 12,000 persons); two
members are elected by universal adult suf-
frage of persons lacking traditional family
ties
Elections: held triennially; last held in Feb-
ruary 1982
Political parties and leaders: no clearly de-
fined political party structure
Communists: unknown
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF,
South Pacific Commission, SPF, UN,
UNESCO, WHO
Economy
GNP: $50 million (1984), $770 per capita
Natural resources: hardwood forests, fish
Agriculture: cocoa, bananas, copra; staple
foods include coconuts, bananas, taro, yams
Major industries: timber, tourism, light in-
dustry
Electric power: 62,000 kW capacity (1985);
79 million kWh produced (1985), 485 kWh
per capita
Exports: $19.5 million (1984); copra 43.3%,
cocoa 32.3%, timber 2.0%, mineral fuel, ba-
nanas
Imports: $57 million (1984); food 30%, man-
ufactured goods 25%, machinery
Major trade partners: exports — 31% FRG,
26% New Zealand, 12% US, 2% Australia;
imports— 30% US, 28% New Zealand, 10%
Australia, 6% UK (1981)
Aid: economic commitments — US (FY70-
84), $12 million; Western (non-US) coun-
tries, ODA and OOF (1970-83), $176 million
Budget: (1982 est.) revenues, $36.9 million;
expenditures, $37.6 million; development
expenditure, $34.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.533 WS tala=
US$1 (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 784 km total; 375 km bitumi-
nous, remainder mostly gravel, crushed
stone, or earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 principal (Apia), 1 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 3,800 telephones (2.5
per 100 popl.O; 50,000 radio receivers; 1 AM
station
Defense Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 39,000;
20,000 fit for military service
125km
Sgc regional map VI
Land
194,250 km2 (parts of border with Saudi
Arabia and People's Democratic Republic of
Yemen undefined); slightly smaller than
South Dakota; 79% desert, waste, or urban;
20% agricultural; 1% forest
Land boundaries: 1,528 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
12 nm
Coastline: 523 km
People
Population: 6,339,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun — Yemeni(s); adjective —
Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro- Arab
(mixed)
Religion: 100% Muslim (Sunni and Shi'a)
Language: Arabic
Infant mortality rate: 152/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 37.3, women 38.7
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: approximately one-third expa-
triate laborers; remainder almost entirely
agriculture and herding
267
Yemen Arab Republic
(North Yemen) (continued)
Yemen, People's
Democratic Republic
of (South Yemen)
Government
Official name: Yemen Arab Republic
Type: republic; military regime assumed
power in June 1974
Capital: Sanaa
Political subdivisions: 1 1 provinces
Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic
law, and local customary law; first constitu-
tion promulgated December 1970, sus-
pended June 1974; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the Re-
public, 26 September
Branches: President, Prime Minister, Cabi-
net; People's Constituent Assembly
Government leaders: Col. 'Ali 'Abdallah
SALIH, President (since 1978); 'Abd al-'Aziz
'ABD AL-GHANI, Prime Minister (since
1983)
Communists: small number
Political parties or pressure groups: no legal
political parties; in 1983 President Salih
started the General People's Congress,
which is designed to function as the
country's sole political party; conservative
tribal groups, Muslim Brotherhood, and left-
ist factions — pro-Iraqi Ba'thists, Nasirists,
National Democratic Front (NDF)
supported by South Yemen — exert political
influence
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, QIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $3.6 billion (1983), $580 per capita
Natural resources: petroleum, rock salt,
small deposits of coal and copper, oil
Agriculture: sorghum and millet, qat (a mild
narcotic), cotton, coffee, fruits and vegeta-
bles
Major industries: cotton textiles and leather
goods produced on a small scale; handicraft
and some fishing; small aluminum products
factory
Electric power: 254,900 kW capacity (1985);
446 million kWh produced (1985), 73 kWh
per capita
Exports: $9 million (f.o.b., 1984); qat, cotton,
coffee, hides, vegetables
Imports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); textiles
and other manufactured consumer goods,
petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour,
other foodstuffs, and cement (one of the
worst export/import ratios in the world)
Major trade partners: China, South Yemen,
USSR, Japan, UK, Australia, Saudi Arabia
Budget: (1984) total receipts, $830 million;
current expenditures, $1.1 billion;' develop-
ment expenditures, $480 million
Monetary conversion rate: 6.5 rials=US$l
(October 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 4,000 km total; 1, 775 km bitumi-
nous; 500 km crushed stone and gravel;
1,725 km earth, sand, and light gravel
Ports: 1 major (Al Hudaydah), 3 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 20 total, 14 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system poor but im-
proving; new radio-relay and cable
networks; 50,000 telephones (0.9 per 100
popl.); 3 AM, no FM, 5 TV stations; 1 Indian
Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean, and 1 Arab satel-
lite station; tropospheric scatter to South
Yemen
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,193,000;
664,000 fit for military service; about 69,000
reach military age (18) annually
300km
Gulf of Aden
See regional map VI
Land
322,968 km2; the size of Nevada; (border
with Saudi Arabia and Yeman Arab Repub-
lic undefined); only about 1% arable (of
which less than 25% cultivated)
Land boundaries: 1,802 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,383 km
People
Population: 2,275,000, excluding the island
of Perim for which no data are available
(July 1986); average annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun — Yemeni(s); adjective —
Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few
Indians, Somalis, and Europeans
Religion: Sunni Muslim, some Christian and
Hindu
Language: Arabic
Infant mortality rate: 114/1,000(1980)
Life expectancy: men 40.6, women 42.4
Literacy: 25%
268
Government
Official name: People's Democratic Repub-
lic of Yemen
Type: republic; power centered in ruling
Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP)
Capital: Aden
Political subdivisions: six governorates
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for per-
sonal matters) and English common law (for
commercial matters); highest judicial organ,
Federal High Court, interprets constitution
and determines disputes between states
National holiday: 14 October
Branches: unicameral legislature (People's
Assembly); Supreme Cabinet
Government leaders: Haydar Abu Baler
al-'ATTAS, Chairman, Presidium, Supreme
People's Council (since February 1986); 'Ali
Salim al-BID, secretary general, Yemeni
Socialist Party (since February 1986); Yasin
Sa'id NU'MAN, Chairman, Council of Min-
isters (since February 1986)
Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over
Elections: elections for legislative body, Su-
preme People's Council, called for in the
constitution; none have been held
Political parties and leaders: Yemeni Social-
ist Party (YSP), the only legal party, is coali-
tion of National Front, Ba'th, and Commu-
nist Parties
Communists: unknown number
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $792 million (1978 est), $430 per cap-
ita (1980)
Natural resources: fish
Agriculture: cotton is main cash crop; cere-
als, dates, qat (a mild narcotic), coffee, and
livestock are raised, and there is a growing
fishing industry; large amount of food must
be imported (particularly for Aden); cotton,
hides, skins, dried and salted fish are
exported
Major industries: petroleum refinery at Lit-
tle Aden operates on imported crude
Electric power: 235,200 kW capacity (1985);
446 million kWh produced (1985), 200 kWh
per capita
Exports: $800 million (1982)
Imports: $670 million (f.o.b., 1980)
Major trade partners: North Yemen, East
Africa, but some cement and sugar imported
from Communist countries; crude oil im-
ported from Persian Gulf, exports mainly to
UK and Japan
Budget: (1983) total receipts $452 million,
current expenditures $455 million, develop-
ment expenditures $402 million
Monetary conversion rate: 0.3425
dinar=US$l (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,600 km total; 1,700 km bitumi-
nous treated, 630 km crushed stone and
gravel, 3,270 km motorable track
Pipelines: refined products, 32 km
Ports: 1 major (Aden), 5 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 41 total, 30 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 10 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small system of open-
wire, radio- relay, multiconductor cable, and
radio communications stations; only center
Aden; estimated 15,000 telephones (0.6 per
100 popl.); 1 AM, no FM, 5 TV stations; 1
Indian Ocean satellite antenna; tropospheric
scatter to North Yemen
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, People's
Militia, People's Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 493,000;
276,000 fit for military service
269
Yugoslavia
Stt regional map V
Land
255,804 km2; the size of Wyoming; 34% for-
est, 32% arable, 25% meadow and pasture,
9% other
Lanti boundaries: 3,001 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
Coastline: 1,521 km (mainland), plus 2,4 14
km (offshore islands)
People
Population: 23,284,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun — Yugoslav(s); adjective —
Yugoslav
Ethnic divisions: 36.2% Serb, 19.7% Croat,
8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7% Albanian,
5.9% Macedonian, 5.4% Yugoslav, 2.5%
Montenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 4.0% other
(1981 census)
Religion: 50% Serbian Orthodox, 30% Ro-
man Catholic, 10% Muslim, 1% Protestant,
9% other or none
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Mace-
donian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian
Infant mortality rate: 30/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: men 68, women 73
Literacy: 90.5%
Labor force: 10.1 million (1983); 25% agri-
culture, 29% mining and manufacturing;
(est.) unemployment about 14% of domestic
labor force (January-August 1985)
Government
Official name: Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia
Type: Communist state, federal republic in
form
Capital: Belgrade
Political subdivisions: six republics with two
autonomous provinces (within the Republic
of Serbia)
Legal system: mixture of civil law system
and Communist legal theory; constitution
adopted 1974; legal education at several law
schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the So-
cialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29
November
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal
Assembly — Federal Chamber, Chamber of
Republics and Provinces); executive includes
cabinet (Federal Executive Council) and the
federal administration; judiciary; the State
Presidency is a collective, rotating policy-
making body composed of a representative
from each republic and province, Radovan
Vlajkovic presides as President of the Re-
public until May 1986, when he will be re-
placed by the representative from Kosovo
Province, Sinan Hasani
Government leader: Milka PLANINC, Pres-
ident of the Federal Executive Council
(since 1982); nonrenewable four-year term
expires May 1986
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Federal Assembly elected every
four years by a complicated, indirect system
of voting
Political parties and leaders: League of
Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only; lead-
ers are 23 members of party Presidium se-
lected proportionally from republics, prov-
inces, and Yugoslav People's Army, with the
president rotating on an annual basis and the
secretary rotating every two years; current
president is Vidoje Zarkovic, a Montenegrin
(until June 1986); Party Congress scheduled
for June 1986, to elect new Central Commit-
tee
Communists: 2,167,860 party members
(December 1985)
Other political or pressure groups: Socialist
Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia
(SA WPY), the major mass front organiza-
tion; Confederation of Trade Unions of Yu-
goslavia (CTUY), League of Socialist Youth
of Yugoslavia, Federation of Veterans' Asso-
ciations of Yugoslavia (SUBNOR)
Member of: ASSIMER, CEMA (observer but
participates in certain commissions), FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some ac-
tivities), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
CNP: $128.8 billion (1984 est., at 1983
prices), $5,600 per capita; real growth rate
-1.7% (1984)
Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite,
timber, iron, antimony, chromium, lead,
zinc, asbestos, mercury
Agriculture: diversified agriculture with
many small private holdings and large agri-
cultural combines; main crops — corn,
wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, and sunflowers;
occasionally a net exporter of foodstuffs and
live animals; imports tropical products, cot-
ton, wool, and vegetable meal feeds
Fishing: catch 73,505 metric tons (1984)
270
Zaire
Major industries: metallurgy, machinery
and equipment, oil refining, chemicals, tex-
tiles, wood processing, food processing
Shortages: electricity, fuels
Crude steel: 4.2 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 184 kg per capita
Electric power: 19,575,000 kW capacity
(1985); 77.516 billion kWh produced (1985),
3,350 kWh per capita
Exports: $10.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 52% raw
materials and semimanufactures, 31% con-
sumer goods, 17% equipment
Imports: $12.0 billion (c.i.f., 1984); 82% raw
materials and semimanufactures, 13%
equipment, 5% consumer goods
Major trade partners: 61% non-Communist
countries; 39% Communist countries, of
which 21% USSR (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 296.4
dinars=US$l (November 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year (all data refer to
calendar year or to middle or end of calen-
dar year as indicated)
Communications
Railroads: 9,399 km total; 9,399 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge; 890 km double track;
3,451 km electrified (1983)
Highways: 116,400km total; 63,100 km as-
phalt, concrete, stone block; 35,000 km as-
phalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 18,300
km earth (1983)
Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982)
Freight carried: rail — 89.6 million metric
tons, 27.9 billion metric ton/km (1983);
highway — 177.2 million metric tons, 19.1
billion metric ton/km (1983); waterway —
20.9 million metric tons, 4. 1 billion metric
ton/km (excluding international transit
traffic) (1983)
Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,760 km nat-
ural gas; 150 km refined products
Ports: 9 major (most important: Rijeka, Split,
Koper, Bar, and Ploce), 24 minor; principal
inland water port is Belgrade
Defense Forces
Branches: Yugoslav People's Army —
Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air
Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial
Defense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,005,000;
4,850,000 fit for military service; 184,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, 391.3 billion di-
nars; about 4.8% of national income
See regional map VII
Land
2,345,409 km2; one-fourth the size of the US;
45% forest, 22% agricultural (2% cultivated
or pasture), 33% other
Land boundaries: 9,902 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm fishing)
Coastline: 37 km
People
Population: 31,333,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Zairian(s); adjective —
Zairian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic
groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest
tribes — Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu),
and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make
up about 45% of the population
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes-
tant, 10% Kimbanguist, 10% Muslim, 10%
other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs
Language: French (official), English,
Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo,
Tshiluba
Infant mortality rate: 108/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: men 46, women 49
271
Zaire (continued)
Literacy: 55% males, 37% females
Labor force: about 8 million, but only about
13% in wage structure
Government
Official name: Republic of Zaire
Type: republic; constitution establishes
strong presidential system
Capital: Kinshasa
Political subdivisions: eight regions and fed-
eral district of Kinshasa
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law
system and tribal law; new constitution pro-
mulgated February 1978; legal education at
National University of Zaire; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
June; Anniversary of the Regime, 24 No-
vember
Branches: President elected originally in
1970 for seven-year term; Marshal Mobutu
reelected July 1984; limits on reelection re-
moved by new constitution; unicameral leg-
islature (310-member National Legislative
Council elected for five-year term); the offi-
cial party is the supreme political institution
Government leader: Marshal MOBUTU
Sese Seko, President (since 1965); KENGO
Wa Dondo, First State Commissioner (prime
minister; since November 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: elections for rural collectivities'
urban zone councils, and the Legislative
Council of the Popular Movement of the
Revolution were held June-September 1982;
presidential referendum /election held July
1984; presidential election/referendum
scheduled for 1991
Political parties and leaders: Popular Move-
ment of the Revolution (MPR), only legal
party
Voting strength: Mobutu polled 99.6% of
vote in the 1984 election
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, APC, CIPEC, EAMA,
EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UD-
EAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.5 billion (1983), $200 per capita;
2.0% real growth (1985 est.)
Natural resources: cobalt, copper,
cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem
diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin,
germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron,
coal, hydroelectric power (potential)
Agriculture: main cash crops — coffee, palm
oil, rubber, quinine; main food crops — man-
ioc, bananas, root crops, corn; some prov-
inces self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 102,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: mining, mineral process-
ing, consumer products (including textiles,
footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods
and beverages, cement
Electric power: 2,412,200 kW capacity
(1985); 5.282 billion kWh produced (1985),
175 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.846 billion (f.o.b., 1984); $1.824
billion (1985 est.) copper (45%), cobalt, dia-
monds, petroleum, coffee
Imports: $1. 102 billion (f.o.b., 1984 est);
$ 1 . 1 1 3 billion ( 1 985 est. ) consumer goods,
foodstuffs, mining and other machinery,
transport equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: Belgium, US, France,
and West Germany
Budget: (1985 est.) revenues, $780 million;
total expenditures, $739 million
Monetary conversion rate: 55 zaires=US$l
(December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-
meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km
1,000- meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter
gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: 145,050 km total; 2,350 km bitu-
minous, 46,230 km gravel and improved
earth; remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: comprising the Congo,
its tributaries, and unconnected lakes, the
waterway system affords over 15,000 km of
navigable routes
Pipelines: refined products, 390 km
Ports: 2 major (Matadi, Boma), 1 minor
Civil air: 52 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 335 total, 296 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 70 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: barely adequate wire
and radio-relay service, 31,200 telephones
(0. 1 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 3 FM, 17 TV sta-
tions; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and
13 domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Gendarmerie, Logistics Corps, Special Presi-
dential Brigade
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,045,000;
3,560,000 fit for military service
272
Zambia
Livingston
Srr regional map VII
Land
752,614 km2; larger than Texas; 61% scat-
tered wood and grass, 13% dense forest, 10%
grazing, 6% marsh, 5% arable and under
cultivation
Land boundaries: 6,003 km
People
Population: 7,054,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Zambian(s); adjective —
Zambian
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% Euro-
pean, 0.2% other
Religion: 50-75% Christian, 1% Muslim and
Hindu, remainder indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); about 70 indig-
enous languages
Infant mortality rate: 140/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: 47
Literacy: 54%
Labor force: 2,455,000; 85% agriculture; 6%
mining, manufacturing, and construction;
9% transport and services
Organized labor: approximately 238,000
wage earners are unionized
Government
Official name: Republic of Zambia
Type: one-party state
Capital: Lusaka
Political subdivisions: nine provinces
Legal system: based on English common
law and customary law; new constitution
adopted September 1973; judicial review of
legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional
council; legal education at University of
Zambia in Lusaka; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 24
October
Branches: modified presidential system;
unicameral legislature (National Assembly);
judiciary
Government leaders: Dr. Kenneth David
KAUNDA, President (since October 1964);
Kebby MUSOKOTWANE, Prime Minister
(April 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: general election held 27 October
1983; next general election scheduled for
1988
Political parties and leaders: United Na-
tional Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth
Kaunda; former opposition party banned in
December 1972 when one-party state pro-
claimed
Voting strength: (1983 election) 63.5% of
eligible voters participated; Kaunda, who
was the only candidate for president, re-
ceived a 93% "yes" vote; National Assembly
seats were contested by members of UNIP
Communists: no Communist party, but so-
cialist sympathizers in upper levels of gov-
ernment and UNIP
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT(de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.6 billion (1984), $410 per capita;
real growth rate, — 1.3% (1984)
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc,
lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium,
hydroelectric power, fertile land
Agriculture: main crops — corn, tobacco,
cotton; net importer of most major agricul-
tural products
Major industries: copper mining and re-
finery, transport, construction, foodstuffs,
beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer
Electric power: 1,924,700 kW capacity
(1985); 12.645 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,850 kWh per capita
Exports: $916 million (f.o.b., 1984); copper,
zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco
Imports: $612 million (c.i.f., 1984); machin-
ery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, fuels,
manufactures
Major trade partners: EC, Japan, South Af-
rica, US, Iraq
Budget: (central government, 1984) reve-
nues, $900 million (est); expenditures, $840
million (est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.7 Zambian
kwachas=US$l (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,204 km, all 1.067-meter gauge;
13 km double track
Highways: 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved,
7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved
earth
273
Zambia (continued)
Zimbabwe
Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including
Zambezi River, Luapula River, Lake
Tanganyika; Mpulungu is small port on
Lake Tanganyika
Pipelines: 1,724 km crude oil
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 129 total, 1 14 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are among
the best in Sub-Saharan Africa;
high-capacity radio relay connects most
larger towns and cities; 71,700 telephones
(1.2 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 2 FM, 10 TV sta-
tions; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary
Police Mobile Force, Police Paramilitary
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,472,000;
768,000 fit for military service
not necessarily author
See regional map VII
Land
391,090 km2; nearly as large as California;
40% arable (of which 6% cultivated), 60%
extensive grazing; of this total 48% worked
communally by Africans, 39% owned by
Europeans (farmed by modern methods), 7%
national land, 6% other
Land boundaries: 3,017 km
People
Population: 8,984,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.5%
Nationality: noun — Zimbabwean(s); adjec-
tive— Zimbabwean
Ethnic divisions: about 96% African (over
73% members of Shona-speaking subtribes,
19% speak Ndebele); about 3% white, 1%
mixed and Asian
Religion: 50% syncretic (part Christian, part
indigenous beliefs), 25% Christian, 24% in-
digenous beliefs, a few Muslim
Language: English (official); ChiShona and
Si Ndebele
Infant mortality rate: 66/1,000(1985)
Life expectancy: men 53.3, women 56.8
Literacy: 45-55%
Labor force: 1,985,000(1985); 78% agricul-
ture; 18% mining, manufacturing, construc-
tion; 4% transport and services
Organized labor: about one-third of Euro-
pean wage earners are unionized, but only a
small minority of Africans
Covernment
Official name: Republic of Zimbabwe
Type: independent; a British-style parlia-
mentary democracy
Capital: Harare
Political subdivisions: eight provinces
Legal system: Roman-Dutch
Branches: legislative authority resides in a
Parliament consisting of a 100-member
House of Assembly (with 20 seats reserved
for whites) and a 40-member Senate (10
elected by white members of the House, 14
elected by the other members of the House;
10 chiefs, 5 from Mashonaland and 5 from
Matabeleland, elected by members of the
Council of Chiefs; 6 appointed by the Presi-
dent, on the advice of the Prime Minister);
executive authority lies with a Cabinet led
by the Prime Minister; the High Court is the
superior judicial authority
Government leaders: Rev. Canaan Sodindo
BANANA, President (since April 1980);
Robert Gabriel MUGABE, Prime Minister
(since April 1980)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; for at least
seven years after independence (1980),
white, mixed, and Asians vote on a separate
roll for 20 seats in the House of Assembly
Elections: last held July 1985
Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe
African National Union (ZANU), Robert
Mugabe; Zimbabwe African People's Union
(ZAPU), Joshua Nkomo; Conservative Alli-
ance of Zimbabwe (CAZ), Ian Smith; Inde-
pendent Zimbabwe Group (IZG), Bill Irving;
Zimbabwe African National Union - Sithole
(ZANU-S), Ndabaningi Sithole; others failed
to win any seats in Parliament
274
Taiwan
(China listed in
alphabetic order)
Voting strength: (July 1985 elections) ZANU
(also known as ZANU-PF), 64 seats; ZAPU,
15 seats; CAZ, 15 seats; IZG, 4 seats;
ZANU-S, 1 seat; independents, 1
Communists: negligible
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITO, NAM,
OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $6.6 billion (1982), $870 per capita;
real growth 12% (1980 and 1981), 2% (1982)
Natural resources: coal, chrome, asbestos,
gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium,
lithium
Agriculture: main crops — tobacco, corn, tea,
sugar, cotton; livestock
Major industries: mining, steel, textiles,
chemicals, vehicles
Electric power: 1,608,500 kW capacity
(1985); 4.691 billion kWh produced (1985),
541 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.17 billion (f.o.b., 1984), includ-
ing net gold sales and reexports; tobacco,
asbestos, cotton, copper, tin, chrome, gold,
nickel, meat, clothing, sugar, iron ore, silver
Imports: $989 million (f.o.b. 1984); machin-
ery, petroleum products, wheat, transport
equipment
Major trade partner: South Africa
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $1.0 billion; US, including Ex-Im
(1980-84), $271 million; Communist coun-
tries (1970-84), $100 million
Budget: (FY83/84 est.) revenues, $1.82 bil-
lion; expenditures, $2.223 billion; deficit,
$400 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.67
Zimbabwean dollars=US$l (November
1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 3,394 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42
km double track; 335 km electrified
Highways: 85,237 km total; 12,243 km
paved, 28,090 km crushed stone, gravel, sta-
bilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth;
21,807 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a poten-
tial line of communication
Pipelines: 8 km refined products
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 497 total, 444 usable; 22 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 36 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: system was one of the
best in Africa but now suffers from poor
maintenance; consists of radio-relay links,
open-wire lines, and radio communication
stations; principal center Harare, secondary
center Bulawayo; 246,800 telephones (3.3
per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 15 FM, 8 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air
Force of Zimbabwe, Police Support Unit,
People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,927,000;
1,184,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $307.4 million; 10.4% of central
government budget
100km
ht-lung
Su-ao
Taiwan \ fhilippin
Sta
Quemov and Matsu
stands are not shown
See regional map VIII
Land
32,260 km2 (Taiwan and Pescadores); the
size of Maryland and Delaware combined;
55% forest, 24% cultivated, 6% pasture, 15%
other (urban, industrial, waste, or water)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,240 km Taiwan, 327 km
Pescadores
People
Population: 19,601,000, excluding the popu-
lation of Quemoy and Matsu Islands and
foreigners (July 1986), average annual
growth rate 1.4%
Nationality: noun — Chinese (sing., pi.); ad-
jective— Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14%
mainland Chinese, 2% aborigine
Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhist, Confu-
cian, and Taoist; 4.5% Christian; 2.5% other
Language: Mandarin Chinese (official); Tai-
wanese and Hakka dialects also used
Infant mortality rate: 11.01/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: men 69.9, women 74.9
Literacy: 94%
275
Taiwan (continued)
Labor force: 7,491,000(1984); 41% industry
and commerce, 32% services, 20% agricul-
ture, 7% civil administration; 2.4% unem-
ployment (1984)
Organized labor: (1983) 1.3 million or about
18.4% (government controlled)
Administration
Type: one-party presidential regime
Capital: Taipei
Political subdivisions: 16 counties, 5 cities, 2
special municipalities (Taipei and
Kao-hsiung)
Legal system: based on civil law system;
constitution adopted 1946, though 1948
amendments set most of the constitution
aside; martial law declared in 1949 still in
effect; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: 10 October
Branches: five independent branches (execu-
tive, legislative, judicial, plus traditional
Chinese functions of examination and con-
trol), dominated by executive branch; Presi-
dent and Vice President elected by National
Assembly
Government leaders: CHIANG Ching-kuo,
President (since March 1978); YU Kuo-hua,
Premier (since June 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: national level — Legislative Yuan
every three years; National Assembly and
Control Yuan every six years; no general
election held since 1948 election on main-
land (partial elections for Taiwan province
representatives in December 1969, 1972,
1975, 1980, 1983, 1984, and 1985); local
level — provincial assembly, county and mu-
nicipal executives every four years; county
and municipal assemblies every four years
Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang,
or National Party, led by Chairman Chiang
Ching-kuo
Voting strength: (1983 Legislative Yuan
elections) 62 seats Kuomintang, 19 seats in-
dependents; 1981 local elections, with 63%
turnout of eligible voters, Kuomintang re-
ceived 71% of the popular vote,
non-Kuomintang 29%
Other political or pressure groups: loose
coalition of oppositionist/independent poli-
ticians has emerged in the past six years plus
Young China Party, nominally controlled by
the KMT
Member of: expelled from UN General As-
sembly and Security Council on 25 October
1971 and withdrew on same date from other
charter-designated subsidiary organs; ex-
pelled from IMF/World Bank group
April/May 1980; member of ADB and seek-
ing to join GATT and/or MFA; attempting
to retain membership in ICAC, ISO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, PCA; suspended from
IAEA in 1972 but still allows IAEA controls
over extensive atomic development
Economy
GNP: $56.6 billion (1984 est), $2,980 per
capita; 4.6% real growth (1985)
Natural resources: small deposits of coal,
natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos
Agriculture: most arable land intensely
farmed — 60% cultivated land under irriga-
tion; main crops — rice, sweet potatoes, sug-
arcane, bananas, pineapples, citrus fruits;
food shortages — wheat, corn, soybeans
Fishing: catch 930,582 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: textiles, clothing, chemi-
cals, electronics, food processing, plywood,
sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding
Electric power: 16,067,000 kW capacity
(1985); 53 billion kWh produced (1985),
2,738 kWh per capita
Exports: $30.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984 est.);
20.5% textiles, 18.8% electrical machinery,
9% general machinery and equipment, 9%
telecommunications equipment, 7.4% basic
metals and metal products, 5.4% foodstuffs,
2.5% plywood and wood products
Imports: $21.6 billion (c.i.f., 1984 est.); 25%
machinery and equipment, 17.7% crude oil,
1 1.9% chemical and chemical products,
6.7% basic metals, 6.3% foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 49% US,
10% Japan; imports— 29% Japan, 23% US,
8.6% Saudi Arabia (1983)
Aid: economic commitments — US authori-
zations, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6
billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-83), $402 million;
military— US (FY46-81), $4.4 billion autho-
rized
Budget: central government expenditure,
$42.5 billion (FY83)
Monetary conversion rate: NT (New Tai-
wan) 40.39 dollars=US$l (September 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: about 1,075 km common carrier
lines and over 3,800 km industrial lines;
common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-
meter gauge 708 km West Line and the 367
km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line
connection is under construction; common
carrier lines owned by the government and
operated by the Railway Administration
under Ministry of Communications; indus-
trial lines owned and operated by govern-
ment enterprises
Highways: network totals 18,800 km (15,800
km are bituminous or concrete surface);
2,500 km are crushed stone or gravel sur-
face; and 500 km are graded earth
Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km
natural gas
Ports: 5 major (Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung, Hua-
lien, Su-ao, and T'ai-tung), 4 minor (Tan-
shui, T'ai-nan, Ta-p'eng, and Ma-kung)
Airfields: 41 total; 38 usable; 34 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 17 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
276
West Bank and
Gaza Strip
Telecommunications: very good interna-
tional and domestic service; 5.1 million tele-
phones(l per 3.5 popl.); about 100 radio
broadcast stations with 270 AM and 12 FM
transmitters; 12 TV stations and 6 repeaters;
8 million radio receivers and 3.6 million TV
receivers; 2 INTELSAT ground stations;
tropospheric scatter links to Hong Kong and
the Philippines available but inactive; sub-
marine cables to Okinawa (Japan), the Phil-
ippines, Guam, Singapore, and Hong Kong
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines),
Air Force, Combined Services Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,301,000;
4,167,000 fit for military service; about
215,000 currently reach military age (19)
annually
Military budget: announced expenditures
for national defense for fiscal year ending 30
June 1986, $4.0 billion; about 39.1% of cen-
tral government budget; however, total mili-
tary expenditures may be closer to $4.7 bil-
lion or about 50% of the central government
budget
reptesentalion i!
Mediterranean
Sea
STRIP
[(Israeli occupied-
status to be
determined)
See region..! map VI
NOTE: the war between Israel and the
Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel
in control of the West Bank and the Gaza
Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan Heights. As
stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords
and reaffirmed by the President's 1 Sep-
tember 1982 peace initiative, the final sta-
tus of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip,
their relationship with their neighbors, and
a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan
are to be negotiated among the concerned
parties. Camp David further specifies that
these negotiations will resolve the respec-
tive boundaries. Pending the completion of
this process, it is US policy that the final
status of the West Bank and the Gaza
Strip has yet to be determined. In the
view of the United States, the term "West
Bank" describes all of the area west of the
Jordan River under Jordanian administra-
tion before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.
However, with respect to negotiations evis-
aged in the framework agreement, it is US
policy that a distinction must be made
between Jerusalem and the rest of the
West Bank because of the city's special
status and circumstances. Therefore, a ne-
gotiated solution for the final status of
Jerusalem could be different in character
from that of the rest of the West Bank.
Land
West Bank— 5,858. 1 km2 (includes West
Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient and
"Jerusalem No Man's Land," and the north-
west quarter of L!ie Dead Sea; excludes Mt.
Scopus); less than one-half the size of North
Carolina; Gaza Strip— 363.3 km2; slightly
larger than Washington, D. C.
Land boundaries: West Bank— 480.2 km;
Gaza Strip— 72. 1 km
Water
Coastline: West Bank — none; Gaza Strip —
39.7 km
People
Population: total, 1,508,000 (July 1986); av-
erage annual growth rate 3.3%; West Bank
(including East Jerusalem)— 967,000 (July
1986), average annual growth rate 3.1%;
Gaza Strip— 54 1,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.7%
Nationality: West Bank — to be determined;
Gaza Strip — to be determined
Ethnic divisions: West Bank— 88% Palestin-
ian Arab and other, 12% Jewish (includimg
expanded East Jerusalem); Gaza Strip —
99.8% Palestinian Arab and other, 0.2%
Jewish
Religion: West Bank— 80% Muslim (pre-
dominantly Sunni), 12% Jewish, 7% Chris-
tian and other; Gaza Strip — 99% Muslim
(predominantly Sunni), 0.8% Christian, 0.2%
Jewish
Language: West Bank: Arabic; Israeli set-
tlers speak Hebrew; English widely under-
stood
Gaza Strip: Arabic; Israeli settlers speak He-
brew; English widely understood
Labor force: West Bank: (excluding Israeli
Jewish settlers) 29.8% small industry, com-
merce, and business; 24.2% construction;
22.4% agriculture; and 23.6% service and
other (1984)
Gaza Strip: (excluding Israeli Jewish settlers)
32.0% small industry, commerce and busi-
ness; 24.4% construction; 25.5% service and
other; and 18.1% agriculture (1984)
277
West Bank and
Gaza Strip (continued)
Government
The West Bank and the Gaza Strip are cur-
rently governed by Israeli military authori-
ties and their civil administrations. It is US
policy that the final status of these areas will
be determined by negotiations among the
concerned parties. These negotiations will
determine how this area is to be governed.
Economy
CNP: West Bank— $1.1 billion (1983); Gaza
Strip— $550 million (1983)
Agriculture: olives, citrus, and other fruits,
vegetables, beef, and dairy products
Major industries: the Israelis have estab-
lished some small-scale modern industries in
the settlements and industrial centers (3 in
West Bank and 1 in Gaza Strip); generally
small family businesses that produce ce-
ment, textiles, soap, olive wood carvings,
and mother-of-pearl souvenirs
Electric power: the Israel Electric Corpora-
tion, Ltd., exported 285 million kWh during
1985 (exported is understood to mean power
provided to occupied territories)
West Bank: bulk of installed capacity con-
tained in two diesel power plants —
Jerusalem-Shoufat plant (22,000 kW) ,
which is owned and operated by the East
Jerusalem Electric Co., and Nablus plant
(19,600 kW), which is owned and operated
by the Nablus municipality; total estimated
capacity for all West Bank power plants is
45,000 kW (1985); 59 million kWh produced
(1985), 63 kWh per capita
Gaza Strip: no known installed capacity;
power probably obtained from Israel
Exports: West Bank— $184.5 million (1984);
Gaza Strip— $114.9 million (1984)
Imports: West Bank— $406.8 million (1984);
Gaza Strip— $279.4 million (1984)
Major trade partners: West Bank — Jordan
and Israel; Gaza Strip — Egypt and Israel
Budget: within the occupied territories,
each municipality has its own budget; the
following data represent the sum of the reve-
nues and expenditures of the municipalities
in each area for fiscal year beginning 1 April
1984
West Bank: revenues, $26.7 million; expen-
ditures, $27.1 million
Gaza Strip: revenues, $14.2 million; expen-
ditures, $18.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: West Bank: units
of currency used are Israeli shekel
(293.2=US$1, 1984 average), Jordanian di-
nar (0.384=US$1, 1984 average), and US
dollar
Gaza Strip: units of currency used are Israeli
shekel (293.2=US$1, 1984 average), Egyp-
tian pound (1.43=US$1, February 1984 av-
erage), and US dollar
Communications
Railroads: West Bank — none; Gaza Strip —
one abandoned line throughout the entire
territory
Highways: West Bank: small, poorly devel-
oped indigenous road network; Israelis have
improved major axial highways
Gaza Strip: small, poorly developed indige-
nous road network; Israelis have improved
major axial highways
Ports: facilities for small boats at Gaza
Airfields: Gaza Strip has 1 usable with
permanent-surface runway; airfield in occu-
pied territory north of East Jerusalem
Telecommunications: West Bank — planned
telephone system currently being upgraded;
no local radio or TV stations; Gaza Strip — no
local radio or TV stations
278
Appendix A
The United Nations System
Main committees
Standing and procedural
committees
Other subsidiary organs of the
General Assembly
Trusteeship Council
Security Council
General Assembly
UNRWA: United Nations Relief
and Works Agency for Palestine
Refugees in the Near East
UNCTAD: United Nations
Conference on Trade and
Development
UNICEF: United Nations
Children's Fund
UNHCR: United Nations Office
of High Commissioner for
Refugees
WFP: World Food Program
UNITAR: United Nations
Institute for Training and
Research
UNDP: United Nations
Development Program
UNIDO: United Nations
Industrial Development
Organization
UNEP: United Nations
Environment Program
UNU: United Nations
University
HABITAT: United Nations
Center for Human Settlements
UNFPA: United Nations Fund
for Population Activities
United Nations Special Fund
World Food Council
J
International Court
of justice
Secretariat
Economic and
Social Council
1 Regional Commissions
' Functional Commissions
' Sessional, standing, and ad
hoc committees
Based on a chart from the UN Chronicle
& Principal organs of the United
Nations
• Other United Nations organs
D Specialized agencies and other
autonomous organizations
within the system
279
' UNDOF: United Nations
Disengagement Observer Force
' UNFICYP: United Nations
Force in Cyprus
> I MHI : United Nations Interim
Forces in Lebanon
• UNMOGIP: United Nations
Military Observer Croup in
India and Pakistan
-• UNTSO: United Nations Truce
Supervision Organization
> Military Staff Committee
D IAEA: International Atomic
Energy Agency
T n GATT: General Agreement on
I Tariffs and Trade
i
— D ILO: International Labor
Organization
— D FAO: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United
Nations
— D UNESCO: United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization
—0 WHO: World Health
Organization
— D IMF: International Monetary
Fund
D IDA: International
Development Association
-O IBRD: International Bank for
Reconstruction and
Development
— D IFC: International Finance
Corporation
— D ICAO: International Civil
Aviation Organization
— O UPU: Universal Postal Union
— D ITU: International
Telecommunication Union
—O WMO: World Meteorological
Organization
— D IMO: International Maritime
Organization
— D WIPO: World Intellectual
Property Organization
— D IFAD: International Fund for
Agricultural Development
Appendix B
Selected UN
Organizations
Principal Organs
GA
General Assembly
SC
Security Council
ECOSOC
Economic and Social Council
TC
Trusteeship Council
ICJ
International Court of Justice
Secretariat
Other organs
UNCTAD
UN Conference on Trade and Development
TDB
Trade and Development Board
UNDP
UN Development Program
UNICEF
l\ Children's Fund
UNIDO
UN Industrial Development Organization
Regional Economic
Commissions
EGA
Economic Commission for Africa
ECE
Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA
Economic Commission for Latin America
ECWA
Economic Commission for Western Asia
ESCAP
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Specialized
Agencies and
Other autonomous
Organizations
Within the
System
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
IBRD
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
IDA
International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate)
IFAD
Iiiti-riiational Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC
International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate)
ILO
International Labor Organization
IMF
International Monetary Fund
IMO
International Maritime Organization
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
UNESCO
UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UPU
Universal Postal Union
WFC
World Food Council
WHO
World Health Organization
WIPO
World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO
World Meteorological Organization
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
280
Appendix C
Selected International
Organizations
A
AAPSO
Afro- Asian People's Solidarity Organization
ADB
Asian Development Bank
AfDB
African Development Bank
AIOEC
Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries
ANRPC
Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries
ANZUS
ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand, and
the United States
A IT
African Peanut (Groundnut) Council
Arab League (League of Arab States)
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASPAC
Asian and Pacific Council
ASSIMER
International Mercury Producers Association
B
BENELUX
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
BLEU
Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
C
CACM
Central American Common Market
CARICOM
Caribbean Common Market
CARIFTA
Caribbean Free Trade Association
< x x :
Customs Cooperation Council
CDB
Caribbean Development Bank
CEAO
West African Economic Community
CEMA
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
CENTO
Central Treaty Organization
CIPEC
Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries
Colombo Plan
Council of Europe
D
DAC
Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
E
EAMA
African States associated with the EEC
EC
European Communities
ECOWAS
Economic Community of West African States
EFTA
European Free Trade Association
EIB
European Investment Bank
ELDO
European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organization
EMS
European Monetary System
ENTENTE
Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Niger,
Upper Volta, and Togo
ESCAP
Economic and Social Commision for Asia and the Pacific
ESRO
European Space Research Organization
G
G-77
Group of 77
GCC
Gulf Cooperation Council
I
IADB
Inter-American Defense Board
IATP
International Association of Tungsten Producers
IBA
International Bauxite Association
IBEC
International Bank for Economic Cooperation
ICAC
International Cotton Advisory Committee
ICCAT
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
ICCO
International Cocoa Organization
ICEM
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration
ICES
International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration
ICO
International Coffee Organization
IDB
Inter-American Development Bank
IDE
Islamic Development Bank
IEA
International Energy Agency (associated with OECD)
281
I 1110
International Hydrographic Organization
. . . International Lead and Zinc Study Group
IIB
International Investment Bank
INRO
International Natural Rubber Organization
INTELSAT
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
IOOC
International Olive Oil Council
IPU
Inter-Parliamentary Union
IRC:
International Rice Council
ISO
International Sugar Organization
ITC
International Tin Council
IWC
International Whaling Commission
IWC
International Wheat Council
L LAIA
Latin American Integration Association
N NAM
Nonaligned Movement
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
O OAPEC
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS
Organization of American States
OAU
Organization of African Unity
OCAM
Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
ODECA
Organization of Central American States
OECD
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
QIC
Organization of the Islamic Conference
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
P PAHO
Pan American Health Organization
S SAARC
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SADCC
Southern African Development Coordination Committee
SELA
Latin American Economic System
SPC
South Pacific Commission
SPEC
South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation
SPF
South Pacific Forum
U UDEAC
Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa
UEAC
Union of Central African States
UPEB
Union of Banana Exporting Countries
W WEU
Western European Union
WFTU
World Federation of Trade Unions
WPC
World Peace Council
WSG
International Wool Study Group
WTO
World Tourism Organization
282
Appendix D
Conversion Factors
To Convert From
To
Multiply By
To Convert From
To
Multiply By
Acres
Hectares
0.4046856
Meters, cubic
Tons, register
0.353147
Acres
Kilometers, square
0.004046856
Miles, nautical
Kilometers
1.852
Acres
Meters, square
4046.856
Miles, statute
Centimeters
160934.4
Centimeters
Meters
0.01
Miles, statute
Meters
1609.344
Centimeters, square
Meters, square
0.0001
Miles, statute
Kilometers
1.609344
Degrees, Fahrenheit
Degrees, Celsius
subtract 32 and
multiply by 5/9
Miles, square
Hectares
258.9998
Miles, square
Kilometers, square
2.589998
Feet
Centimeters
30.48
Ounces, avoirdupois
Grams
28.349523
Feet
Meters
0.3048
Ounces, avoirdupois
Kilograms
0.028349523
Feet
Kilometers
0.0003048
Ounces, troy
Pounds, troy
0.083333
Feet, cubic
Liters
28.316847
Ounces, troy
Grams
31.10348
Feet, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.028316847
Pints, liquid
Milliliters
473.176473
Feet, square
Centimeters, square
929.0304
Pints, liquid
Liters
0.473176473
Feet, square
Meters, square
0.09290304
Pounds, avoirdupois
Grams
453.59237
Gallons, US liquid
Liters
3.785412
Pounds, avoirdupois
Kilograms
0.45359237
Gallons, US liquid
Meters, cubic
0.003785412
Pounds, avoirdupois
Quintals
0.00453592
Grams
Ounces, troy
0.032151
Pounds, avoirdupois
Tons, metric
0.000453592
Grams
Pounds, troy
0.002679
Pounds, troy
Ounces, troy
12
Hectares
Kilometers, square
0.01
Pounds, troy
Grams
373.241722
Hectares
Meters, square
10,000
Quarts, dry
Liters
1.101221
Inches
Centimeters
2.54
Quarts, dry
Dekaliters
0.1101221
Inches
Meters
0.0254
Quarts, liquid
Milliliters
946.352946
Inches, cubic
Milliliters
16.387064
Quarts, liquid
Liters
0.946352946
Inches, cubic
Liters
0.016387064
Quintals
Tons, metric
0.1
Inches, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.000016387064
Tons, long
Kilograms
1016.047
Inches, square
Centimeters, square
6.4516
Tons, long
Tons, metric
1.016047
Inches, square
Meters, square
0.00064516
Tons, metric
Quintals
10
Kilograms
Ounces, troy
32.15075
Ton- miles, long
Ton-kilometers, metric
1.635169
Kilograms
Pounds, troy
2.679229
Ton-miles, short
Ton-kilometers, metric
1.459972
Kilograms
Tons, metric
0.001
Tons, register
Meters, cubic
2.831685
Kilometers, square
Hectares
100
Tons, short
Kilograms
907.185
Liters
Milliliters
1000
Tons, short
Tons, metric
0.907185
Liters
Meiers, cubic
0.001
Yards
Centimeters
91.44
Meters
Millimeters
1000
Yards
Meters
0.9144
Meters
Centimeters
100
Yards, cubic
Liters
764.5549
Meters
Kilometers
0.001
Yards, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.7645549
Meters, cubic
Liters
1000
Yards, square
Meters, square
0.836127
283
Appendix E
Country Membership in Selected Organizations
Country
International Organizations
CCC IDB» IDB° INTELSAT LAIA
1 Inter-American Development Bank
b Islamic Development Bank
284
c Not a member of UN
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD QIC OPEC SELA WFTU FAO CATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IFAD IFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO
<i Ceased to participate in 1961
: Suspended
f Excluded since 1962
285
Country
International Organizations
ADB ARAB ASEAN CACM
LEAGUE
CARICOM CEMA EC G-77 CCC IDB« IDBb INTELSAT LAIA
NATO OAPEC OAS
Fiji
Finland
France
French Guianac
Gabon
Gambia, Tin-
German Democratic
Republic
Germany, Federal
Republic of
286
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD QIC OPEC SEI.A WFTU FAO CATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IFAD IFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO
287
Country
International Organizations
ADB ARAB ASEAN
LEAGUE
CACM CARICOM CEMA EC C-77 CCC IDS" IDBb INTELSAT LAIA NAM NATO OAPEC OAS
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines
288
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD QIC OPEC SELA WFTU FAO CATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IFAD IFC IIX) IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO
289
Country
International Organizations
ADB ARAB ASEAN
LEAGUE
CACM CARICOM CEMA EC C-77 CCC IDB« IDBb INTELSAT LA1A
NATO OAPEC OAS
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
Yemen, People's Demo-
cratic Republic of
290
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD QIC OPEC SEI.A WFTU FAO CATT IAEA IBRD 1CAO ICJ IDA IFAD IFC ILO IMF 1MO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO
291
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOI3-URBANA
30112071778895
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